The Intramolecular Asymmetric Pauson−Khand Cyclization as a Novel

ACS Combinatorial Science 2015 17 (8), 437-441 ... Process Development for a Stable Polymorph of Treprostinil Diethanolamine (UT-15C) by Seeding...
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The Intramolecular Asymmetric Pauson-Khand Cyclization as a Novel and General Stereoselective Route to Benzindene Prostacyclins: Synthesis of UT-15 (Treprostinil) Robert M. Moriarty,*,† Neena Rani,‡ Livia A. Enache,§ Munagala S. Rao,§ Hitesh Batra,‡ Liang Guo,‡ Raju A. Penmasta,‡ James P. Staszewski,‡ Sudersan M. Tuladhar,‡ Om Prakash,† David Crich,† Anca Hirtopeanu,†,| and Richard Gilardi⊥ Department of Chemistry ( M/C 111), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United Therapeutics, Chicago, Illinois 60612, deCODE Genetics, Inc., Chicago, Illinois 60612, Institute of Organic Chemistry, C.D. Nenitescu, Bucharest, Romania, and Laboratory for the Stucture of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 Received June 5, 2003

A general and novel solution to the synthesis of biologically important stable analogues of prostacyclin PGI2, namely benzindene prostacyclins, has been achieved via the stereoselective intramolecular Pauson-Khand cyclization (PKC). This work illustrates for the first time the synthetic utility and reliability of the asymmetric PKC route for synthesis and subsequent manufacture of a complex drug substance on a multikilogram scale. The synthetic route surmounts issues of individual step stereoselectivity and scalability. The key step in the synthesis involves efficient stereoselection effected in the PKC of a benzoenyne under the agency of the benzylic OTBDMS group, which serves as a temporary stereodirecting group that is conveniently removed via benzylic hydrogenolysis concomitantly with the catalytic hydrogenation of the enone PKC product. Thus the benzylic chiral center dictates the subsequent stereochemistry of the stereogenic centers at three carbon atoms (C3a, C9a, and C1). Prostacyclin (PGI2) (1) is an important physiological prostanoid and occurs as a major metabolic product from arachidonic acid throughout the vasculature and is produced in the endothelium and in smooth muscles.1a-r PGI2 is the most potent endogenous vasodilator in both * To whom correspondence should be addressed. † Department of Chemistry (M/C 111), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Room 4500. ‡ United Therapeutics. § deCODE Genetics, Inc.. | Institute of Organic Chemistry, C.D. Nenitescu. ⊥ Naval Research Laboratory. (1) (a) Moncada, S.; Gryglewski, R.; Bunting, S.; Vane, J. R. Nature 1976, 263, 663-665. (b) Johnson, R. A.; Morton, D. R.; Kinner, J. H.; Gorman, R. R.; McGuire, J. C.; Whittaker, N.; Bunting, S.; Salmon, J.; Moncada, S. Prostaglandins 1976, 12, 915-928. (c) Vane, J. R.; Bergstrom, S., Eds. Prostacyclin; Raven Press: New York, 1979. (d) Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. Pharmacol. Rev. 1979, 30, 293-331. (e) Bunting, S.; Gryglewski, R.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. Prostaglandins 1976, 12, 897-913. (f) Moncada, S.; Herman, A. G.; Higgs, E. A.; Vane, J. R. Thromb. Res. 1977, 11, 323-344. (g) Marcus, A. J.; Weksler, B. B.; Jaffe, E. A. Biol. Chem. 1978, 253, 7138-7141. (h) Weksler, B. B.; Marcus, A. J.; Jaffe, E. A. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 1977, 74, 39223926. (i) MacIntyre, D. E.; Pearson, J. D.; Gordon, J. L. Nature 1978, 271, 549-551. (j) Nakagawa, O.; Tanaka, I.; Usui, T.; Harada, M.; Sasaki, Y.; Itoh, H.; Yoshimasa, T.; Namba, T.; Narumiya, S.; Nakao, K. Circulation 1994, 90, 1643-1647. Syntheses of PGI2: (k) Corey, E. J.; Keck, G. E.; Szekely, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 2006-2008. (l) Johnson, R. A.; Lincoln, F. H.; Thompson, J. L.; Nidy, E. G.; Mizsak, S. A.; Axen, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 4182-4184. (m) Johnson, R. A.; Lincoln, F. H.; Nidy, E. G.; Schneider, W. P.; Thompson, J. L.; Axen, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 7690-7705. (n) Corey, E. J.; Pearce, H. L.; Szekely, I.; Ishiguro, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 19, 1023-1026. (o) Tomoskozi, I.; Galambos, G.; Simonidez, V.; Kovacs, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 18, 2627-2628. (p) Tomoskozi, I.; Galambos, G.; Kovacs, G.; Gruber, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1979, 20, 1927-1930. (q) Nicolaou, K. C.; Barnette, W. F.; Gasic, G. P.; Magolda, R. L.; Sipio, W. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1977, 630-631. (r) Fried, J.; Barton, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1977, 74, 2199-2203.

systemic and pulmonary circulation. It exerts effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits both platelet aggregation and adhesion.2a-f These biological activities are relevant to a broad range of cardiovascular diseases including congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, myocardial ischemia, and pulmonary hypertension.3a-r Use of PGI2 as a drug for coronary disease has not been fruitful because of the fleeting half-life of this compound (∼10 min at pH 7.6 at 25 °C).4 The ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in plasma samples is lost within 5 min.5 Application of PGI2 to disease therapy presents a typical drug delivery challenge that is dealt with either mechanically by an appropriate pharmaceutical device or chemically by synthesizing a hydrolytically stable analogue that retains the biological activity. The first option currently is used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in which an aqueous solution of PGI2 sodium salt (chemical name, epoprostenol; trade name Flolan) is pumped continuously and intravenously through a catheter permanently placed in the patient’s chest via a portable external pump. PGI2 is light sensitive and must be stored between 15 and 25 °C, and the formulation in a buffer solution must be prepared by the patient on a daily basis.6 The PGI2 is thereby introduced directly (2) (a) Tateson, J. E.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. Prostaglandins 1977, 13, 389-397. (b) Higgs, E. A.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R.; Caen, J. P.; Michel, H.; Tobelem, G. Prostaglandins 1978, 16, 17-22. (c) Flower, R. J.; Cardinal, D. C.; Prostacyclin; Vane, J. R.; Bergstrom, S., Eds. Raven Press: New York, 1979; pp 211-216. (d) Gorman, R. R.; Bunting, S.; Miller, O. V. Prostaglandins 1977, 13, 377-388. (e) Ubatuba, F. B.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. Thromb. Haemostasis 1979, 41, 425-434. (f) Cooper, B.; Schafer, A. I.; Puchalsky, D.; Handin, R. I. Prostaglandins 1979, 17, 561-571. 10.1021/jo0347720 CCC: $27.50 © 2004 American Chemical Society

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Synthesis of Treprostinil

into the pulmonary arterial system. This is a difficult therapy and one can appreciate the strong motivation to discover an active, stable analogue that could be administered in a less invasive manner either orally or subcutaneously. From a chemical viewpoint one can readily understand the hydrolytic lability of PGI2 on the basis of the presence of the Z-vinyl ether group. Protonation of 1 yields the oxonium ion 2 followed by ring opening of the derived hemiketal to yield 6-keto-PGF1R (3).7a Additional driving force for the rapid hydrolysis has been proposed to involve the carboxylate form of 24 and proven in an elegant kinetic study.7b

Syntheses of stable analogues as potential drugs have used this mechanism as a point of departure. Thus substitution of geminal fluorine atoms at C7 destabilizes (3) (a) Gimson, A. E. S.; Langley, P. G.; Hughes, R. D.; Canalese, J.; Mellon, D. J.; Williams, R.; Woods, H. F.; Weston, M. J. Lancet 1980, 1, 173-175. (b) Braude, S.; Gimson, A. S.; Williams, R. Intensive Care Med. 1981, 7, 101-103. (c) Woods, H. F.; Ash, G.; Weston, M. J.; Bunting, S.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. Lancet 1978, 2, 1075-1077. (d) Turney, J. H.; Williams, L. C.; Fewell, M. R.; Parsons, V.; Weston, M. J. Lancet 1980, 2, 219-222. (e) Zusman, R. M.; Rubin, R. H.; Cato, A. E.; Cocchetto, D. M.; Crow, J. W.; Tolkoff-Rubin, N. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981, 304, 934-939. (f) Longmore, D. B.; Bennett, G.; Gueirrara, D.; Smith, M.; Bunting, S.; Moncada, S.; Reed, P.; Read, N. G.; Vane, J. R. Lancet 1979, 1, 1002-1005. (g) Longmore, D. B.; Bennett, J. G.; Hoyle, P. M.; Smith, M. A.; Gregory, A.; Osivand, T.; Jones, W. A. Lancet 1981, 1, 800-803. (h) Walker, I. D.; Davidson, J. F.; Faichney, A.; Wheatly, D. J.; Davidson, K. G. Br. J. Haematol. 1981, 49, 415423. (i) Radegran, K.; Aren, C.; Teger-Nilsson, A.-C. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1982, 83, 205-211. (j) Sinzinger, H.; O’Grady, J.; Cromwell, M.; Hofer, R. Lancet 1983, 1, 1275-1276. (k) Szczeklik, A.; Nizankowski, R.; Skawinski, S.; Szczeklik, J.; Gluszko, P.; Gryglewski, R. J. Lancet 1979, 1, 1111-1114. (l) Lewis P. J.; O’Grady, J., Eds. Clinical Pharmacology of Prostacyclin; Raven Press: New York, 1981. (m) Belch, J. J.; Newman, P.; Drury, J. K.; McKenzie, F.; Capell, H.; Leiberman, P.; Forbes, C. D.; Prentice, C. R. Lancet 1983, 1, 313315. (n) Belch, J. J.; McKay, A.; McArdle, B.; Leiberman, P.; Pollock, J. G.; Lowe, G. D.; Forbes, C. D.; Prentice, C. R. M. Lancet 1983, 1, 315-317. (o) Rubin, L. J.; Groves, B. M.; Reeves, J. T.; Frosolono, M.; Handel, F.; Cato, A. E. Circulation 1982, 66, 334-338. (p) Yui, Y.; Nakajima, H.; Kawai, C.; Murakami, T. Am. J. Cardiol. 1982, 50, 320324. (q) Gryglewski, R. J.; Nowak, S.; Kostka-Trabka, E.; Bieron, K.; Dembinska-Kiec, A.; Blaszczyk, B.; Kusmiderski, J.; Markowska, E.; Szmatola, S. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1982, 14, 879-908. (r) Vane, J.; O’Grady, J., Eds. Therapeutic Applications of Prostaglandins; Edward Arnold: London, UK, 1993.

