The Role of Industrial Parks in Mitigating ... - ACS Publications

Subscriber access provided by University of South Dakota

Environmental Modeling

The Role of Industrial Parks in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from China Yang Guo, Jinping Tian, Na Zang, Yang Gao, and Lujun Chen Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00537 • Publication Date (Web): 14 Jun 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on June 16, 2018

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 22

Environmental Science & Technology

1

The

Role

of

Industrial

Parks

in

2

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from China

Mitigating

3 4

Yang Guo 1, Jinping Tian 1, *, Na Zang 1, Yang Gao 1, Lujun Chen 1, 2

5

1

School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

6

2

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Department

7

of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang,

8

Jiaxing 314006, China

9

Abstract

10

This study uncovered the direct and indirect energy-related GHG emissions of 213 Chinese

11

national-level industrial parks, providing 11% of China’s GDP, from a life-cycle perspective.

12

Direct emissions are sourced from fuel combustion, and indirect emissions are embodied in energy

13

production. The results indicated that in 2015, the direct and indirect GHG emissions of the parks

14

were 1042 and 181 million tonne CO2 eq., respectively, totally accounting for 11% of national

15

GHG emissions. The total energy consumption of the parks accounted for 10% of national energy

16

consumption. Coal constituted 74% of total energy consumption in these parks. Baseline and

17

low-carbon scenarios are established for 2030, and five GHG mitigation measures targeting

18

energy consumption are modeled. The GHG mitigation potential for these parks in 2030 is

19

quantified as 116 million tonne, equivalent to 9.5% of the parks’ total emission in 2015. The

20

measures that increase the share of natural gas consumption, reduce the GHG emission factor of

21

electricity grid, and improve the average efficiency of industrial coal-fired boilers, will totally

22

contribute 94% and 98% in direct and indirect GHG emissions reductions, respectively. These

23

findings will provide a solid foundation for the low-carbon development of Chinese industrial

24

parks.

25

1

ACS Paragon Plus Environment


26

1 Introduction

27

China is the largest carbon emitter, and it generated 9,084 million tonne of energy-related

28

CO2 emissions in 2014.1 To address climate change issues, China promised to reach the CO2

29

emission peak around 2030.2 China has more than 2500 national and provincial industrial parks,3

30

which are the most important carriers of industrial sectors and contribute more than half of

31

national industrial output.4 As early as 2011, the Chinese central government started to attach great

32

importance to low-carbon development of industrial parks.5 The Ministry of Industry and

33

Information Technology and National Development and Reform Commission jointly facilitated

34

the low-carbon pilot industrial parks program since 2013.6,

35

establishing 150 low carbon pilot industrial parks was proposed in the national strategies on

36

addressing climate change by 2020.8 Moreover, in the grand plan of green development issued in

37

2016, the low-carbon transition of industrial parks was emphasized once more, and in particular, a

38

number of parks were requested to reach the CO2 emission peak first.9 Thus, uncovering the

39

features of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Chinese industrial parks will be critical to

40

identifying the role of industrial parks in addressing carbon emissions reductions. Doing so will

41

provide a robust foundation for decision making regarding the low-carbon transformation of

42

industrial parks and the green development of industrial sectors in China.

7

In 2014, an ambitious target of

43

The GHG emissions of several industrial park cases in China have been examined in previous

44

studies,10-12 and the GHG emission accounting methods of those parks mainly followed

45

consumption-based principles13 and employed the guideline issued by World Resources Institute.14

46

In this guideline, GHG emissions are classified into Scopes 1, 2 and 3. For an industrial park,

47

Scope 1 emissions refer to all direct GHG emissions within the park boundary, such as emissions

48

from fuel combustion and industrial processes; Scope 2 emissions refer to indirect GHG emissions

49

embodied in outsourced electricity and heat, which is consumed inside the park but produced

50

outside the park; and Scope 3 emissions are other life-cycle emissions excluded those in Scopes 1

51

and 2, such as emissions from raw materials production outside the park. In the case study of

52

Suzhou industrial park, Scopes 1 and 2 emissions are considered,10, 11 while in Beijing industrial

53

park, Scopes 1 and 2 emissions and some important Scope 3 emissions (from solid waste disposal)

54

are considered.12 Ban et al. estimated the Scope 1 GHG emissions of 41 eco-industrial park cases 2


Page 2 of 22

Page 3 of 22


55

in Korea to assess the emissions reduction performance of those parks.15 In summary, the studies

56

mentioned above did not adequately analyze the indirect GHG emissions of industrial parks.

