424
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L AA!\.D E?;GIA7EERI,VG C H E M I S T R Y
passing through it, without offering resistance to its passage. Small condensation losses and leakages, accurate to 3 per cent, are indicated directly; it is not affected by water or shock; and direct readings of the actual steam consumption in kilogram hours may be made, independent of pressure. The meters are fitted into the steam circuits by means of adapters.
Vol. 5, No. 5
THE STATUS OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF AUSTRIAHUNGARY Notwithstanding the fact that political disturbances caused a certain depression in industrial affairs, the chemical industry of Austria-Hungary did not suffer much during 1912, as shown by the following statistics (Chem. Ztg., 37, No. 2 2 , 2 3 ) : METRIC TONS
Imports Chemical products and crude materials.. . . . 440,806 Varnishes, colors, medicinal preparations, 11,531 and perfume materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waxes, soaps, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,414 Salt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,287 Sugar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,004 Technical fats and fatty acids 64,310 Fats and oils.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,742 Coal, etc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 , 9 9 5 , 8 5 8 Earths, ores, e t c . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973,869 ?dinera1 oils, shale tar, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,994 Gums and resins.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,434 Dyes and tanning materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,388
Exports 136,350 4,729 2,185 17,588 699,076 57,938 630 8,667,808 178,55 1 609,582 41,593 64,956
THE FOREIGN METAL TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES IN
1912 The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, of the Department of Commerce and Labor, reports that the exports and imports of metals in the United States for the full year were as follows: Exports Copper, long tons. . . . . . . . . . 357,423(a) Tin, long t o n s . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Lead, short tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,906(b) Zinc, short tons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,682 Zinc in ore, pounds., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 3 , 5 5 6 , 9 5 4 ( c ) Nickel, pounds., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,815,016 Antimony. pounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,984 .4luminum, pounds,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1 , 0 3 6 ( d ) Platinum, ounces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (e) Chrome ore, tons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
The construction of the “Rhenania” meter is shown here\yith. Its operation is based upon the formula G = F.z.~, wherein G is the quantity of steam in kilograms, F is the size of the passage in centimeters (height, h x width, g), u is the speed of the steam in meters per second, and y is the weight of one cubic meter of steam in kilograms a t the correct pressure. It may be used for superheated steam, in which case the temperature is recorded, and has been tested up to pressures of 1 2 atmospheres. THE OFFICIAL TONNAGE REPORT OF THE STEEL CORPORATION FOR 1912 Tons Iron ore., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,428,44Y Coke produced.. . . . . . . . . 16,719,387 Coal mined.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,905,153 Limestone quarried. . . . . . . . . . . . 6,124,541 Blast furnace production.. , . , , , , . , . . , 14,186,164 ncssemer steel ingots produced Open-hearth steel ingots produced
, ,
,
.. , . , . .
6,643,147 10,358,076 17,001,223
According to the Industrial W o r l d , 1913,345, the net income was $77,075,~17 ; the ordinary repairs and maintenance amounted to $43,853,137; and the dividends to bj0,600,000. The number of employees were Z Z I , O Z ~ , and these received salaries and wages amounting to $189,351,602,or $856 per man for the year.
Imports 183,143 51,787 83,560 11,115 39,995,719 42,168,769 17,645,870 22,759,937 104,683 53,929
( a ) The exports of copper to various countries in 1912 were as follows in pounds: Germany, 252,156,012; Holland, 152,618.177; France. 152,618,177; Belgium, 131,362,694; Great Britain, 95,422,292; Italy. 47,251,4 3 2 ; and Canada, 30,302,856, A considerable part of the exports to Holland were intended for Germany. The greater part of the copper imported as brought to be refined and put into marketable shape. It was imported principally from hfexico, Canada, Peru, Spain and Chile. ( b ) Almost all the lead exported is foreign lead refined here. ( c i 34,128,163 pounds of zinc oxide and 410,568 pounds of dross were exported. ( d ) The manufactures of aluminum were valued at $1,347,021: the quantities were not given. ( e ) I n 1911, 181 ounces of platinum were exported and 122,390 ounces imported.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS FOR SECURING SOUND STEEL INGOTS At the February 19th Meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, P. H. Dudley reported that the following conclusions may be drawn for the manufacture of basic openhearth steel rails: ( I ) The chemical composition should provide for sound steel of ample physical properties of tenacity and toughness rather than hardness combined with brittleness. ( 2 ) Phosphorus and sulfur should be of minor content SO thc bath of metal can be purified to produce the necessary toughness and ductility. (3) The ingot should be of such shape and weight that under good mill-practice and suitable deoxidizers it can be made with controlled segregation and only a trace of a shrinkage-cavity in the top; then, when bloomed under its equalized initial heat, it is rendered pipeless by the usual 8-10 per cent discard. (4) Aluminum can he wholly and silicon partly displaced