intermediate 2 and this compound is called APF-07 4.8 Removal of the C5-6 double bond yields 6β- and 6RPGI19a-e or formal removal of the oxygen atom and replacement by a methylene group generates the class of analogues called carbaprostacyclins.10a-f These analogues do not possess the reactive vinyl ether system and prominent examples are iloprost 5,11 cicaprost 5a,12 and eptaloprost 5b13a-d which are differentiated by variations in the side chains. Replacement of the oxygen atom by sulfur as well as nitrogen has been reported, e.g. (5Z)6,9-thiaprostacyclin14a-d and 9-deoxy-9R-nitrilo-PGF1.15a,b Finally, the Z-vinyl ether can be embedded in an aryl ether motif as in beraprost (6)16a-e or UT-15 (7).17a-c UT15 (7) belongs to a class of stable analogues of PGI2 called (4) Cho, M. J.; Allen, M. A. Prostaglandins 1978, 15, 943-954. (5) Whittle, B. J. R.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. Prostaglandins 1978, 16, 373-388. (6) Epoprostenol sodium is a Glaxo Smith Kline drug. For the synthesis of the sodium salt see: Whittaker, N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 32, 2805-2808. (7) (a) Johnson, R. A.; Morton, D. R.; Kinner, J. H.; Gorman, R. R.; McGuire, J. C.; Sun, F. F.; Whittaker, N.; Bunting, S.; Solomon, J.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. Prostaglandins 1976, 12, 915-928. (b) Bergman, N. A.; Chiang Y.; Jansson, M.; Kresge, A. J.; Ya, Y. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1986, 1366-1368. (8) Nakano, T.; Makino, M.; Morizawa, Y.; Matsumura, Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1019-1021. (9) (a) Johnson, R. A.; Lincoln, F. H.; Nidy, E. G.; Schneider, W. P.; Thompson, J. L.; Axen, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 7690-7705. (b) Togna, G.; Gandolfi, C.; Andreoni, A.; Fumagalli, A.; Passarotti, C.; Faustini, F.; Patrono, C. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1977, 9, 909916. (c) Whittle, B. J. R.; Boughton-Smith, N. K.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1978, 30, 597-599. (d) Nelson, N. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 7362-7363. (e) Whittle, B. J. R.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J. R. In Medicinal Chemistry Advances; de las Heras, F. G., Vega, S., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK, 1981; pp 141-158. (10) (a) Nicolaou, K.; Sipio, W. J.; Magolda, R. L.; Seitz, S.; Barnette, W. E. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1978, 1067-1068. (b) Kojima, K.; Sakai, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 17, 101-104. (c) Morton, D. R.; Brokaw, F. C. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 2880-2887. (d) Ceserani, R.; Grossoni, M.; Longiave, D.; Mizzotti, B.; Pozzi, O.; Dembinska-Kiec, A.; Bianco, S. Prostaglandins Med. 1980, 5, 131-139. (e) Morita, A.; Mori, M.; Hasegawa, K.; Kojima, K.; Kobayashi, S. Life Sci. 1980, 27, 695-701. (f) Whittle, B. J. R.; Steel, G.; Boughton-Smith, N. K. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1980, 32, 603-604. (11) Bursch, W.; Schulte-Hermann, R. In Prostacyclin and its Stable Analogue Iloprost; Gryglewski R. I., Stock, G., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1987; pp 257-268. (12) Skuballa, W.; Vorbrueggen, H. Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 10801081. (13) (a) Shibasaki, M.; Torisawa, Y.; Ikegami, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24, 3493-3496. (b) Skuballa, W.; Schillinger, E.; Stuerzbecher, S.; Vorbrueggen, H. J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 313-315. (c) Ohno, K.; Nishiyama, H.; Nagase, H.; Matsumoto, K.; Ishikawa, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 4489-4492. (d) Bartmann, W.; Beck, G. Angew. Chem. 1982, 94, 767-780; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1982, 21, 751. (14) (a) Nicolaou, K. C.; Barnette, W. E.; Magolda, R. L. J. Am. Chem Soc. 1981, 103, 3472-3480. (b) Gryglewski, R. J.; Nicolaou, K. C. Experientia 1978, 34, 1336-1338. (c) Lefer, A. M.; Trachte, G. J.; Smith, J. B.; Barnette, W. E.; Nicolaou, K. C. Life Sci. 1979, 25, 259263. (d) Horii, D.; Kanayama, T.; Mori, M.; Shibasaki, M.; Ikegami, S. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1978, 51, 313-316. (15) (a) Bundy, G. L.; Baldwin, J. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 19, 1371-1374. (b) Lock, J. E.; Coceani, F.; Hamilton, F.; GreenawayCoates, A.; Olley, P. M. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1980, 215, 156-159. (16) (a) Kurihara, I.; Sahara, T.; Kato, H. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1990, 99, 91-96. (b) Toda, N. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. 1988, 6, 222-238. (c) Nishio, S.; Matsuura, H.; Kanai, N.; Fukatsu, Y.; Hirano, T.; Nishikawa, N.; Nameoka, K.; Umetsu, T. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1988, 47, 1-10. (d) Umetsu, T.; Murata, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Osada, E.; Nishio, S. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 43, 81-90. (e) Akiba, T.; Miyazaki, M.; Toda, N. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 89, 703-711. (17) (a) Aristoff, P. A.; Harrison, A. W.; Aiken, J. W.; Gorman, R. R.; Pike, J. E. In Advances in Prostaglandin Thromboxane and Leukotriene Research; Samuelsson, B., Paoletti, R., Ramwell, P. W., Eds.; Raven Press: New York, 1983; Vol. 11, pp 267-274. (b) UT-15 has also been variously known as Uniprost, BW-15AU, LRX-15, U-62840, 15AU81, and finally Remodulin. (c) Sorbera, L. A.; Rabasseda, X.; Castaner, J. Drugs Future 2001, 26, 364-367.

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benzindene prostacyclins that are differentiated by the structure of their side chains.18a-c

To date, UT-15 (7) has proven effective in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, a debilitating and often fatal lung disease, for which Flolan mentioned above has been the main therapy available.19a-f UT-15 (7) has a longer biological half-life and is not degraded upon (18) (a) Shimoji, K.; Hayashi, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 12551258. (b) Aristoff, P. A.; Harrison, A. W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 2067-2070. (c) Aristoff, P. A.; Johnson, P. D.; Harrison, A. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7967-7974. (19) (a) Gaine, S. P.; Oudiz, R.; Rich, S.; Barst, R.; Roscigno, R. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157(3). (b) McLaughlin, V.; Barst, R.; Rich, S.; Rubin, L.; Horn, E.; Gaine, S.; Blackburn, S.; Crow, J. Eur. Heart J. 1999, 20 (Suppl.), Abst 2555. (c) Barst, R. J.; Horn, E. M.; Widlitz, A. C.; Goudie, S. M.; Kerstein, D.; Berman-Rosenzweig, E.; Blackburn, S. D. Eur. Heart J. 2000, 21 (Suppl.), Abst P1721. (d) McLaughlin, V. V.; Hess, D. M.; Sigman, J.; Blackburn, S.; Rich, S. Eur. Respir. J. 2000, 16 (Suppl. 31), Abst P2830. (e) Barst, R. J.; Simonneau, G.; Rich, S.; Blackburn, S. D.; Naeije, R.; Rubin, L. J. Circulation 2000, 102 (18, Suppl.), Abst 477. (f) Seetharam, T. A.; Anderson, L. W.; Crow, J. W.; Klein, K. B.; Whittle, B. J. European Patent Appl. EP 347,243, CA 1990, 113, 23513k.