57

Further, there are some studies on GHG emission accounting for industrial parks from a

58

life-cycle perspective. Chen et al. developed a GHG inventory of a high-end industrial park,

59

including the construction, operation, and demolition stages of the park.16 Dong et al. developed a

60

hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) method to assess the carbon footprint of a Chinese industrial

61

park by considering upstream, on-site, and downstream GHG emissions. Meanwhile, the

62

embodied GHG emissions of material consumption were estimated by employing an input-output

63

analysis.17

64

To assess the GHG emissions of numerous industrial parks in China, the system boundary of

65

GHG emission accounting needs to be consistent. There is still a gap in accounting life-cycle

66

GHG emissions of industrial parks across China. Generally, energy consumption is the major

67

source of GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 60% of global GHG emissions.18 Related

68

studies have showed that energy use is the key component of carbon metabolism of industrial

69

parks.19, 20 Energy-related GHG emissions include those from fuel combustion, fuel production

70

and transportation, and embodied in outsourced electricity and heat. In the three cases mentioned

71

above, energy-related GHG emissions account for 97%, 94% and 62% of the total emission in

72

Beijing, Suzhou and Shenyang parks, respectively.11, 12, 17 Another study also stressed the fact that

73

energy-related GHG emissions play a crucial role in total GHG emission.21 The above results

74

indicated that energy-related GHG emissions constitute the majority of the total emission of

75

industrial parks. Other GHG emissions in industrial parks, especially those from industrial

76

processes and embodied in material consumption, are too complex and time-consuming to collect

77

necessary data. Therefore, to account comparable GHG emissions for numerous industrial parks

78

by consistent accounting boundary, energy-related GHG emissions could be the main

79

consideration.

80

This study aims to answer the following question: Could industrial parks be accountable for

81

mitigating GHG emissions from China? To determine the answer, the life-cycle energy-related

82

GHG emissions of 213 Chinese national industrial parks are carefully studied, including their

83

emissions from fuel production, transportation and combustion, and embodied in outsourced

84

electricity and heat. The considered cases cover 57% of national economic-technical development 3



85

zones and national high-tech industrial development zones in China.3 Then, the GHG mitigation

86

potential by targeting energy consumption in the 213 parks was quantified based on scenario

87

analysis for 2030.

88

2 Materials and Methods

89

2.1 Data collection

90

China has more than 2500 national-level and provincial-level parks.3 However, there is no

91

official statistical data on these parks. Thus, data availability is a big challenge for studying the

92

industrial parks. The 213 parks considered in this study are all national-level parks, which are

93

well-developed and have a large economic output. These 213 parks have a total GDP of 7,591

94

billion CNY in 2015, accounting for 11% of China’s GDP.22 Meanwhile, their data availability and

95

reliability are generally better than those on provincial-level parks.

96

This study collected the detailed data on each category of energy consumption, GDP,

97

population, land area, and geographic coordinates of 213 national industrial parks, through on-site

98

investigation and questionnaires (see Table S1 in Supporting Information). The energy

99

consumption of an industrial park covers that for energy conversion, industrial processes, waste

100

treatment and other on-site activities, while the energy consumption of transportation sector is not

101

considered in the study. The data on energy consumption includes primary energy (such as coal,

102

natural gas, and petroleum) and secondary energy (such as coal products, petroleum products,

103

electricity, and heat). Some companies in the park convert primary energy to secondary energy,

104

e.g., coal to electricity and steam, and raw petroleum to petroleum products. The secondary energy

105

converted by these companies was excluded from net energy consumption of the park, whether it

106

was consumed by other companies in the park or exported outside. Thus, the net energy

107

consumption of an industrial park can be calculated by equation 1. A diagram illustrating energy

108

flows of an industrial park is presented in Figure S1 of Supporting Information.

