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Article
Source Impact Determination using Airborne and Ground Measurements of Industrial Plumes Cecilia Leoni, Jan Hovorka, Veronika Docekalova, Tomas Cajthaml, and Sona Marvanova Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02304 • Publication Date (Web): 22 Aug 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 24, 2016
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Environmental Science & Technology
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Source Impact Determination using Airborne and Ground Measurements of
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Industrial Plumes
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Cecilia Leoni1, Jan Hovorka*1, Veronika Dočekalová1, Tomáš Cajthaml1, Soňa Marvanová2
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128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Brno, Czech Republic.
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Corresponding author: Jan Hovorka, Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles
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University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2,
Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00
T: +420 221951910, Fax: +420 224914803; e-mail:
[email protected] 11 12
Abstract
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Industrial particulate matter (PM) air pollution exposing nearby residential areas forms several
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European air pollution hot-spots. One of these hot-spot is the residential district of Ostrava Radvanice-
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Bartovice with frequent exceedances for PM and benzo[a]pyrene B[a]P, a carcinogenic polycyclic
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aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of MW>228 amu. Such PAHs are highly bonded to the ultrafine particles
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(UFPs), the smallest PM size fraction, which deposits most efficiently in the alveolar region of human
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lungs. Airborne measurements identified UFP point sources in the adjacent metallurgical complex and
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mapped limited horizontal and vertical dispersion of industrial plumes enriched with UFPs
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(3.2x105cm-3). The plumes, episodes of simultaneous peaks of UFPs (1.4 x105cm-3), SO2 (88.2ppb),
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and CO (11.3ppm), were recorded on the ground downwind in the residential district when wind
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speeds >1ms-1. In the plumes, UFPs were mostly 19-44 nm in diameter, enriched with PAHs / B[a]P 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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up to 43.8 / 3.5 mg.g-1. Electron microscopy showed that these plume UFPs were mostly agglomerates
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of spherules of 30–50 nm in diameter. These source impact measurements, that combine airborne and
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ground-level measurements, are applicable to clearly identify specific industrial air pollution sources
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and provide information to assess their possible impact to human health in similar hot-spots
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worldwide.
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Keywords: ultrafine aerosol, coarse aerosol, carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, airship,
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metallurgy
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Graphical abstract
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Introduction
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In recent years, studies of the atmospheric aerosol have acquired major importance due to the relevance
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to climate and to human health. The adverse health effects of aerosol particles have been demonstrated
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by toxicological and epidemiological studies.1,2 Atmospheric particles include also ultrafine particles
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(UFPs). The UFPs are the smallest aerosol particles in the atmosphere, with an aerodynamic diameter
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(dae) of approximately < 0.150 nm. The high particle number concentration in the air and the high lung
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deposition efficiency make UFPs particularly hazardous to human health.3
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The UFPs can be either directly emitted from the combustion processes (primary particles) or formed
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by nucleation from precursor vapors (secondary particles). Emissions of stationary combustion
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sources such as industrial stack plumes can contain a high UFPs number. Depending on the plume
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characteristics and the meteorological conditions, the particles can be spread from the stack to the
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nearby areas. Studies performed at a receptor site in the vicinity of industrial plants have observed the
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presence of UFPs when downwind from the emission source.4,5,6 The UFPs concentration and the size
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distribution evolve very quickly once emitted into the atmosphere, influenced by numerous
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parameters: meteorology (wind speed/direction, boundary layer height) concentration of precursor
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gases (SO2 and NOx) and concentration of pre-existing particles.7 The fast changes and the transient
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nature of the plumes require high time-resolved measurements, which can reveal short pollution events
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in the atmosphere.
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Evidence now shows that UFPs carry considerable amount of toxics, and also polycyclic aromatic
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hydrocarbons (PAHs).3,8, 9,10 PAHs are persistent organic pollutants originated from the incomplete
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combustion of fossil fuels and wood, and they have been associated with respiratory diseases and
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cancer.11,12 PAHs are present in various size fractions in the particulate matter. Close to the emission
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source the PAHs’ mass size distribution peaks in the ultrafine (