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passage through the lungs.20 In further contrast to Flolan, UT-15 is delivered subcutaneously via a microinfusion device thus avoiding the risk of sepsis infection encountered with catheter delivery. UT-15 (7) retains all the biological activity of PGI2. UT-15 has been investigated for use in severe congestive heart failure,21a-c severe intermittent claudication,22a,b and immunosuppresion.23a-c Furthermore, UT-15 has an antiproliferative effect on human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.24 To meet the demands of producing multikilogram quantities of UT-15 (7) needed in the course of drug development, an efficient and economical synthesis had to be devised. The essential requirements for any large-scale, multistep synthesis of a molecule of the complexity of UT-15 (7) are very high overall stereoselectivity, high overall chemical yield, and scalability of individual steps to multigram quantities. Inspection of the structure of this molecule reveals the presence of five chiral centers and the molecule can be viewed as a benzoannulated hydrindane with the BC ring system reminiscent of the CD ring system of steroids. Benzindene prostacyclin UT-15 (7), [[(1R,2R,3aS,9aS)2,3,3a,4,9,9a-hexahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1-H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]acetic acid, has been synthesized previously by Upjohn chemists using an approach in which the AB ring system is introduced in the form of 5-methoxy-2-tetralone (8), which is converted to racemic 9, followed by an intramolecular WadworthEmmons-Wittig cyclopentanone annulation using the homochiral side chain 10 with no stereochemical control in the creation of the C3a chiral center in 11.25 UT-15 (7) was synthesized in 14 steps following the route of Scheme 1. Stereochemistry was introduced rather late in the synthesis in the form of the homochiral side chain 10 in this general route to benzindene prostacyclins differing in the C1 side chain. Unfortunately, this low level of control of stereochemistry in this route led to significant separation problems in obtaining the final product and could not be used to fulfill our scale-up needs for development of UT-15. Another early route to the benzindene prostacyclin system and UT-15 (7) used intramolecular alkylation of the phenolic ring for formation of the B-ring. Homochiral 12 was made in a multistep synthesis and converted to 13 with use of C6H5S(O)(NCH3)CH2MgBr (Scheme 2). Reductive elimination followed by hydroboration and (20) Remodulinsstable form of prostacyclin; United Therapeutics Corp. Web Site March 23, 2001. (21) (a) Patterson, J. H.; Adams, K. F., Jr.; Gheorghiade, M.; Bourge, R. C.; Sueta, C. A.; Clarke, S. W.; Jankowski, J. P.; Shaffer, C. L.; McKinnis, R. A. Am. J. Cardiol. 1995, 75, 26A-33A. (b) Adams, K. F., Jr.; Patterson, H.; Gheorghiade, M.; Bourge, R. C.; Sueta, C. A.; Clarke, S. W.; Patel, J. D.; Shaffer, C. Circulation 1992, 86 (4, Suppl.), Abst 1501. (c) Steffen, R. P.; de la Mata, M. Prostaglandins, Leucotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 1992, 45, 83. (d) Fink, A. N.; Frishman, W. H.; Azidad, M.; Argarwal, Y. Heart Dis. 1999, 1, 29-40. (22) (a) Mohler, E. R., III; Klugherz, B.; Goldman, R.; Kimmel, S. E.; Wade, M.; Sehgal, C. M. Vasc. Med. 2000, 5, 231-237. (b) Mohler, E. R.; Klugherz, B.; Goldman, R.; Fishman, A. P.; Wade, M.; Sehgal, C. M. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1999, 33 (2, Suppl. A), 277A. (23) (a) Dumble, L. J.; Gibbons, S.; Tejpal, N.; Chou, T.-C.; Redgrade, N. G.; Boyle, M. J.; Kahan, B. D. Transplantation 1993, 55, 11241128. (b) Boyle, M. J.; Dumble, L. J. Cell Transplant 1999, 8, 543548. (c) Redgrave, N. G.; Francis, D. M. A.; Dumble, L. J.; Plenter, R.; Ruwart, M.; Birchall, I.; Clunie, G. J. A. Transplant Proc. 1992, 24, 227-228. (24) Finney, P. A.; Tran, Q. S.; Tinker, A.; Clapp, L. H. Eur. Respir. J. 2000, 16, 1029. (25) Aristoff, P. A. EP 0159784, JP 1985208936, US 4683330.

Synthesis of Treprostinil SCHEME 1

SCHEME 2

SCHEME 3

mesylation gave 14 that underwent intramolecular alkylation (14 f 15).26a-cA related approach in which the B-ring of a benzindene prostacyclin was formed by intramolecular alkylation coupled with conjugate addition to a vinyl sulfone has also been reported (16 f 17) (Scheme 3).27a-dReductive cleavage of the phenyl sulfone group in 17 yielded the cis/trans ring fused product in a 1.9/1 ratio. These routes, although conceptually appealing, were deemed inadequate to the task of producing kilogram quantities of UT-15 (7), and accordingly a novel synthetic route was required. The principal requirement envisioned was production of an enantiopure intermediate early in the synthesis, ideally at the tricyclic stage. In principle, (26) (a) Aristoff, P. A. US 4306075. (b) Aristoff, P. A. US 4349689. (c) Aristoff, P. A.; Kelly, R. C.; Nelson, N. A. CH 648017, CH 655308, FR 2484413, GB 2070596, JP 1990167248, JP 1994145085. (27) (a) Hardiger, S. A.; Jakubowski, J. A.; Fuchs, P. L. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1991, 1, 79-82. (b) Nevill, C. R., Jr.; Braish, T. F.; Jakubowski, J. A.; Fuchs, P. L. Biomed. Chem. Lett. 1991, 1, 77-78. (c) Hardinger, S. A.; Jakubowski, J. A.; Fuchs, P. L. Biomed. Chem. Lett. 1991, 1, 79-82. (d) Nevill, C. R., Jr.; Jakubowski, J. A.; Fuchs, P. L. Biomed. Chem. Lett. 1991, 1, 83-86.

the intramolecular asymmetric Pauson-Khand cyclization (PKC) of enynes to cyclopentenones could fulfill both these requirements.28a-s An enyne of type 18 appeared to be relatively readily accessible and the powerful stereodirecting influence of an R-propargylic substituent at C9 in the intramolecular asymmetric PKC has been amply demonstrated and productively used in stereoselective synthesis.29a-q In the present example the C1 S configuration of the substituent would create the requisite C3aβ-configuration of the hydrogen atom in UT15.30a-c Thus, an advanced tricyclic enantiopure intermediate could potentially be obtained from a relatively simple homochiral precursor. Furthermore, additional (28) (a) Ojima, I.; Tzamarioudaki, M.; Li, Z.; Donovan, R. J. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 635-662. (b) Khand, I. U.; Knox, G. R.; Pauson, P. L.; Watts, W. E.; Foreman, M. I. J. Chem Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1973, 977981. (c) Pauson, P. L. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 5855-5860. (d) Pauson, P. L. In Organometallics in Organic Synthesis, Aspects of a Modern Interdisciplinary Field; de Meijere A., Tom Diek, H., Eds; SpringerVerlag: Berlin, Germany, 1988; p, 233. (e) Schore, N. E. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 1081-1119. (f) Schore, N. E. Org. React. 1991, 40, 1-90. (g) Schore, N. E. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost B. M., Fleming, I., Eds., Pergamon Press Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 1991; Vol. 5, p 1037. (h) Schore, N. E. In Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II; Abel, E. W., Stone, F. A., Wilkinson, G., Eds.; Elsevier: New York, 1995; Vol. 12, p 703. (i) Geis, O.; Schmalz, H. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 911-914. (j) Ingate, S. T.; Marco-Contelles, J. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1998, 30, 121-143. (k) Jeong, N. In Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis; Beller M., Molm, C., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinhem, Germany, 1998; Vol. 1, p 560. (l) Chung, Y. K. Coord. Chem Rev. 1999, 188, 297-341. (m) Buchwald, S. L.; Hicks, F. A. In Comprehensive Asymmetric Catalysis; Jacobsen, E. N., Pfaltz, A., Yamamoto, H., Eds.; Springer Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1999; Vol. II, p 491. (n) Brummond, K. M.; Kent, J. L. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 3263-3283. (o) Khand, I. U.; Pauson, P. L. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1976, 30-32. (p) Pauson, P. L.; Khand, I. U. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1977, 295, 2-14. (q) Bladon, P.; Khand, I. U.; Pauson, P. L. J. Chem. Res. Miniprint 1977, 146. (r) Khand, I. U.; Pauson, P. L. J. Chem. Res. Miniprint 1980, 3501. (s) Fruhauf, H.-W. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 523-596.

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benefits accrue from this approach: cis-stereochemistry is expected in the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation

ence of a catalytic amount of CuI to yield (S)-1-chloro-2heptanol (37), which was then converted to the diastereomeric tetrahydropyranyl derivative 38. This compound was then treated with lithio 1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne formed with use of butyllithium at -20 °C and at a reaction temperature of 0 °C (38 f 39). Cleavage of the TMS group yielded 5-S-tetrahydropropanoxy-1-decyne (25).

of the double bond of the enone, resulting in the required C9a β-configuration; and benzylic hydrogenolysis expectedly would remove the unneeded benzylic group while the carbonyl group at C2 remains available for reduction to the C2 R-hydroxyl group. All of these preconceptions proved valid in the synthesis of UT-15 (7) as summarized in Scheme 4. Individual steps will be discussed in turn. Results and Discussion Synthesis of Enyne (1,1-Dimethylethyl)[[(1S,6S)1-[3-methoxy-2-(2-propenyl)phenyl]-6-[(tetrahydro2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]-2-undecynyl]oxy]dimethylsilane (29). The key feature of enyne 29 is the benzylic C1 S stereochemistry because this group influences the creation of the chiral center formed in the PKC at C3a in the requisite S configuration. It had been shown earlier that the tert-butyldimethyl silyl ether is a particularly useful group as the R-propargyl substituent in the PKC.29i Aldehyde 24 was produced in a straightforward manner. 3-Methoxybenzyl alcohol 20 was protected as the TBDMS derivative and ortho-allylated (20 f 21 f 22). Deprotection and Swern oxidation gave 2-allyl-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (24) (22 f 23 f 24). The further synthesis of enyne involves Grignard addition of side chain 25 to aldehyde 24 to yield 26. The diastereomeric side chain 5-S-tetrahydropropanoxy-1decyne (25) was synthesized by using an adaptation of the method of Takano et al.31 (S)-(-)-Epichlorohydrin (36) was reacted with butylmagnesium chloride in the pres(29) (a) Mukai, C.; Uchiyama, M.; Sakamoto, S.; Hanaoka, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 5761-5764. (b) Xestobergsterol D and E rings: Krafft, M. E.; Chirico, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 45114514. (c) Krafft, M. E.; Juliano, C. A.; Scott, I. L.; Wright, C.; McEachin, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 1693-1703. (d) Krafft, M. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 968-970. (e) Krafft, M. E. Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 999-1002. (f) (+)-Epoxydicylmene: Jamison, T. F.; Shambayati, S.; Crowe, W. E.; Schreiber, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5505-5506. Jamison, T. F.; Shambayati, S.; Crowe, W. E.; Schreiber, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4353-4363. (g) (-)-R-Kainic acid: Yoo, S.; Lee, S. H. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6968-6972. (h) Pentalenene: Schore, N. E.; Rowley, E. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 5224-5225. (i) Pentalenic acid, pentalenene: Rowley, E. G.; Schore, N. E. J. Organomet. Chem. 1991, 413, C5-C9. (j) Siliphene: Rowley, E. G.; Schore, N. E. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 6853-6861. (k) Kalmanol: Paquette, L. A.; Borrelly, S. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 69126921. (l) Dendrobine: Cassayre, J.; Zard, S. Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6072-6073. (m) Coriolin: Exon, C.; Magnus, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 2477-2478. (n) 9-cis-Retinoic acid: Murray, A.; Hansen, J. B.; Christensen, B. V. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 7383-7390. (o) Quadrone: Magnus, P.; Principe, L. M.; Slater, M. J. J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 1483-1486. (p) Hirsuitic acid: Magnus, P.; Exon, C.; Albaugh-Robertson, P. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 5861-5869. (q) Carbacyclins: Mulzer, J.; Graske, K. D.; Kirste, B. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1988, 891-897. (30) (a) Magnus, P.; Principe, L. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 4851-4854. (b) Schore, N. E. Pauson-Khand Reaction. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M., Ed., Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK, 1991. (c) Jeong, N.; Lee, B. Y.; Lee, S. M.; Chung, Y. K.; Lee, S. G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 4023-4026.

