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Characterization of Natural and Affected Environments
Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Metabolites in Sediment from the Coastal Area of Northern China: Spatial and Vertical Distributions Xiaoyun Wang, Xingwang Hou, Qunfang Zhou, Chunyang Liao, and Guibin Jiang Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04448 • Publication Date (Web): 05 Nov 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 5, 2018
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Environmental Science & Technology
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Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Metabolites in
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Sediment from the Coastal Area of Northern China: Spatial
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and Vertical Distributions
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Xiaoyun Wang1,2, Xingwang Hou1,2, Qunfang Zhou1,2, Chunyang Liao1,2,*,
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and Guibin Jiang1,2
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1 State
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Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
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100085, China
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2 College
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Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
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*Corresponding author: Dr. Chunyang Liao
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Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
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Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Beijing 100085, China
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Tel./Fax: 86-10-6291 6113
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E-mail:
[email protected] 23
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Abstract
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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in foodstuffs, cosmetics,
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plastics, and rubber products. Little is known about their spatiotemporal distribution
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in the marine environment. In this study, a total of 144 surface sediments and three
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sediment cores were collected from the coastal areas of northern China to determine
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the spatial and vertical distributions of SPAs. For surface sediments, the total
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concentrations of five SPAs and their four metabolites (∑9SPAs) ranged from 133 to
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4800 (mean: 588) ng/g dry weight (dw). The ∑9SPAs in surface sediments showed a
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decrease trend with the distance from the coast to the open sea. For sediment core
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samples, the ∑9SPAs in the inner-shelf mud (core-1 and core-3) showed a slightly
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increase trend from the bottom to upper layers, whereas that in the central-shelf mud
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(core-2) not. The principal component analysis suggests that the composition profiles
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of SPAs in both surface sediment and sediment core samples were similar, while the
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sediments close to the coast were obviously affected by the human activities. This is
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the first study to report the spatial and vertical distributions of SPAs and their
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metabolites in sediments from the coastal marine environment.
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Introduction
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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are added as preservatives in foodstuffs,
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cosmetics, plastics, and rubber products, due to their antioxidant properties.1,2 The
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most commonly used SPAs include 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT),
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2-tertbutyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA), propyl (PG)-, octyl- (OG), and dodecyl-gallates
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(DG).3,4 It has been estimated that SPAs are used in over 1700 cosmetic formulations
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at concentrations of up to 0.5%.4 BHT can be added alone or in combination with
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BHA and gallates at concentrations of up to 100 μg/g in lard, fish oil, and beef,
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poultry and sheep fats, up to 200 μg/g in seasonings and condiments, or up to 400
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μg/g in chewing-gum and other food supplements.5 Widespread use of SPAs has
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resulted in ubiquitous human exposure to these chemicals. For example, BHT (range:
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below the method quantification limit (
