JANUARY 20, 1936 of benzene. T h e value of our exports of these goods to Switzerland in 1934 was $196,000. The concession consists in t h e binding against increase of the present d u t y of about 15 cents per 100 pounds. Petroleum products from the United States are granted a quota equal to the 1931 trade, which totaled nearly $4,000,000. The existing embargo on lard imports is to be lifted within three months after the signing of the agreement, and thereafter t h e Cnited States will be allotted a quota of 90 per cent of t h e total imports, this concession representing a ret u r n to normal trade. The duty on chewing gum iî« reduced by 60 per cent.
Activity in Paint Industry S t i m u l a t e s R a w Material Imports I NCREASED production of paints, varL nishes, and lacquers in the United S t a t e s during 1935, estimated at more than 20 p e r cent above the preceding year, have resulted in a sharp advance in imports of raw materials important to these industries, according to the Department of Commerce. All classes of paint and varnish materials were imported in larger quantities, including oils, pigments, gums, and oil seeds, and some, particularly Chinese tung oil, rose sharply in price. Analysis of such figures as are available indicates t h a t t h e import invoice cost of such materials was in the neighborhood of $50,000,000 in 1935, or about 40 per cent more than during t h e preceding year. About 80 per cent of the increase was due to heavier volume and 20 per cent to higher invoice prices.
Canadian Chemical Association Announces Meeting T A meeting of the Council of the Canadian Chemical Association held A in Toronto, January β, definite arrange ments were made to hold the next con vention of the association at the General Brock Hotel in Niagara Falls, Ontario, J u n e 9 t o 11, 1930. This will be a joint meeting of the Canadian Chemical Association and the Canadian Institute of Chemistry and will be under the management of the Niagara District Chemical and Industrial Associa tion, of which W. H. Macartney, of St. Catharines, is secretary and A. S. Townshend will act as convener of the Conven tion Committee. T h e Canadian Chemical Association now has a membership across Canada of seventeen hundred. The conventions bring together groups of specialists in different branches of chemistry and in dustry and are increasingly well attended by industrial executives concerned with chemical economics. Each division of chemistry carries through a separate technical program, and in this way specific problems of industrial π s e a r c h workers and plant managers are discussed. Meetings are open to all who may wish t o attend and register. The convention has come to be an opportunity accepted by many for discussion, consulta tion, and the surveying of progress in industrial and scientific research in Canada. T h e General Brock Hotel makes a specialty of handling conventions and has assured the association that it is able t o give the convention excellent facilities and, furthermore, offer accommodations at reasonable rates.
NEWS EDITION
Symposium on Heat Transmission Held at Yale University D e c e m b e r 30 t o 3 1 , 1935 TΗΕ fifteen papers given at this symposium of the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry of the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY may
be grouped
according to subject matter as follows: heat transfer by convection, 8; methods of computation, 3 ; new instruments, 2; heat transfer by conduction, 1 ; heat transfer by radiation, 1. Convection G. H. Montillon presented data collected by D . F . Jurgensen, Jr., and himself on " H e a t Transfer Coefficients in Inclined Tubes." T h e angle of inclination is an item of major importance. In some instances increases of 50 per cent in the coefficient of heat transfer were obtained by changing the tube from vertical to horizontal. F . H. Rhodes and C. Betten, Jr., showed t h a t heat transfer in a condensing vapor is not a simple process but is complicated by the change of the temperature of the condensing vapor with change in composition. D a t a were offered to verify the theory. E . F . Holser presented data on t h e physical properties of mixtures of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide known as Dow therm and discussed the suitability of the materials for use in heat transfer systems where high temperatures are involved. Ε. N . Sieder a n d G . E. T a t e presented a method of correlating heat transfer to oils in both heating and cooling, using main stream properties. W. L. Badger and N. Fragen fitted empirical equations to sets of data on " H e a t Transfer Coeffi cients in Forced Circulation Evapora tors." W. B . Tucker, in conjunction with W. H. McAdams, used an ingenious ar rangement of d u m m y tubes surrounding one heat transfer t u b e and obtained d a t a on the "Effect of T u b e Spacing on Heat Transfer Coefficients for Air Flowing Nor mal to Tube Banks." F. W. Adams, G. Broughton, and A. L. Conn presented d a t a on the heat transmission coefficients in horizontal pipe coolers, thus adding in formation to a field t h a t has hardly been investigated. Computation A triumph of gadgetry was revealed by A. D . Moore when he demonstrated his now-almost-perfect Hydrocal, a new hydrodynamic calculating instrument for solving heat-transfer problems. I n this device water is caused to flow in a manner exactly analogous t o heat, b y forcing it through capillary tubes of calibrated re sistance. The flow is streamline and, as in heat flow, the rates are directly proIK>rtional t o driving force. T h e height of the liquid column is exactly analogous to temperature. Solving a problem con sists of connecting the correct resistance tubes in the apparatus, opening some valves, and reading water heights on a series of manometer tubes a t the end of specified times. T h e device is particu larly useful for problems of t h e unsteady state and for some cases, such as an irregu larly varying heat source, makes solutions !>ossible which are impossible with formal mathematics. A. B. Newman extended his theoretical work of the past several years so t h a t it is now possible by simple methods to com pute the complete temperature history of any point in a solid sphere, cylinder, or slab, or any shapes which involve any
combination of these. The method also takes care of different thermal properties in different directions. R. A. Bowman extended the work of previous investiga tors on the corrections which must o e applied t o the conventional logarithmic mean temperature difference to make i t applicable to shell and tube type con densers. He presented a general solution • for the corrections to he applied t o a n y combination of passes of the shell and t u b e fluids. New I n s t r u m e n t s H. C. Hottei, F . W. Meyer, and I . Stewart described a new instrument con sisting of a pair of oriented thermocouples which successfully measures the amount of radiant heat flow across a plane. It i s to be used t o measure radiant heat flow in furnaces. W. A. Kaye's paper d e scribed a new rotating thermocouple used to determine the surface temperature of the large rotating drums used in t h e paper industry. D a t a were presented t o show how practice was bettered through im proved control made possible by the new couple. Conduction R. H . Heilman's paper on " H e a t Insu lation in Air-Conditioning Systems" gave many d a t a on the conduction through t h e insulating material used in air ducts. H e presented methods of calculating t h e amount of insulation required t o prevent sweating under a n y given conditions. Radiation W. J . Wohlenberg presented the funda mental equations for the solution of t h e problem of " T h e Energy Reaction a t Points in a Furnace Cavity for Steady State Firing." H e indicated t h e method of obtaining particular solutions, and pointed out the possible applications, from a study of the life history of a piece of coal dust in a powdered coal furnace to the thermal comfort of a man in a room with radiating walls. General Over half of the total time of t h e meet ings was devoted to the discussion from t h e floor. This feature added a great deal t o the interest and value of t h e meetings. There were 74 registrants a t t h e sympo sium, t h e bulk of t h a t number attending all three technical sessions. There were two group luncheons, with almost 100 per cent attendance. The dinner meeting on the night of December 30, 1935, was outstanding because of the guest speaker, Igor Sikorsky, president of the Sikorsky Aircraft Co. T h e past two decades have shown t h a t when Mr. Sikorsky predicts h e seldom or never errs. Hence those attend ing t h e dinner are quite convinced that if they, a decade from now, have a sudden call to London the ν can land there within 24 hours on a safe, uneventful non-stop flight from New York. T h e prediction is based, of course, on coming technical d e velopments, making no allowance for in ternational politico! complication*.
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