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3-Methoxy-2-(2-propenyl)-R-[(5S)-5-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy]-1-decynyl]benzenemethanol intermediate (26), which results from the addition of 25-MgBr to 24, possesses three chiral centers, one of which is fixed, i.e., the S-configuration of the C6 carbon atom. The benzylic carbon atom and the chiral carbon atom of the THP group are individually heterochiral. In agreement with expectation a chiral chromatogram (Daicel Chiralpak AD Column) of 26 showed four peaks. Diastereomeric 26 was oxidized with pyridinium chlorochromate to the diastereomeric ketone 27. For the subsequent stereoselective Pauson-Khand cyclization, we required the S-configuration of the benzylic (propargylic) carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. The stereochemistry was obtained by using a stoichiometric Corey-type asymmetric reduction of 27 employing commercially available R-methyloxazaborolidine, boranedimethyl sulfide complex, and ketone 27 at -30 °C.32a The S stereochemical result is in agreement with the results of Parker and Ledeboer using the same system.32b Chiral chromatographic analysis of 28 showed the presence of two diastereomers. For the Pauson-Khand cyclization, 28 was converted to the corresponding TBDMS protected alcohol 29 and subjected to either stoichiometric or catalytic Co2(CO)8 cyclization33 to yield the tricyclic enone 30 in 89% yield. For assessment of the stereoselectivity of the reaction, the crude product prior to chromatography was analyzed with HPLC, which revealed that over 99% of the product consisted of two peaks of equal intensity corresponding to >99% creation of the new chiral center at C3a in one configuration. The two peaks result from the THP diastereomeric center -O-CH-O-. Two points are noteworthy in connection with the Pauson-Khand cyclization of 29. The first is the high (31) Takano, S.; Yanase, M.; Takahashi, M.; Ogasawara, K. Chem. Lett. 1987, 2017-2020. (32) (a) Helal, C. J.; Magriotis, P. A.; Corey, E. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10938-10939. (b) Parker, K. A.; Ledeboer, M. W. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3214-3217. (33) Pagenkopf, B. L.; Livinghouse, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 2285-2286.

Synthesis of Treprostinil SCHEME 4

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chemical yield (89%) and the high degree of chiral induction of almost 100%. Since these yields are the same in both the stoichiometric and the catalytic reaction the results must be mechanistically controlled with steric effects being determinant. Two factors are operative. The first is that the phenyl ring forces the enyne system into the most favorable orientation for annulation by restricting rotational conformations (18 S 18a). It has been observed that β-positioned geminal dialkyl enynes give relatively higher yields of cyclized products due to a Thorpe-Ingold-type effect.34a-d This cisoid orientation of the alkyne Co(CO)6 group and the alkene in 40 is further enhanced by the ortho CH3O group steric interaction with the alkyl system. According to the mechanism proposed by Magnus and applied by others, the stereochemical course follows from the relative energy difference of the transition states leading to the two diastereomeric metallocycle intermediates 40 and 42 (Scheme 5) with the latter possessing a destabilizing 1,3-diaxial interaction that disfavors this course of reaction.29a-p,30a,b This effect is amplified because of the large steric bulk of the benzylic TBDMS group. Catalytic hydrogenation 30 f 31 removed the now superfluous stereodirecting benzylic TBDMS ether and the thermodynamically more stable cis-hydrindanone is formed.35a,b The side chain at C1 existed in both the Rand β-configurations. Formation of the cis-hydrindanone appears to concur with expectation; indeed the catalytic heterogeneous hydrogenation of hydrindenones has been studied in great detail because of its relationship to the CD ring of steroids.36 Basically the problem is that the desired stereochemistry for the CD ring system of steroids is trans but invariably the undesired cis-fused product is formed by catalytic reduction. Stork and Kahne (34) (a) De Tar, D. F.; Luthra, N. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 4505-4512. (b) Kirby, A. J. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1980, 17, 208. (c) Eliel, E. L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1962; pp 106-202. (d) The majority of the syntheses involve cyclization of 1,6-enynes to yield bicyclo[3.3.0]octene-3-ones. Applications to form bicyclo[4.3.0]octene-ones are known: Quattropani, A.; Anderson, G.; Bernardinelli, G.; Kuendig, E. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4773-4774 and references therein. (35) (a) Boyce, C. B. C.; Whitehurst, J. S. J. Chem. Soc. 1960, 45474553. (b) Baggaley, K. H.; Brooks, S. G.; Green, J.; Redman, B. T. J. Chem. Soc. C 1971, 2671-2678. (36) Hajos, Z. H.; Parrish, D. P. J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 3239-3243.

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found this to be the case in 44 f 45 regardless of the stereochemistry (R or β) of the C1 hydroxyl group.37

In the case of 44a, the β face of the molecule is hindered by both the allylic angular methyl group and the homoallylic C1 hydroxyl group and the thermodynamically more stable cis-hydrindanone is formed (44a f 45a). Hajos and Parrish succeeded in using the steric effect of the C1β-substituent to favor formation of the trans ring fused product by using a tert-butyl ether group (44b) located homoallylic to the double bond of the enone resulting in 30% trans product.36 In the case of enone 30 the β face is shielded by the large allylic TBDMS ether, a circumstance that should favor formation of the undesired trans-fused product in the catalytic hydrogenation step as in the above example (44b f 45b). Nonetheless cis reduction occurs. This may be taken as indirect evidence that hydrogenolysis of the OTBDMS group occurs prior to reduction of the double bond.

Furthermore, since enones and especially tetrasubstituted ones undergo H2/Pd-C reduction very slowly (50 (37) Stork, G.; Kahne, D. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 10721073.

Synthesis of Treprostinil

psi/43 h and 30 psi/15 h), it is likely that benzylic dehydrogenation of the TBDMS ether precedes the enone reduction. The borohydride reduction of 31 that is a mixture of exo and endo C1 epimers yields one product, namely, the exo C1 side chain and endo C2 alcohol.

FIGURE 1. X-ray molecular structure of triol 34.

In ethanolic sodium hydroxide equilibration of 31a and 31b occurred while reduction of 31a is slower than that of 31b, in effect leading to a kinetic resolution of the desired product. This behavior was observed earlier by Aristoff et al. in the synthesis of a related benzindene prostacyclin, namely U-68,215.18c The stability difference between the exo and the endo side chain epimers is due to essentially an eclipsed relationship between the side chain and C9a-C9 for the endo epimer of the cis-hydrindane ring system versus a torsional angle of about 120° in the exo orientation between the side chain and C9a-C9 in the exo configuration. In the sodium borohydride reduction, the hydride

attack occurs in agreement with expectation from the convex face to yield the R-orientation of the hydroxyl group. Deprotection of the side chain THP group gave methoxydiol 33.38 Cleavage of the methoxyl group (33 f 34) proved problematic because of the presence of the two secondary hydroxyl groups. Thus TMSI or KI/DMF was unsuccessful. The reagent C6H5SH/BuLi was successful on a gram scale but was not scalable. Success was achieved with lithium diphenylphosphine prepared in situ from diphenylphosphine and n-butyllithium.39a,b This step afforded the crystalline triol 34 for which an X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the stereochemistry (Figure 1). Triol 34 was alkylated at the phenolic hydroxyl group with use of chloroacetonitrile in refluxing acetone with potassium carbonate (34 f 35) and nitrile 35 was

hydrolyzed with ethanolic potassium hydroxide to yield UT-15 (7) in 9% overall yield.18c,40 Cleavage of the methyl ether in 33 f 34 with lithium diphenylphosphine is a problematic step. For a closely related benzindene prostacyclin a 7-fold excess of lithium diphenylphosphine was used.18c In the present synthesis, step 33 f 34, a 7-fold excess likewise proved necessary. On a weight basis this becomes the most expensive step in the entire synthesis. Synthesis of Stereoisomers of UT-15. Since the stereochemical centers of UT-15 are introduced in the form of the side chain 25 with (S)-(-)-epichlorohydrin (39) as the chiral component in 36 f 37 f 38 f 39 f 25 and in the Corey reduction (27 f 28), use of the opposite configuration of these key chiral reagents will yield the stereoisomeric product. The synthesis of the stereoisomer of UT-15 will be the subject of a future communication. Comparison of the Upjohn Route of Scheme 1 with the Pauson-Khand Cyclization Route.18c The steps 8 f 9 f 11 of the Upjohn route yield diastereomeric 11 (heterochiral at C3a) that is reduced (H2/Pd-C, EtOH, K2CO3) to yield an inseparable mixture of ketones (31a, 31b, 46a, and 46b) in 65% yield. The mixture of ketones

(38) Corey, E. J.; Niwa, H.; Knolle, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 8031-8034. (39) (a) Mann, F. G.; Pragnell, M. J. Chem. Ind. (London) 1964, 31, 1386. (b) Ireland, R. E.; Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 14, 10711074. (c) Org. Synth. 1977, 56, 44; Organic Syntheses; Wiley: New York, 1988; Collect. Vol. VI, pp 567-575.