109

= −

110

(1)

111

From the regional perspective, 45.5% of the parks are located in East China, while the shares 4


Page 4 of 22

Page 5 of 22


112

for Northwest, Central, Northeast, North, Southwest, and South China are 10.8%, 9.9%, 9.9%,

113

9.4%, 9.4%, and 5.2%, respectively. Specifically, the 213 parks are located in 31 provincial-level

114

administrative regions (see Figure 1). The Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces have 26 and 21 parks

115

respectively, while Shandong, Anhui, Fujian, and Jiangxi host 13, 12, 10, and 10 parks,

116

respectively. Each of the other 25 provinces has fewer than 10 parks (see detailed data in the

117

Supporting Information). We employ a life-cycle accounting method for energy-related GHG

118

emissions of the parks, by integrating the foreground data in 2015 (collected from on-site

119

investigations) and background data (cited from a professional LCA database, the Chinese Life

120

Cycle Database (CLCD)). The CLCD is a localized database for China and has been increasingly

121

employed in the studies related to Chinese issues.23, 24

122

123 124

Figure 1 The 213 industrial parks with available data and the other industrial parks in China

125

Note: In the newly released catalog (2018), there are more than 2500 national-level and

126

provincial-level industrial parks in China.3 This study collected all the geographic coordinates of

127

more than 1500 parks in the previous version of catalog (released in 2007)25, therefore, some parks

128

are not marked in the map. The Chinese map is drawn by importing geographic data released in

129

public by Ministry of Natural Resources of China (http://www.webmap.cn/main.do?method=index) 5



130

into ArcGIS software.

131

2.2 Accounting for energy-related GHG emissions of the 213 Chinese

132

industrial parks

133

Inventory analysis, input-output analysis, and ecological network analysis are widely used for

134

GHG emission accounting.26 In particular, the embodied carbon flows in energy, material and

135

trade has been carefully examined in recent studies.27-29 This study employed a process-based LCA

136

to calculate the GHG emissions from fuel production and transportation, and the emissions

137

embodied in outsourced electricity and heat (see Figure 2). GHG emissions considered include

138

CO2, CH4 and N2O, which are converted to CO2 equivalents according to the 100-year global

139

warming potentials (see Table S1 in the Supporting Information). The definitions of the variables

140

and parameters for accounting for the life-cycle energy-related emissions are presented in Table 1.

141 142

Figure 2 Framework of energy-related GHG emission accounting in industrial parks

143 144

Table 1 Definitions of variables and parameters Variable/Parameter

Definition

/

Direct or indirect GHG emissions of the ith park

! / " !

Total energy consumption or output of energy conversion of the jth fuel in the ith park 6


Page 6 of 22

Page 7 of 22


/"

Total electricity consumption or production in the ith park

/"

Total heat consumption or production in the ith park

( ! )

GHG emission factor for the combustion of the jth fuel

( ! )

GHG emission factor for the production of the jth fuel GHG emission factor for electricity generation and

(, )

transmission in the regional power grid where the ith park is located

()

GHG emission factor for heat generation and transmission

145

Direct GHG emission considered all kinds of fuels with a non-zero GHG emission factor

146

during combustion. These fuels and their GHG emission factors are listed in Table S1 of the

147

Supporting Information. Thus, direct GHG emissions from total energy consumption can be

148

derived as equation 2. Additionally, the sections of coal for coking and raw petroleum for refinery

149

are excluded when accounting direct GHG emissions.

150

= ∑!( ! × ( ! )) (2)

151

The indirect energy-related GHG emissions are formulated as equation 3, by considering all

152

the energy categories listed in Table S2 of the Supporting Information. Only the indirect GHG

153

emissions associated with net outsourced portion of energy are included. When the total

154

consumption of a kind of energy is less than the output of energy conversion, the park is

155

considered as energy self-sufficient and will export the surplus part. As a result, this will decrease

156

the GHG emissions that the park should be responsible for. Furthermore, the life-cycle GHG

157

emission factor of outsourced electricity is sensitive to the regional electricity grid where the park

158

is located. The life-cycle GHG emission factors of electricity imported are cited from the CLCD,

159

as shown in Table S2 of the Supporting Information. In particular, the GHG emissions embodied

160

in exported electricity are accounted by also using the emission factors of regional electricity grid.

