Nov., 1 9 1 7
T H E J O U R N A L OF. I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
11-The steam-heated reflux condenser b y returning t h e heavier fractions t o t h e cracking zone, increased t h e yield of gasoline. 111-Condensation was best effected under pressure. IV-By proper regulation of t h e conditions, gasoline can be secured from a n y petroleum oil. V-It is considered more economical t o crack t h e oil with as little gas loss as possible, recover t h e gasoline, and work t h e tails over again. I n this way t h e final products are gas, gasoline, and carbon. VI-In this process excessive carbon deposition was not a factor. VII-The most satisfactory materials are heavy kerosene and fuel oil.
c 0 N c L u SI0 N T h e preparation of solvent gasoline is not difficult a n d is quite feasible when a supply of heavy kerosene o r fuel oil can be readily obtained a t normal price. A C K N 0 W L E D G 31E 1-T
T h e writer takes this means of thanking t h e Republic Rubber Company for permission t o publish t h e experimental d a t a contained above. H e is also indebted t o hlessrs. Seth R . Clark, A. Brill, and bl. H. Daniels for their interest a n d for valuable suggestions rendered during t h e course of t h e experiments.
fruit juices has a n alkalinity of I O t o 1 2 per gram of ash, and sometimes, though rarely, a very little more or less. T h e alkalinity of one gram of ash of I a n d I 1 was found t o be 1 2 . 7 0 and 12.71, respectively. TABLE11-PERCENTAGE COXPOSITIONOF LOGANBERRY PULP Moist Pulp Moisture., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.97 29.03 Total Solids.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protein ( N X 6.25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 7 2 7 F a t (Ether extract). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 799 Carbohydrate (Kitrogen-free Ext.) . . 1 1 . 0 6 Crude F i b e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.389 A s h . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,695 1,367 Acid (as citric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calories (per l b . ) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
THE COMPOSITIDN OF LOGANBERRY JUICE AND
PULP By MILO REASONDAUGHTERS Received June 27, 1917
T h e results given in this paper were obtained b y following t h e directions given in t h e “Official a n d Provisional blethods of Analysis,” Bull. 107 (Revised). LOGANBERRY JUICE
.,,,
....
Alcoholic Precipitate.. . . . Calorific Value. per Liter..
..............
.... ....
12.81 13.089 38.11 28.R9 2.394 4.706 1458
Specific Gravity (15.5’ C.) 0 9260
Refractive Index , Solidifying (15.5’ C.1 Temoerature 1.4811 -33OC.
Iodine
Saponification No. 158 32 179.8 KO,
Comparing this oil with other drying oils, it lies between hemp seed oil and t u n g oil as judged b y its iodine value and specific gral-ity. I t s refractive index is high-near t h a t of linseed oil. DEPARTMEKT OF CHEMISTRY OREGONSTATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE CORVA1,LIS
THE FERTILIZING VALUE OF SOME HOUSEHOLD WASTES’ By PHILIPE. BROWNING
GOODYEAR TIRE& RUBBERCOMPANY AIKROX. OHIO
OF
Dried Pulp
T h e constants of t h e oil extracted from t h e finely ground dried pulp b y means of petroleum ether, boiling point 44-6 j C., are as follows:
RESEARCH COMPOUNDING LABORATORY
TABLE I-ANALYSES SAKPLE No.
I043
I
I1
I11
1.0523 2.396 1.678 88.96 11.04 0.4139 0.4130 0.3226 6.56 0.502 290
1.0477 3.084 2.159 89.13 10.87 0.5785 0.5075 0.731 5.37 0.872 207
1.0508 2.199 1.54 90.548 9.452 0.4226 0.288 0.7375 8.39 0.4008 385
Sample I was raw unsweetened juice bottled b y t h e Pheasant Fruit Juice Company of Salem, Oregon, during t h e summer of 191j. Sample I 1 was collected from fresh berries b y subjecting t h e m t o pressure with a Yale press, July I O , 1916. Sample I11 was obtained in t h e same manner as I1 b u t later in t h e season, zliz., August 8, 1916. T h e higher moisture content1 a n d lower total solids of Sample I11 are due t o t h e fact t h a t t h e sample was dried in a steam oven whereas I a n d I1 were dried in v a c u o a t i o ” C. TVindisch and Schmidt2 s t a t e t h a t t h e ash of all 1 T h e analysis of Sample 111, Table I, beginning with t h e percentage of water was done b y Miss Irene Ahern of this ~aboratory.-[AurHoR’s NOTE.] * Windisch and Schmidt. “Contributions t o t h e Knowledge of F r u i t Juices,’’ 2 . Nahr.-Cenussm.. 17, 584.
T h e following table of analyses of the ash of certain household wastes is t h e result of work recently undertaken with t h e cooperation of John Phillips Street, of t h e Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, t o determine t h e possible fertilizing value of such material. T h e table is b y no means complete a n d we hope t o be able t o make a number of additions t o it in t h e near future. No a t t e m p t was made t o secure very carefully ashed products, b u t rather t o secure results which would be obtained b y burning in a n improvised incinerator under ordinary household conditions. ASH P e r cent KzO 49.4 Banana stalk(a). ....................... 41.76 Banana ski ..... 30.6 Grape fruit ...... 27.0 Orange s k i n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 Lemon skins, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.74 Apple skins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cantaloupe r i n d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.21 R a w white potato s k i n . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5 Boiled sweet potato s k i n . . , . . Pea pods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cucumber s k i n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 String bean strings and s t e m s . , , , , . . , . , , , 1 8 . 0 9 T e a leaf ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.44 Coffee grounds (dried), 1.99 S . ,, , , , , , , , , 0 . 6 7 Lamb-chop bone ash. 32.20 C a O . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 6 2 Tobacco. . . .
..........................
6.04 Peach stones 30.76 Peach skins.. ......................... ( a ) About 1 oz. of ash from one banana stalk. ( b ) About I oz. of ash from 15 grape fruit skins.
Per cent P ~ O S 2.34 3.25 3.58 2.90 6.3 3.08 9.77 5.18 3.29 1.79 11.28 4.99 1.6 0.36 26.60 0.43 2.57 I . 23 3.25 6.31
KENT CHEMICAL LABORATORY YALE UNIVERSITY NEW H A V E NCONN. , Presented before t h e Fertilizer Division a t t h e 55th Meeting of t h e American Chemical Society, Boston, September 10 t o 13, 191i.