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is then reduced under equilibrating conditions to give a mixture of alcohols 32 and 47. For the pair of ketones 31a and 31b equilibration (31a f 31b) and borohydride reduction yields the desired UT15 precursor 32. For the ketone pair 46a and 46b equilibration (46b f 46a) borohydride reduction yields 47, an undesired stereoisomer. In the asymmetric Pauson-Khand cyclization route to 7 (Scheme 4) the number of stereoisomers is halved, i.e., 31 ) 31a and 31b and 32 ) 32 uncontaminated with 47. This simplifies greatly the chromatographic purification up to 32, which is a common intermediate in the Upjohn and present PKC routes. The Diastereoselectivity of the Intramolecular Asymmetric Pauson-Khand Cyclization. Efforts directed toward controlling the degree of stereoselectivity in the Pauson-Khand cyclization have used chiral auxiliaries, chiral catalysts, and chiral amine N-oxide promoters.41 The present synthesis as well as several other examples strongly recommend the strategy of an R-propargyl stereodirecting group for achieving very high diastereoselectivity.29a-q A second approach is to use a natural product of known absolute stereochemistry as the source of the R-propargyl stereodirecting group. Starting from either L-ascorbic acid (48) or dimethyl L-tartrate (49), 50 was formed and Pauson-Khand cyclization led to 51 in 100% yield.

Relatedly, Mulzer et al. used this process to form the same type of homochiral enyne starting from R- and S-2,3-O-isopropylideneglyceraldehydes 52 and 53, respectively.29q

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Bicyclo[3.3.0]octenone 58 could potentially be converted to carbacyclins.10a-f In conclusion, we advocate the use of the R-propargyl stereodirecting group, preferably OTBDMS,42 for stereochemical control in the intramolecular PKC. The strategy of employing the highly diastereoselective 1,3-asymmetric induction in the PKC using a temporary and readily removable stereodirecting group results in an asymmetric synthesis that is superior to other methods used to date.41 Because of the efficient chemistry available for deoxygenation of secondary alcohols,43 the present asymmetric PKC could be generalized to enynes possessing a nonbenzylic propargylic chiral secondary alcohol of fixed configuration. The synthetic utility of the PKC is broadened further by the use of transition metals other than cobalt.44-49 This encompasses a considerable range of synthetic targets.

Experimental Section Melting points were determined on a capillary tube melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on 400- and 300-MHz spectrometers. Tetramethyl(40) Moriarty, R. M.; Penmasta, R.; Guo, L.; Rao, M. S.; Staszewski, J. P. (United Therapeutics Corp.). Process for stereoselective synthesis of prostacyclin derivatives. WO 9921830. (41) For examples of asymmetric PKCs with chiral auxiliaries, see: (a) Bladon, P.; Pauson, P. L.; Brunner, H.; Eder, R. J. Organomet. Chem. 1988, 355, 449-454. (b) Castro, J.; Sorensen, H.; Riera, A.; Morin, C.; Moyano, A.; Pericas, M. A.; Greene, A. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 9388-9389. (c) Verdaguer, X.; Moyano, A.; Pericas, M. A.; Riera, A.; Bernardes, V.; Greene, A. E.; Alvarez-Larena, A.; Piniella, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 2153-2154. (d) Hay, A. M.; Kerr, W. J.; Kirk, G. G.; Middlemiss, D. Organometallics 1995, 14, 4986-4988. (e) Park, H.; Lee, B. Y.; Kang, Y. K.; Chung, Y. K. Organometallics 1995, 14, 3104-3107. (f) Stolle, A.; Becker, H.; Salau¨n, J.; de Meijere, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 3521-3524. (g) Braese, S.; Schoemenauer, S.; McGaffin, G.; Stolle, A.; de Meijere, A. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 545-555. For use of a chiral catalyst see: (h) Hicks, F. A.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 11688-11689. For use of a chiral amine N-oxide as a promoter see: (i) Kerr, W. J.; Kirk, G. G.; Middlemiss, D. Synlett 1995, 1085-1086. (42) Corey, E. J.; Venkateswarlu, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 6190-6191. (43) Barton, D. H. R.; McCombie, S. W. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1975, 1574. (44) Zirconocene: (a) Negishi, E.; Holmes, S. J.; Tour, J. M.; Miller, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 2568-2569. (b) Negishi, E.; Cederbaum, F. E.; Takahashi, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 28292832. (c) Negishi, E.; Holmes, S. J.; Tour, J. M.; Miller, J. A.; Cederbaum, F. E.; Swanson, D. R.; Takahashi, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 3336-3346. (45) Ni(cod)2/nBu3P: (a) Tamao, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Ito, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 1286-1288. (b) Tamao, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Ito, Y. Synlett 1992, 539-546. (c) Zhang, M.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4498-4499. (46) Titanocene: (a) Grossmann, R. B.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 5803-5805. (b) Berk, S. C.; Grossmann, R. B.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4912-4913. (c) Berk, S. C.; Grossmann, R. B.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8593-8601. (d) Hicks, F. A.; Berk, S. C.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 2713-2718. (e) Hicks, F. A.; Kablaoui, N. M.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9450-9451. (f) Hoveyda, A. H.; Morken, J. P. Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1378; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1263-1284. (g) Kablaoui, N. M.; Hicks, F. A.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5818-5819. (h) Kablaoui, N. M.; Hicks, F. A.; Buchwald, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4424-4431. (47) Molybdenum: (a) Aumann, R.; Weidenhaupt, H.-J. Chem. Ber. 1987, 120, 23-27. (b) Kent, J. L.; Wan, H.; Brummond, K. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 2407-2410. (c) Jeong, N.; Lee, S. J.; Lee, B. Y.; Chung, Y. K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 4027-4030. (48) Iron: Pearson, A. J.; Dubbert, R. A. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 202-203. (49) Tungsten: Hoye, T. R.; Suriano, J. Organometallics 1992, 11, 2044-2050.

Synthesis of Treprostinil silane (TMS) was used as an internal standard for 1H NMR. All chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (ppm), and the coupling constant (J) values were calculated in hertz (Hz) based on the chemical shifts. Deuteriochloroform (CDCl3) was used as solvent for all NMR experiments with residual chloroform as an internal standard for 13C NMR. IR spectra were recorded on a FT-IR spectrophotometer. Mass spectra were obtained by positive chemical ionization (CI) or by fast atomic bombardment (FAB) technique. Unless otherwise noted, all reactions were carried out in oven-dried glassware. Dichloromethane was distilled from calcium hydride. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was freshly distilled from sodium metal/ benzophenone prior to use. All solvents for chromatography were obtained commercially and used as received. Reactions were monitored by analytical thin layer chromatographic (TLC) methods, using silica gel and 230-400 mesh (60A) glass plates (0.25 mm), and all spots on TLC plates were either visualized by ultraviolet (UV) light or detected by dipping the plate into a 5% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol and heating. The pure products for characterization were isolated by flash column chromatography with the use of silica gel, 230-400 mesh (60A). 3-Methoxy-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylbenzyl Alcohol (21). To a stirred solution of 3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (20) (5176 g, 37.46 mol) and imidazole (3035 g, 44.58 mol) in methylene chloride (40 L) was added portionwise tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (6549 g, 43.45 mol) under argon. After the reaction was complete as indicated by TLC, the reaction mixture was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to yield crude compound. The crude compound obtained was chromatographed on silica gel with a gradient solvent of ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield 8897 g (94%) of 3-methoxy-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylbenzyl alcohol as a yellow oil. IR (neat) 2950, 2930, and 1600 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.11 (s, 6H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 6.82 (m, 1H), 6.92 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, 1H, J ) 8 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ -5.1, 18.5, 26.1, 55.2, 64.9, 111.6, 112.5, 118.3, 129.3, 143.3, 159.8. Anal. Calcd for C14H24O2Si: C, 66.61; H, 9.58. Found: C, 66.62; H, 9.66. 2-Allyl-3-methoxy-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylbenzyl Alcohol (22). To a stirred solution of 3-methoxy-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylbenzyl alcohol (21) (6495 g, 25.65 mol) in anhydrous hexane (25 L) was added slowly a solution of nbutyllithium (11.288 L, 28.22 mol, 2.5 M solution in hexane) at room temperature under argon. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature and then cooled to 0 °C. Allyl bromide (3569 g, 29.50 mol) was added over 30 min. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 24 h. After this time, the reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution. The organic layer was washed with H2O and brine, dried (Na2SO4), and filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield 2-allyl-3methoxy-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylbenzyl alcohol (22) (7393 g, contains 60% product by GC) as an orange oil. This crude product was used without further purification. IR (neat) 3080, 3000, and 1640 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.08 (s, 6H), 0.98 (s, 9H), 3.53 (d, 2H, J ) 6 Hz), 3.94 (s, 3H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.98 (t, 2H, J ) 6 Hz), 6.01 (m, 1H), 6.79 (d, 1H, J ) 8 Hz), 7.01 (d, 1H, J ) 8 Hz), 7.25 (t, 1H, J ) 8 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ -5.2, 18.5, 26.1, 29.4, 55.8, 62.8, 109.5, 114.4, 119.3, 125.0, 127.0, 136.5, 140.8, 157.3. Anal. Calcd for C17H28O2Si: C, 69.81; H, 9.65. Found: C, 69.92; H, 9.75. 2-Allyl-3-methoxybenzyl Alcohol (23). To a stirred solution of 2-allyl-3-methoxy-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylbenzyl alcohol (22) (13725 g, 46.92 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 L) was added a solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (14791 g, 46.92 mol) in THF (28 L) at room temperature under argon. The reaction was stirred at room temperature until complete as indicated by TLC and then quenched by adding H2O (5 L). THF was removed in vacuo, ethyl acetate (30 L) was added, and the organic layer was separated, washed with water and