161

This factor preference will favor the low-carbon energy production within industrial parks.21 For

162

example, when the GHG emission factor of electricity generation in the park is less than that of

163

regional grid, such selection will offset more GHG emissions of the park.

164

= ∑!(( ! − " ! ) × ( ! )) + ( −

165

" ) × (, ) + ( − " ) × ()

166

(3)

7



Page 8 of 22

167

2.3 GHG mitigation potential in the 213 Chinese industrial parks by

168

targeting energy consumption

169

Based on tailored national strategies of industrial and energy development,30-33 we

170

established baseline and low-carbon scenarios, as shown in Table 2, to explore the GHG

171

mitigation potential of the 213 Chinese parks. The base year is 2015, and the target year is 2030.

172

The total energy consumption of the parks is targeted to increase by 39.5%, according to the

173

national strategies listed in Table 2. Thus, incremental energy consumption will be anticipated in

174

both scenarios. In the baseline scenario, the energy structure of the 213 parks will remain the same

175

in 2030 as that in 2015. In the low-carbon scenario, five measures of GHG mitigation will be

176

applied by targeting energy consumption.

177

Among the five GHG mitigation measures, M1-M3 will directly change the energy structure

178

by increasing the shares of natural gas (NG), municipal solid waste (MSW), and biomass to

179

decrease the coal share. M4 is to reduce the GHG emission factors of regional electricity grids.

180

M5 is to improve the average efficiency of industrial coal-fired boilers to cut down coal

181

consumption. The parameters of these measures are set by referencing the targets for the whole

182

country in the grand strategies listed in Table 2, and more information is presented in Table S3 of

183

Supporting Information. Thus, the GHG mitigation potential can be quantified by comparing the

184

GHG emissions in 2030 under the low-carbon scenario with that under the baseline scenario. The

185

details and equations of modeling GHG mitigation potential of the 213 parks can be found in the

186

Supporting Information.

187 188

Table 2 Scenario setup for the 213 Chinese industrial parks in 2030 Parameter

2015

Total energy consumption of the 213 parks (million tce)

389

Improving energy structure

Coal and products

78.3%

NG

8.20%

2030 (Baseline scenario)

2030 (Low-carbon scenario)

Increased by 39.5%

Unchanged

Policy reference Refs 30 and 31

Decreased accordingly

Ref 30

Increased by 83% (M1)

Refs 30 and 31

8


Page 9 of 22


MSW

0.42%


Ref 32

Biomass

0.49%


Ref 32

Reducing GHG emission factor of electricity grid

-

Decreased by 20% (M4)

Ref 33

Improving average efficiency of industrial coal-fired boilers

-

The average increased from 70% to 75% (M5)

Ref 33

189

3 Results and Discussion

190

3.1 Energy structure of the 213 Chinese industrial parks

191

Figure 3 presents the structure of net energy consumption (see equation 1) of the 213 Chinese

192

national industrial parks in 2015. The net energy consumption of each category was converted to

193

tonne of standard coal equivalent (tce), based on the lower calorific value (see Table S4 in the

194

Supporting Information). The total energy consumption of the 213 parks in 2015 was 389 million

195

tce, accounting for 9.7% of national energy consumption in 2015.34

196

From the perspective of energy category, coal and coal products played a dominant role,

197

accounting for 78.3% of net energy consumption, which is much higher than the share of coal

198

consumption in Chinese industrial sector in 2015, 56%.34 Raw petroleum ranked second, taking

199

35.5%, and NG had a share of 8.2%. Meanwhile, non-conventional energy, such as waste heat

200

recovery, biomass, MSW, coal gangue, and industrial waste, accounted for 2% in total. Electricity

201

generated by energy infrastructure in the parks must be uploaded to power grid; meanwhile, the

202

parks buy electricity from local power grid for their use. The net outsourced electricity of the 213

203

parks was only 2.8% of net energy consumption. Twenty of the 213 parks have petroleum refinery

204

facilities, and their downstream product outputs to market, e.g., a chemical park in Shanghai as

205

reported.35 Thus, petroleum products had a negative net consumption, accounting for -25.9% of

206

net energy consumption. There are 72 parks supplying surplus heat to local community; thus, they

207

also had a negative net heat consumption.

