MAY. 1952 It is no exaggeration to expect that this text will became the "Bible" of tube engineers concerned with the properties of pertinent materials. I t will he the starting point of the quest for information. The answers will, in the majority of cases, be found here or in the cited references. While the material was prepared by a man with extensive experience in the electron tube field, the scope of the cantents extends beyond this field. Experimenters, physicists, chemists, technicians, and teachers in other branches of science can spend many profitable hours with this text. There are 19 chapters whieh discuss seven general topics: glass, structure of solids, metals, ceramics, phase rule, vacuum technique, and thermionic emission. The first six chapters describe the physics of glass, annealing, strain analysis, g l e t o metal seals, electrical conduction, and glhss in radiation fields, respectively. These topics are well chosen and are of great imnortanoe in the tube industrv. However. it is this reviewer's rury, raesium, err., iniread of ilevor~ngalwur 31 per crnr n i rlw trut gl.~ss. The referenreg II.,~ wrw vrvcllvnt vdurnes readily nrnil>tldeon thr sul,jerr of g h ~ owhrrea.; thew I. n nrxrrits of classified information on the other subjects. Chapter 7 presents a review of metallurgical concepts of structures. Methods of analysis such as sections, X-ray and electron diffraction, spectrographic, fractogrephy, crystallography, petrography are listed, in addition to chemical analysis. Space lattices and crystal systems are tabulated. A classifieation of orystals according to the prevailing bond is given. The hand theory of solids is of necessity presented in a brief but meatv .. treatmant. A chapter is devoted to each of the following elements: tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, nickel, copper, and carbon. Physical, chemical, and electrical properties are given in a manner that is concise but still rather complete. Reactions of oxides and compounds will be of particular interest to chemists. Gas evolution and references to the works of Norton. Marshall. Gulhransen. . h o i thew m:>trrit~l hub and otlwrs will ~ I S Oht. of i ~ ~ r r r r s t F::N one or mow eluwwtrriqtivs lhnr have :wquirrrl lnrtirulnr ignificane6 in the rube hur;int.ss. 'l'hij l e u hring.3 our thrw important qualities, like the crystal structure of tungsten, oxygen content of capper, controlled impurities in nickel, etc. The information is presented in perspectivenot found in other books. Since metals are so important in the vacuum tuhe industry, the author has wisely devoted over one-third of his hook to them. The importance of joining metals by soldering cannot be overemphasized. The material an this subject has been judiciously chosen and clearly presented. Theoretical discussion has been aided by many references to the phase diagrams so indispensable to chemists and metallurgists. A table of solders and brazing materials is given which lists 128 compositions with melting points ranging from 38' to 1966'C. It is regrettable, hut not the fault of the author, of course, that there are so few solders in the 400600°C. and 15004300°C. ranges. Ceramics, mica, and ceramic-metal seals are discussed in two very valuahle chapters. The author has recognized that the use and importance of ceramics has increased rapidly in recent years: "The use of ceramics for tube envelopes has gained in importance over glass since the later is too fragile and has a low softening point. If we add to this enumeration the extensive use of ceramics for circuit components, such as resistors, condensers, transducers, printed circuits, coil forms, etc., there can he little doubt that a. ceramist should he included on the staff of a modern tuhe lahoretory." Rswmateriills, fabrication methods, speoial bodies, applications, and properties are all treated. History and development of ceramic seals is summarized up to the time of publication. Although Gibbs' Phase Rule is well known to chemists Chapter 17 presents a valuable review for them; for one less experienced in this field it provides a. good introduction. The phase rule is useful in the understanding of g l m composition, alloy phases, and the equilibria formed in brazing operations. Data in the chapter on high-vacuum technique pertain to fore pumps, diffusion pumps, greases, waxes, cements, and getters. Most of this infor-
267 mation is presented in tabular farm, which conserves space while at the same time presenting extensive data. A beginner may need the aid of more descriptive texts before obtaining full value from this chapter, however. High lights and recent developments in electron emission are reported in the last chapter. Here again previous experience is necessary for full apppreoiation of the contents. Allusion is made to new materials and developments whieh are to he further explored in the future. These developments include thoria, carbides, borides, oermets, "L" cathodes, and new facts concerning the oxide cathode. In summary, this hook fills a long felt need in the electron-tube industrv. It is a hook that scientists will want to own individually and keep handy for ready reference. Because its stated aim is the scientific treatment of the main solids of electron-tube construction other allied subjects have not been thoroughly covered. Avaluahle companionvolumcmight describe processes,techniques gases, and secondary solids. LEO L CRONIN COPPANT R ~ r ~ a M*NDFAOTDB~N~ ~ o a WALTHAM. MABBACRUB~TB
DIE CHEMISCHE AFFIMTAT Egon Wiberg, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Co., Berlin, 1951. Munich (Germany). Walter De Bruyter xii 254 DD. 56 fias. 281 eauations and tables. 14 X 22 cm. DM 24..
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T m s hook is hased on a course which the author offered as an experiment during the summer of 1950 a t the University of Munich. He tried to explain the problems of chemical affinity and the questions connected therewith to his students by limiting his discussion to the most basic facts and by replacing the abstract with factual evidenoe. To accomplish this he treated the prevailing conception of entropy, for example, as the capacity factor of thermal energy analogous to the concept of the amount of electricity in electrostatics or electrodynamics, or the concept of water volume in hydrostatics or hydrodynamics. Professor Wiberg derserves credit for having had the coursgo to disregard the oonservstism which is so typical of higher education. With his book he has offered factual proof that far more can he accomplished by broadening the scope of our education, instead of making living slide rules or living textbooks out of our younger generation. This book deserves the special attention of every educator who is teaching physical chemistry in the United States. ERNST A . HAUSER
M ~ s s ~ c ~ o s1m ~ s~ns l . mor ~ TBcam~oau AND WOBCEBTER POLYTECBNIC INBTITDTE MA~%ACBUBETTB
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THE CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF DYEING AND PRINTING. VOLUME n
Louis Diserens. Translated and revised from the second German edition by Paul Wengrof and Herman P. Baumann. Rein446 pp. 16 hold Publishing Corp., New York, 1951. xii tables. 16 X 23.5om. $12.