brine, dried (Na2SO4), and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a dark brown oil that was chromatographed on silica gel with a solvent gradient of 0-30% ethyl acetate in hexane to yield 4695 g (57% from 21) of 2-allyl-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (23) as off-white solid; mp 37-38 °C. IR (neat) 3360, 3080, 3000, and 1640 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 3.51 (s, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 4.68 (d, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 4.96 (m, 1H), 5.98 (m, 1H), 6.87 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 7.03 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 7.22 (t, 1H, J ) 9 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 29.7, 55.8, 63.3, 110.3, 114.6, 120.8, 126.3, 127.4, 137.4, 140.4, 157.7. 2-Allyl-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (24). To a cooled (-78 °C) and stirred solution of oxalyl chloride (4012 g, 31.61 mol) in dichloromethane (30 L) was added slowly a solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (4733 g, 60.58 mol) dissolved in 5 L of dichloromethane under argon. After being stirred for 30 min, a solution of 2-allyl-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (23) (4694 g, 26.34 mol) dissolved in 5 L of dichloromethane was added to this reaction mixture. After the solution was stirred for 1 h at -78 °C, triethylamine (13327 g, 131.70 mol) was added to quench the reaction. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight, washed with saturated NH4Cl and brine, dried (Na2SO4), and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a dark brown oil that was chromatographed on silica gel with a solvent gradient of 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexane to yield 3997 g (92% pure by GC, 80% yield) of 2-allyl-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (24) as a pale brown oil. IR (neat) 3080, 3000, 2760, 1700, and 1640 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 3.88 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 4.90 (dq, 1H, J ) 3, 18 Hz), 5.04 (dq, 1H, J ) 3, 12 Hz), 6.03 (m, 1H), 7.15 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 7.31 (t, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 7.44 (dd, 1H, J ) 0.9, 9 Hz), 10.31 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 28.1, 56.1, 115.4, 116.0, 122.6, 127.2, 127.5, 131.0, 135.1, 136.8, 157.9, 192.2. (S)-1-Chloro-2-heptanol (37). To a solution of (S)-(-)epichlorohydrin 36 (3000 g, 32.42 mol) in 25 L of tetrahydrofuran was added 617 g (3.24 mol) of CuI under argon. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, and a solution of 17.02 L (34.04 mol) of butylmagnesium chloride was added slowly with stirring. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature, and after the solution was stirred for 15 h, GC analysis indicated that all starting material was consumed. The reaction was quenched by adding about 6 L of 15% aqueous NH4OH saturated with NH4Cl. Solid was removed by filtration over Celite and washed with ethyl acetate. Filtrate was washed twice with 15% aqueous NH4OH saturated with NH4Cl and brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 4870 g (80% pure by GC, yield 80%) of (S)1-chloro-2-heptanol (37) as a clear yellow oil. IR (neat) 3380, 2960, 1590, 1460, 1430, and 1380 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.31 (m, 6H), 1.52 (m, 2H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 3.49 (dd, 1H, J ) 6, 12 Hz), 3.80 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.0, 22.6, 25.2, 31.7, 34.3, 50.6, 71.5. Anal. Calcd for C7H15ClO: C, 55.81; H, 10.04. Found: C, 55.66; H, 10.20. [R]25D 2.31 (c 1.1, CHCl3). The compound was taken to the next step without further purification. (S)-1-Chloro-O-tetrahydropyran-2-yl-heptan-2-ol (38). To a solution of 4869 g (32.32 mol) of (S)-1-chloro-2-heptanol (37) in 30 L of methylene chloride was added 4078 g (48.38 mol, 1.5 equiv) of dihydropyran and 1219 g (4.85 mol, 0.15 equiv) of pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate at room temperature with stirring. After being stirred for 15 h, the crude reaction mixture was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on silica gel with 0-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield 6779 g (84% pure by GC, yield 75%) of (S)-1-chloro-O-tetrahydropyran-2-ylheptan-2-ol (38) as an orange oil. IR (neat) 2940, 2860, 1600, 1470, 1450, 980, and 870 cm-1; 1H NMR(CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.85 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz), 1.2-1.9 (m, 14H), 3.44-3.62 (m, 3H), 3.653.79 (m, 1H), 3.81-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.65 (t, 1H, J ) 3 Hz), 4.76 (t, 1H, J ) 6 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.0, 19.6, 19.7, 22.6, 24.7, 25.0, 25.4, 25.5, 30.8, 31.0, 31.8, 31.9, 33.1, 46.1,

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Moriarty et al. 47.3, 62.7, 62.8, 75.5, 77.9, 97.6, 99.5. Anal. Calcd for C12H23ClO2: C, 61.39; H, 9.87. Found: C, 60.86; H, 10.09. [R]25D -13.54 (c 1.1, CHCl3). 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-O-tetrahydropyran-2-yl-1-decyn-5(S)-ol (39). A solution of 2823 g (25.15 mol, 2.2 equiv) of 1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne in 20 L of THF was cooled to 0 °C under argon and treated slowly with butyllithium (6811 g, 24.57 mol, 2.15 equiv, 2.5 M in hexanes). The reaction was stirred for 3 h at 0 °C and a solution of 2684 g (11.43 mol) of (S)-1-chloro-O-tetrahydropyran-2-ylheptan-2-ol (38) in 6 L of THF was slowly added. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature, stirred for 15 h, quenched with saturated NH4Cl solution, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 4562 g of a dark oil. IR (neat) 2950, 2940, 2170, 1470, 1450, and 1020 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.12 (s, 6H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.88 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz), 1.2-1.9 (m, 16H), 2.26 (t, 1H, J ) 7 Hz), 2.36 (q, 1H, J ) 7 Hz), 3.4-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.6-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.81-4.0 (m, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 0.2, 14.1, 14.11, 15.8, 16.5, 19.9, 20.1, 22.7, 24.7, 25.2, 25.6, 31.1, 31.2, 32.0, 32.1, 32.7, 33.3, 34.1, 35.0, 62.7, 62.9, 75.1, 76.3, 84.2, 84.6, 97.0, 98.7, 107.4, 107.8. Anal. Calcd for C18H34O2Si: C, 69.62; H, 11.04. Found: C, 69.83; H, 11.11. This product was used without further purification. 2-[[(1S)-1-(3-Butynyl)hexyl]oxy]tetrahydro-2H-pyran (25). To a stirred solution of 9443 g (30.41 mol) of 1-(trimethylsilyl)-O-tetrahydropyran-2-yl-1-decyn-5-(S)-ol (39) in 30 L of ethanol was added sodium hydroxide (2433 g, 60.82 mol, 2 equiv) at room temperature. After the mixture was stirred for 20 h at room temperature, ethanol was removed in vacuo, and the crude reaction mixture was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting orange oil was chromatographed on silica gel with 0-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford 7200 g (78% pure by GC, yield 77% from 38) of 25 as a clear yellow oil. IR (neat) 3310, 2950, 1900, 1450, 1440, 1380, 1250, 1130, 1120, 990, and 840 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.27-1.86 (m, 17H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 2.22 (dt, 1H, J ) 3, 6 Hz), 2.29-2.36 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.70 (q, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 3.85-3.92 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.0, 14.1, 14.4, 15.0, 19.8, 20.0, 22.7, 24.7, 25.2, 25.3, 25.6, 31.2, 32.1, 32.6, 33.4, 34.0, 35.0, 35.8, 37.4, 62.7, 62.8, 68.1, 68.4, 68.7, 70.8, 75.2, 76.2, 84.4, 84.8, 97.2, 98.5. Anal. Calcd for C15H26O2: C, 75.58; H, 10.99. Found: C, 75.51; H, 11.17. 3-Methoxy-2-(2-propenyl)-r-[(5S)-5-[(tetrahydro-2Hpyran-2-yl)oxy]-1-decynyl]benzenemethanol (26). To a stirred and refluxing solution of 2-[[(1S)-1-(3-butynyl)hexyl]oxy]tetrahydro-2H-pyran (25) (4262 g, 17.88 mol) in anhydrous THF (30 L) was slowly added a solution of EtMgBr (5.96 L, 17.88 mol, 3 M solution in diethyl ether) under argon. As the reaction is exothermic heating was stopped during this addition. After complete addition (about 2 h) the reaction mixture was further refluxed for 90 min and cooled to 0 °C and then a solution of 2-allyl-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (24) (3000 g, 17.03 mol) in anhydrous THF (5 L) was added slowly with stirring. After complete addition (about 30 min), the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight (15 h). The reaction mixture was cooled again to 0 °C, and a saturated aqueous solution of NH4Cl was added with stirring. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried (Na2SO4) and the solvents were removed in vacuo. The crude viscous liquid was chromatographed on silica gel with a solvent gradient of 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 6487 g (92%) of aryl alkynol (26). IR 3401, 2227, 1637, 1600, 1470, 913, and 754 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.20-1.40 (m, 6H), 1.41-1.60 (m, 6 H), 1.61-1.80 (m, 5H), 2.26-2.65 (m, 3H), 3.41-3.75 (m, 4H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.63-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.95-4.98 (m, 2H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 5.92-6.02 (m, 1H),