208

From the perspective of geographic location, the parks could be classified into seven regions,

209

as shown in Figure 3. The parks in East China consumed the largest share in almost every category

210

of energy, e.g., 40% of coal, 53% of raw petroleum, and 40% of NG. Meanwhile, the parks in East 9



211

and South China exported most of petroleum products with shares of 53% and 36%, respectively.

212

For electricity consumption, the parks in North, East, Northeast, Northwest, and Southwest China

213

accounted for 43%, 30%, 17%, 22%, and 33%, respectively. The parks in South and Northeast

214

China exported more electricity than that bought from local grid. In addition, the parks in

215

Northeast China also supplied a great deal of heat to local community due to district heating

216

demand in the winter.

217

218 219

Figure 3 Energy structure of the 213 Chinese industrial parks

220

3.2 Life-cycle energy-related GHG emissions from the 213 Chinese

221

industrial parks

222

The direct and indirect GHG emissions of the 213 Chinese industrial parks were 1,042 and

223

181 million tonne, respectively, as presented in Figure 4. The most recently released figure for

224

China’s total GHG emission was 11.32 billion tonne in 2012.36 The life-cycle energy-related GHG

225

emission of the 213 parks was 10.8% of total national emission. The direct GHG emissions

226

constituted a major part of the 9.2% of national GHG emission, and accounted for 85% of the total

227

emission of the 213 parks. The parks in East China were the largest emitter with 41% of direct

228

emission and 40% of indirect GHG emission, respectively. This is partly due to the leading role of

229

the parks in East China with regard to the number of parks (97 of the 213 parks) and their 10


Page 10 of 22

Page 11 of 22


230

economic volume (53% of the total GDP). The statistical information of the 213 parks by different

231

regions is presented in Table S5 of Supporting Information.

232

233 234

Figure 4 Direct and indirect GHG emissions of the 213 Chinese industrial parks by geographic

235

region

236 237

Figure 5 shows the direct and indirect GHG emissions of the 213 parks. The annual GHG

238

emissions of the parks varied within the range of [-1.0, 80.3] million tonne. There were 210 parks

239

with a positive total GHG emission, while the remaining parks had a negative value. A negative

240

value of total GHG emission for a park means that the park has a better than average performance

241

with regard to its emissions intensity in energy conversion. For instance, if an industrial park is

242

less carbon-intensive in electricity generation (GHG emission per kWh) than the emission factor

243

of regional power grid, then the indirect emissions embodied in electricity uploaded to grid will

244

offset direct emissions in the park, as indicated in equation 3. There were 167 parks with a positive

245

value for indirect GHG emission, while the remaining 46 parks had a negative value. A negative

246

value for indirect GHG emission indicates the park exports electricity or heat. Forty eight percent

247

of the 213 parks had a share of indirect GHG emission that was greater than 50%, implying more

248

outsourced energy consumption.

249 11



250 251

Figure 5 Direct and indirect GHG emissions of the 213 Chinese industrial parks by geographic

252

location

253

Note: Each pie represents total GHG emission of a park, and the area is proportional to the total

254

emission. The blue and yellow sectors refer to the direct and indirect GHG emissions, respectively.

255

If the indirect emission are negative, the direct emission will be directly offset, and the pie will

256

only be blue. The Chinese map is drawn by importing geographic data released in public by

257

Ministry of Natural Resources of China (http://www.webmap.cn/main.do?method=index) into

258

ArcGIS software.