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THIStext is an extension of the first book, now considered as Volume I, whieh treated vat, sulfur, indigosol, azo, and chrome dyestuffs. The present hook comprises a translation and revision of the remaining important chapter8 of Diserens' "Die neuesten Fortschritte in der Anwendung der Farhstoffe" with newer references added to bring the material up to date. In eight chapters, 6 to 13, the history, theory, technology, and formulas far dyeing and printing substantive and basic dyestuffs, aniline black, and acid dyes are presented; also theuse of various types of dyestuffs in the dyeing and printingof cellulose acetate,
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION
268 and the newer synthetic fibers, and finally the printing of pigment colors and special printing effects are considered, Methods of dyeing and printing such fibers as the superpolyamide, vinyl polymer, terylene, alginate, silicone, and glass fibers are included. The chapter on the printing of pigments and metal powders is of considerable interest as is also the matorial on pliss0, perchmentming, offset printing, the orbis method, and gsuffrage effects. The value of the text is increased by the inclusion of tables of rtuxililtries, giving manufacturer's names, the constitution of the product, its applioiltion and literature references, following the chapters on direct, basic and acid dyestuffs, aniline black, and acetate rayon. Voluminous refomncra to the literature snd to patents are given. The tendency to refer to foreign patents rather than U. S. patents is evident, and many formulas contain foreign trade name products. Nevertheless, Volume I1 brings togethcr a. wealth of material which is well presented from the tmhnoloeical noint of view. ~~"~~ The translators are to be commended for making available in the English language such a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject matter
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W W. RUSSELL
PHASE MICROSCOPY
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A. H. Bennett, H e l e n Jupnik, H. Osterberg, and 0. W. Richards, American Optical Co., Stamford, COM. 1. Wiley 8 Sons, Inc., New York, 1951. xiii 320 pp. Illustrated. 15.5 X 23.5 cm. $7.50.
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TaE phase microscope was developed commercially during the period when the electron microscope was receiving the lion's share of attention. Many of the publications in the field of phase microscopy have not been readily accessible to the average worker or student. "Phase Microscopy," the first book of its kind, is a. very timely compilation of the underlying principles, canstruction snd applications of this much neglected tool. For those who have been sorking in this field, with complacent satisfaction, i t rekindles the desire and need for further exploitation of the instrument. The team of authors has produced expert coverage of the field. The various chanters are individuallv written hv the authors.
of image formation in the phase microscope is given in the appendix, fortunately a simplified theoretical understanding of the principles involved is given in the first few chapters. Of particular interest ta the microscopist is the description of the slienment and adiustment of the nhase microscone. The ohapter an techniques of phase microscopy contains material not heretofore collected, much of which is npplieable to regular light microscopy.
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The discussion of the salient features of phase microscope equipment supplied by different manufacturers today is particularly timely now that practically all of the leading microscope manufacturers have introduced instruments in this field. CEIARLES MARESH
M~TALLOGRAPHIE: LES DIAGRAMMES D ' ~ Q U I LIBRE PAR QUESTIONS ET R ~ P O N S E S
A. Glazunov, formerly rector and professor at the School of Mines of Prihram. Preface by G. Chaudron, professor at the Sorbonne and president of the French Metallurgical Society. Translated into Frelich from the original Czech by the author. 240 pp. 4 2 s figs. 15.5 X 24 cm. Dunod, Palis, 1951. vii Paper bound. 1,280 franos.
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THE author of this interesting book presents the whole theory of equilibrium phase diagrams of binary systems, metallic alloys particularly, as well as numerous exercises, through the device of questions and answers. The result is s pedagogical feat. Starting with element,ary matters of definitions, the phase rule, and other fundamentals, the subject matter rises from one level of complexity to x higher one in imperceptible steps and culminates in the dotailed study of diagrams such as that of copper and tin and that of gold and zinc. Many other important diagrams are discussed throughout the book. The first part, entitled "Introduction to Metallography," consists of 104 questions and answers with 7 additional ones on calculationsof e&position. Questions 75 to 85 on thermodynamic matters are weak and their answers oversimplified to the point of being inaccurate. They should have been left out. The second part entitled "Mets*llogritphyDescription of Diagrams" consists of 333 questions and answers distributed between the fallowing topics: solidification of solutions; solidification with eutectic; constituents with two or several allotropic forms; formation of chemical compounds; chemical compounds decomposing before melting; formation of total solid solutions; complete or partial immiscibility in the liquid state; decomposition of t m solid solutions; variation of physical properties in terms of composition and structure; interpretation of complex diagrams with daltonide and herthallide phases. The book contains no references to other books nor to the original literature. It is to be regarded as a strictly didactic contribution. Professor Chaudron, in his enthusiastic preface to this French translation from the original Caech, expresses the conviction that the book will greatly improve the understanding of equilibrium diagrams among French engineers and metallurgists. I t might well play the same role in other countries.
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PIERRE VAN RYeSELBERGHE or OREGOW
EUGENE, ORROON