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6.83-6.86 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 7.20-7.41 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.1, 14.9, 15.5, 19.9, 22.6, 24.7, 25.3, 25.5, 29.5, 31.2, 32.1, 32.7, 33.5, 33.9, 35.1, 55.8, 62.0, 62.1, 62.5, 62.7, 75.3, 75.9, 81.7, 80.3, 87.2, 97.2, 98.0, 110.6, 114.7, 119.3, 125.9, 127.3, 127.4, 137.1, 140.8, 129.9, 136.8, 136.9, 157.6; UV λmax MeOH, 227 nm; HPLC, Daicel Chiralpak AD column (4.6 × 250 mm2), 10 µm; flow rate 0.75 mL/min; mobile phase, hexanes (98%):2-propanol (2%):trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%); retention time 22, 24, 27, and 34 min (four diastereomers) (purity 99%). Anal. Calcd for C26H38O4: C, 75.32; H, 9.24. Found: C, 74.75; H, 9.21. (6S)-1-[3-Methoxy-2-(2-propenyl)phenyl]-6-[(tetrahydro2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]-2-undecyn-1-one (27). To a cooled (0 °C) and stirred solution of racemic aryl alkynol 26 (6486 g, 15.65 mol) in dichloromethane (40 L) was added PCC (6747 g, 31.3 mol) under argon. The reaction mixture was slowly allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred under argon for 15 h. Then it was filtered through Celite and the solid was washed twice with ethyl acetate. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude product was chromatographed on silica gel with a solvent gradient of 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 4846 g (75%) of aryl alkynyl ketone 27 as a light yellow oil. IR 2206, 1645, 1456, 1269, and 741 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3H J ) 7 Hz), 1.21-1.92 (m, 16H), 2.49 (t, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 2.60 (dt, 1H, J ) 1.7, 6 Hz), 3.42-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.81 (m, 3H), 3.81-3.93 (m, 4H), 4.58-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.90-5.03 (m, 2H), 5.88-6.05 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 7.28 (m, 1H), and 7.72 (t, 1H, J ) 9 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.1, 15.1, 15.8, 20.1, 20.3, 22.7, 24.8, 25.2, 25.5, 29.8, 31.2, 31.3, 31.8, 32.0, 32.1, 33.3, 33.7, 35.0, 56.1, 63.1, 63.3, 75.4, 76.2, 81.7, 81.8, 95.4, 96.0, 97.9, 98.7, 114.81, 114.83, 114.87, 114.9, 124.6, 124.8, 126.7, 126.8, 129.91, 129.94, 136.8, 136.9, 137.4, 137.5, 158.10, 158.14, 180.1, 180.2. Anal. Calcd for C26H36O4: C, 75.69; H, 8.80. Found: C, 75.54; H, 8.78. (rS)-3-Methoxy-2-(2-propenyl)-r-[(5S)-5-[(tetrahydro2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]-1-decynyl]benzene Methanol (28). To a solution of (R)-methyl oxazaborolidine (14.09 L, 1 M in toluene, purchased from Callery) was added a solution of the above pale yellow aryl alkynyl ketone 27 (4845 g, 11.74 mol) in anhydrous THF (23 L) under argon. Then the reaction mixture was cooled to -30 °C under argon and borane-methyl sulfide complex (1784 g, 23.48 mol) was added slowly with stirring. After complete addition the reaction mixture was stirred at -30 °C for 1 h, then methanol (7 L) was added carefully with stirring to quench the reaction at -10 to -15 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and left with stirring overnight (15 h). Then it was cooled to 0 °C and 5% aqueous solution of ammonium chloride was added with stirring. The organic layer was separated and washed with 5% aqueous ammonium chloride solution and brine. Combined aqueous layers were extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. Combined organic layers were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to yield S-(+)-aryl alkynol 28 as a viscous oil. The crude viscous oil was chromatographed on silica gel with a solvent gradient of 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield 4141 g (85%) of S-(+)aryl alkynol as pale yellow oil. IR 3410, 2227, 1638, 1258, 1027, and 758 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.88 (t, 3H, J ) 7 Hz), 1.21-1.88 (m, 17H), 2.28 (t, 1H, J ) 7 Hz), 2.33-2.49 (m, 2H), 3.41-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.81(s, 3H), 3.82-3.93 (m, 1H), 4.64 (s, 1H), 4.90-4.97 (m, 2H), 5.61(s, 1H), 5.90-6-07 (m, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H, J ) 8 Hz), and 7.20-7.39 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.1, 14.2, 15.0, 15.5, 19.8, 22.7, 24.7, 25.3, 25.6, 29.5, 31.1, 31.2, 32.0, 32.1, 32.7, 33.5, 34.0, 35.1, 55.8, 61.8, 61.9, 62.6, 75.3, 75.9, 80.5, 80.8, 86.6, 87.0, 97.2, 98.0, 110.5, 114.7, 119.2, 119.3, 125.8, 127.3, 127.4, 137.1, 140.9, 157.7; UV, λmax MeOH, 227 nm; HPLC, Daicel Chiralpak AD column (4.6 × 250 mm2), 10 µm; flow rate, 0.75 mL/min; mobile phase, hexanes (98%):2propanol (2%):trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%); retention time 33 and 41 min (two diastereomers) (purity 92%). Anal. Calcd for C26H38O4: C, 75.32; H, 9.24. Found: C, 74.80; H, 9.37.

Synthesis of Treprostinil (1,1-Dimethylethyl)[[(1S,6S)-1-[3-methoxy-2-(2-propenyl)phenyl]-6-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]-2-undecynyl]oxy]dimethylsilane (29). TBDMSCl (1807 g, 11.99 mol) was added to a stirred and cooled (0 °C) solution of the above S-(+)-aryl alkynol 28 (4140 g, 9.99 mol), imidazole (817 g, 11.99 mol), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (24 g), and DMF (410 mL) in dichloromethane (40 L) under argon. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirring was continued for 15 h. The reaction mixture was washed with water and brine and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting viscous liquid was chromatographed on silica gel with 0-5% ethyl acetate-hexanes to yield 4877 g (92%) of 29. IR 2227, 1637, 1587, and 1470 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.83-0.94 (m, 12H), 1.20-1.90 (m, 16H), 2.20-2.40 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.70 (m, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.82-3.92 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.91-5.01 (m, 2H), 5.57 (s, 1H), 5.88-6.03 (m, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 7.20-7.31 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (CDCl , 75 MHz) δ 14.1, 14.9, 15.5, 18.4, 20.1, 20.3, 3 22.7, 24.8, 25.6, 26.0, 29.5, 31.2, 32.1, 32.7, 33.4, 34.1, 35.1, 55.8, 62.4, 62.9, 63.1, 75.5, 81.0, 81.4, 85.4, 85.9, 97.4, 98.9, 109.8, 114.5, 118.7, 124.8, 127.1, 136.7, 142.3, 157.4. Anal. Calcd for C32H52O4Si: C, 72.68; H, 9.91. Found: C, 72.56; H, 9.91. (3aS,9S)-9-[[(1,1-Dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]-3,3a,4,9-tetrahydro-5-methoxy-1-[(3S)-3-[(tetrahydro-2Hpyran-2-yl)oxy]octyl]-2H-benz[f]inden-2-one (30). To a stirred solution of aryl alkynyl tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether 29 (4876 g, 9.22 mol) in dichloromethane (20 L) was added dicobalt octacarbonyl (3153 g, 9.22 mol, purity >92%, purchased from Strem Chemicals Inc.) at room temperature under argon. Stirring was continued for 2 h, then dichloromethane was removed in vacuo below 40 °C. Residue was dissolved in acetonitrile (40 L) and the solution was refluxed under argon for 2 h. Upon cooling, air was bubbled through the reaction mixture overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with acetone four times. Filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting dark viscous liquid was chromatographed on silica gel with 5-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield 4580 g (89%) of tricyclic enone 30 as a light brown oil. IR 1704, 1659, 1788, 1258, 1049, and 777 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.06-0.14 (m, 6H), 0.80-0.82 (m, 10H), 1.07-2.49 (m, 22H), 2.69 (dd, 1H, J ) 9, 6 Hz), 3.283.56 (m, 4H), 3.81 (s, 4H), 4.51 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), 5.47 and 5.58 (two s, 1H), 6.80 (dd, 1H, J ) 6, 6 Hz), 6.92 (d, 1H, J ) 6, 3 Hz), 7.22 (dd, 1 H, J ) 3, 3 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ -4.1, -4.0, 14.1, 18.1, 22.6, 24.8, 25.6, 25.7, 32.0, 32.1, 33.5, 42.2, 55.4, 62.8, 63.0, 65.4, 97.8, 109.1, 109.3, 122.0, 122.1, 125.1, 127.4, 137.2, 137.6, 138.2, 156.8, 156.9, 172.6, 172.7, 209.6, 209.2; UV, λmax MeOH, 227 nm; HPLC, Daicel Chiralpak AD column (4.6 × 250 mm2), 5 µm; flow rate 0.75 mL/min; mobile phase, hexanes (98%):2-propanol (2%):trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%); retention time 6 and 8 min (two diastereomers) (purity 91%). Anal. Calcd for C33H52O5Si: C, 71.18; H, 9.41. Found: C, 71.24; H, 9.47. (1aS,3aS)-1,3,3a,4,9,9a-Hexahydro-5-methoxy-1-[(3S)3-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]octyl]-2H-benz[f]inden2-one (31). To a solution of tricyclic enone 30 (4579 g, 8.22 mol) in absolute ethanol (11 L) were added anhydrous K2CO3 (229 g, 5% w/w) and 10% Pd/C (1145 g, 50% wet, 25% w/w) and the mixture was hydrogenated at 90 psi of pressure for 10-15 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with ethanol. This ethanolic solution was used as such in the next step without further purification. A small sample (about 100 mL) of the solution was concentrated in vacuo and chromatographed with silica gel and 5-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to get pure tricyclic ketone 31 for characterization. IR 1737, 1588, 1469, 1257, and 1024 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.88 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.10-2.00 (m, 20H), 2.13-3.08 (m, 7H), 3.42-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.81 (d, 3H, J ) 3 Hz), 4.64 (m, 1H), 6.66-6.80 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.20 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.1, 20.0, 20.3, 22.7, 23.9, 24.5, 24.7, 24.8, 25.3, 25.6,