259 260

To further identify the main drivers of the GHG emissions of the parks, the direct and indirect

261

GHG emissions are disaggregated by both geographical region and energy category, as shown in

262

Figure 6. The coal and products consumption of the parks generated 896 million tonne CO2 eq. of

263

direct GHG emissions, accounting for 86% of total direct emission. Meanwhile, the outsourced

264

electricity consumption was responsible for 89 million tonne CO2 eq., accounting for 49% of total

265

indirect GHG emission. Some regions have a negative contribution to indirect GHG emissions due

266

to net energy export.

267

12


Page 12 of 22

Page 13 of 22


268 269

Figure 6 Direct and indirect GHG emissions of the 213 Chinese industrial parks disaggregated by

270

geographic region and energy category

271 272

There is a significant difference in GHG emission intensity among the parks in the range of

273

-40,333 ~ 673,231 tonne/km2, -78 ~ 5,206 tonne/million CNY of GDP, and -62 ~ 1,862

274

tonne/capita. The GHG emission, GDP, land area and population of each park can be found in the

275

Supporting Information. The average intensities of the energy-related GHG emissions of the parks

276

are presented in Table 3.

277

The average intensities were calculated by dividing the sum of the GHG emissions with the

278

sum of land area, GDP, or population, respectively. Overall, from the perspective of GHG

279

emission per land area, the 213 national parks are much more carbon-intensive than average

280

national level, 1,214 tonne/km2.22 Generally, the parks in East, Central, and South China

281

outperformed the parks in other areas in the three metrics. The parks in North and Northwest

282

China have large gaps compared with other parks, which indicates that these parks host more

283

energy-intensive industries.

284

Furthermore, the average of GDP, land area, and population for the parks in different regions

285

are listed in Table S5 of Supporting information. Among all the parks, those in Northwest China,

286

averagely, have the smallest GDP (16,959 million CNY) and population (42,345 capita), and the

13



Page 14 of 22

287

second smallest land area (92 km2), however, they have the largest GHG emission (10 million

288

tonne CO2 eq.). This leads to the largest GHG intensities for the parks in the Northwest China.

289

Meanwhile, the parks in the North China have the smallest average land area (84 km2) and the

290

second largest average GHG emission (9.8 million tonne CO2 eq.). Thus, the parks with relatively

291

large intensities of GHG emission, such as the parks in the North and Northwest China, could be

292

regarded as the prior candidates of facilitating GHG mitigation measures.

293 294

Table 3 Average GHG emission intensities of the 213 Chinese industrial parks

North East Central South Northeast Northwest Southwest All

GHG emission per area of land (tonne/km2)

GHG emission per GDP (tonne/million CNY)

GHG emission per capita (tonne/capita)

115,704 41,363 21,208 19,641 28,311 109,493 42,470 45,293

261 124 76 122 170 593 132 161

126 48 37 62 78 238 70 68

295

296

3.3 GHG mitigation potential in the 213 Chinese industrial parks by

297

targeting energy consumption

298

Figure 7 presents the increment and mitigation potential of GHG emissions in the 213

299

Chinese industrial parks for 2030. According to the national strategies listed in Table 2, the total

300

net energy consumption (including primary and secondary energy) of the 213 parks is projected to

301

increase by 39.5% during 2015-2030. This growth will result in 412 and 71 million tonne more

302

direct and indirect GHG emissions, respectively, as shown in Figure 7. Thus, in the baseline

303

scenario, the direct and indirect GHG emissions will reach 1,455 and 252 million tonne,

304

respectively.

305

In the low-carbon scenario, by implementing the five measures, the direct and indirect GHG

306

emissions of the 213 parks will be decreased by 83.2 and 32.4 million tonne in total, respectively.

307

The total emission reduction, 116 million tonne, equals 9.5% of the total emission in 2015. In 14


Page 15 of 22


308

general, M1 (increasing the share of NG), M4 (reducing the GHG emission factor of electricity

309

grid), and M5 (improving the average efficiency of industrial coal-fired boilers) have the most

310

significant GHG mitigation potentials, while M2 (increasing the share of MSW) and M3

311

(increasing the share of biomass) contributed insignificantly to GHG emission reduction.