26.6, 30.4, 30.6, 30.7, 31.3, 31.6, 31.9, 32.1, 33.3, 33.5, 34.8, 35.3, 38.9, 41.7, 45.4, 45.5, 51.6, 51.7, 55.3, 55.4, 57.0, 62.8, 63.1, 97.1, 97.6, 98.0, 107.3, 121.1, 123.4, 124.7, 126.2, 126.4, 136.9, 156.9, 157.6. Anal. Calcd for C27H40O4: C, 75.66; H, 9.41. Found: C, 75.68; H, 9.10. (1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-2,3,3a,4,9,9a-Hexahydro-5-methoxy-1[(3S)-3-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]octyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-2-ol (32). To a cooled (-10 °C) and stirred solution of tricyclic ketone 31 (3524 g, 8.22 mol, theoretical weight) in ethanol (30 L) was added a 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (3288 g in 16.5 L of water, 82.20 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and then NaBH4 (317 g, 8.38 mol) was added and stirring was continued at -10 °C for 1 h. Again an additional 1 equiv of NaBH4 (317 g, 8.38 mol) was added and stirring was continued for another 5 h at -10 °C. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched carefully with glacial acetic acid until acidic and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with aq NaHCO3 and brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to obtain 3201 g of crude tricyclic alcohol 32 as a viscous liquid. This was used for the next step without further purification. IR 3448, 1587, 1263, and 773 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.09-2.30 (m, 24H), 2.10-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.824.00 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.70 (m, 1H), 6.75 (t, 2H, J ) 9 Hz), and 7.07 (t, 1H, J ) 8 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.1, 14.2, 20.0, 20.3, 20.5, 22.7, 24.9, 25.4, 25.5, 25.6, 25.8, 25.9, 27.6, 28.0, 31.2, 32.1, 32.2, 32.9, 33.6, 33.8, 33.9, 34.9, 41.0, 41.2, 41.3, 52.4, 55.4, 55.3, 55.6, 62.7, 63.4, 97.6, 98.4, 108.4, 120.5, 126.1, 126.2, 127.0, 127.1, 140.6, 140.7, 156.5. Anal. Calcd for C27H42O4: C, 75.31; H, 9.83. Found: C, 74.39; H, 9.93. (1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-2,3,3a,4,9,9a-Hexahydro-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-5-methoxy-1H-benz[f]inden-2-ol (33). The colorless oil 32 was dissolved in methanol (35 L) then cooled (0 °C) and p-TsOH (64 g) was added with stirring under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred and slowly warmed to room temperature (15 h). The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was chromatographed on silica gel with 1050% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 2162 g (76% over three steps, from tricyclic enone 30) of methoxy benzindene diol 33; mp 71-72 °C; [R]25D +49.2 (c 1, MeOH). IR 3334, 1471, 1266, 779, and 732 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.90 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.05-1.98 (m, 17H), 2.08-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.68-2.88 (m, 2H), 3.52-3.59 (s, 1H), 3.61-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 6.74 (t, 2H, J ) 6 Hz), 7.08 (t, 1H, J ) 6 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl , 75 MHz) δ 14.1, 22.7, 25.5, 25.8, 28.6, 32.0, 3 32.8, 33.8, 35.1, 37.5, 41.3, 52.3, 55.6, 72.5, 108.4, 120.5, 126.0, 126.2, 127.1, 140.6, 156.5. Anal. Calcd for C22H34O3: C, 76.26; H, 9.89. Found: C, 75.94; H, 9.82. (1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-2,3,3a,4,9,9a-Hexahydro-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-2,5-diol (34). To a cooled (-20 °C) and stirred solution of diphenylphosphine (8190 g, 43.99 mol) in anhydrous THF (20 L) was added slowly a solution of n-BuLi (13.84 Kg, 2.5 M in hexanes, 49.92 mol) under argon. After complete addition (about 2 h) the dark red solution was stirred at -20 °C for 30 min. Then about a 3/7 portion of this solution was transferred to another flask containing a solution of methoxy benzindene diol 33 (2161 g, 6.24 mol) in anhydrous THF (5 L) and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 h under argon. Heating was stopped, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the remaining 4/7 portion of the above red solution was added to it. The reaction mixture was again refluxed for 18 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -10 °C and quenched slowly with 6.5 M aqueous HCl saturated with NaCl until acidic. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was chromatographed on silica gel with a solvent gradient of 20-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield benzindene triol 34, which was further purified by crystallization in dichlo-

J. Org. Chem, Vol. 69, No. 6, 2004 1901

Moriarty et al. romethane-hexanes to give 1657 g (80%) of pure product: mp 113-115 °C; [R]25D +50.8 (c 0.324, MeOH). IR 3415, 3060, 2932, 753, and 702 cm-1; 1H NMR (MeOH, 300 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.1-2.30 (m, 19H), 2.41-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.642.78 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.81 (m, 1H), 6.65 (d, 1H, J ) 8 Hz), 6.73 (d, 1H, J ) 8 Hz), 6.99 (t, 1H, J ) 8 Hz); 13 C NMR (MeOH, 75 MHz) δ 13.1, 22.4, 25.2, 25.3, 28.3, 31.8, 32.1, 33.3, 34.7, 37.0, 41.0, 51.3, 71.6, 76.3, 112.5, 119.2, 124.7, 125.7, 140.5, 153.8; λmax MeOH, 217 nm; HPLC, Waters Novopak C18 column (3.9 × 150 mm2), 4 µm; flow rate 2.0 mL/ min; mobile phase, water (57%):acetonitrile (43%):trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%); retention tim: 3 min (purity 99.5%). Anal. Calcd for C21H32O3: C, 75.86; H, 9.70. Found: C, 75.38; H, 9.89. [[(1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-Hexahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]acetonitrile (35). To a stirred solution of benzindene triol 34 (452 g,1.36 mol) in acetone (20 L) were added chloroacetonitrile (433 g, 5.74 mol), powdered K2CO3 (1145 g, 8.29 mol), and tetrabutylammonium bromide (39.94 g, 0.12 mol) under argon. The reaction mixture was refluxed under argon for 8 h, then cooled to room temperature, 10 L of hexanes were added, and the solution was stirred and filtered over Celite. Celite was washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the crude viscous liquid was chromatographed on silica gel with a solvent gradient of 20-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield 504 g (100%) of benzindene nitrile 35. IR 3359, 2931, 2860, 2249, 929, and 745 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.00-2.35 (m, 17H), 2.45-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.80 (m, 2H), 3.41-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.80 (m, 1H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 6.77 (d, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 6.80 (d, 1H, J ) 9 Hz), and 7.09 (t, 1H, J ) 9 Hz); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 14.2, 22.7, 25.5, 26.1, 28.6, 32.0, 32.7, 33.8, 35.1, 37.5, 41.1, 52.3, 54.6, 72.4, 76.8, 110.6, 115.7, 123.0, 126.4, 128.5, 141.7, 153.7. Anal. Calcd for C23H33NO3: C, 74.36; H, 8.95. Found: C, 74.62; H, 9.73. [[(1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-2,3,3a,4,9,9a-Hexahydro-2-hydroxy1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1-H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]acetic Acid (UT-15) (7). To a stirred solution of benzindene nitrile 35 (504 g, 1.36 mol) in methanol (7 L) was added a solution of aqueous KOH (538 g, 9.6 mol, water 1.8 L, 30% solution) at room temperature. Then the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h and cooled to 0 °C, then 3 M aqueous HCl was added until pH 10-12. Most of the solvent was removed

1902 J. Org. Chem., Vol. 69, No. 6, 2004

in vacuo. The resulting solution was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (this process removes impurities). The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 2-3 by addition of 3 M HCl maintaining the temperature about 20 °C and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried (Na2SO4), treated with charcoal, and concentrated in vacuo to yield crude UT-15 (7) as an off-white solid. This was crystallized by dissolving the solid in ethanol at 50 °C and adding water (1:1). White needles obtained upon standing were filtered, washed with 20% ethanol-water, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55 °C to give 441 g (83%) of pure UT-15 as colorless crystalline solid; mp 126-127 °C; [R]25D +52.6 (c 0.453, MeOH), [R]25D + 34.0° (c 0.457, EtOH). IR 3385, 2928, 2856, 1739, 1713, 1585, and 779 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, 3 H, J ) 6 Hz), 1.21-1.86 (m, 13H), 2.022.44 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.94 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.88-4.92 (m, 1H), 4.94-4.98 (m, 1H), 4.99-5.02 (m, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 5.92-6.06 (m, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H, J ) 6 Hz), 7.20-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.37 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (MeOH, 75 MHz) δ 13.1, 22.4, 25.1, 25.3, 28.3, 31.8, 32.7, 33.2, 34.7, 36.9, 40.7, 41.0, 51.3, 65.2, 71.6, 76.3, 109.5, 121.1, 125.8, 127.4, 140.8, 155.2, 171.5; UV, λmax MeOH, 217 nm; HPLC, Hypersil ODS column (4.6 × 250 mm2), 5 µm; flow rate 2.0 mL/min; mobile phase A, water (60%):acetonitrile (40%): trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%), and mobile phase B, water (22%): acetonitrile (78%):trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%); retention time, 15 min (purity 99.7%). Anal. Calcd for C23H34O5: C, 70.74; H, 8.78. Found: C, 70.41; H, 8.83. Compound 7 was identical in all respects to an authentic sample of UT-15.50

Acknowledgment. Scientific contribution and encouragement by Roy A. Swaringen, Ph.D is gratefully acknowledged. Expert technical assistance was provided by Zhengzhe Song, Gang Zhao, Rajesh K. Singhal, Oscar Ivanov, and David Moriarty. Supporting Information Available: Listing of barium(II) induced differential chemical shifts in 25a. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. JO0347720 (50) An authentic sample was provided by Shelden Blackburn, Lung Rx, Research Triangle Park, NC.