312

Therefore, the reduction of direct GHG emissions will be leveraged mainly by M1 (-47 million

313

tonne) and M5 (-31 million tonne). Meanwhile, the mitigation of indirect GHG emissions will be

314

accomplished primarily by M1 (-3.7 million tonne), M4 (-25 million tonne), and M5 (-3.2 million

315

tonne). However, the GHG mitigation potential cannot totally offset the increment of GHG

316

emissions driven by energy consumption growth since it only accounts for 20% of the direct

317

emission increment and 45% of the indirect emission increment, respectively. The targets set in the

318

low-carbon scenario are in line with the grand plan of low-carbon development of the whole

319

country. The 213 national industrial parks could achieve more ambitious GHG mitigation goals.

320

Therefore, given the target of achieving carbon emissions peak for industrial parks around 2030,

321

more effort can be made to reduce coal dependence and improve energy efficiency of energy

322

infrastructure in industrial parks, such as using more renewable energy to replace coal, and

323

upgrading technology and capacity of facilities.

324

15



325 326

Figure 7 GHG mitigation potential of the 213 Chinese industrial parks in 2030 by targeting energy

327

consumption

328 329

In China, industrial parks are important bearers of economic development and play the roles

330

of both trouble-maker and trouble shooter for environmental issues. This study, to the best of our

331

knowledge, provides the features of direct and indirect energy-related GHG emissions from a large

332

number of Chinese industrial parks for the first time. The national industrial parks outperformed

333

all the parks, however, in reaching the carbon emissions peak first, more efforts are still needed to

334

decouple their economic development and GHG emissions. This study uncovers the GHG

335

emissions and mitigation potentials of industrial parks from the perspective of energy

336

consumption. The GHG emissions from industrial processes and waste treatment are not

337

considered at this stage. It will be also helpful for decision making to expand the factors like

338

industrial products and energy efficiency those behind energy consumption. Especially, energy

339

infrastructure in Chinese industrial parks has been proved to act as the dominant role of both GHG

340

emission and mitigation.37, 38 In our forthcoming work, the GHG emission mitigation potential of 16


Page 16 of 22

Page 17 of 22


341

~1600 Chinese industrial parks will be examined from the perspective of energy infrastructure,

342

based on a high-resolution inventory and a delicate vintage-stock model. The high-resolution

343

inventory will cover the park-level, plant-level, and unit-level data on energy infrastructure in

344

Chinese industrial parks and be embedded in Geographic Information System. An updated version

345

of vintage-stock model based on our previous work,38 will be employed to quantify the GHG

346

mitigation potential, cost and co-benefits of energy infrastructure from the perspective of

347

serviceable lifetime.

348

Supporting Information

349

Supporting Information includes an Excel sheet and a Word file. The Excel sheet lists the basic

350

information and detailed GHG emissions of the 213 Chinese national industrial parks. The Word

351

file includes: illustrative diagram of energy flows in an industrial park, GHG emission factors for

352

fuel

353

transportation/transmission, detailed information for the parameters of GHG mitigation measures

354

proposed in scenario analysis, lower calorific value of each energy category, statistical

355

information of the 213 parks by different regions in China, and the model of GHG mitigation

356

potential.

357

Author Information

358

Corresponding Author

359

*Phone: +86-10-62785573; Fax: +86-10-62785573; E-mail: [email protected].

360

Acknowledgments

361

The authors acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation in China for its financial

362

support through projects 41471468 and 41671530. The authors acknowledge the Key Laboratory

363

for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of

364

Education of China. The Ministry of Education of China is also acknowledged for their financial

combustion,

life

cycle

GHG

emission

factors

17


for

energy

production

and


365

support through R&D project (20130002110025). The authors are grateful to local governments of

366

the industrial parks for their assistance with interviews and data collection.

367

References

368

(1) International Energy Agency. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: Overview (2017 edition).

369

https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustio

370

n2017Overview.pdf (accessed Nov 1, 2017).

371

(2) State Council of China. Enhanced actions on addressing climate change - Chinese intended

372

nationally determined contributions.

373

http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/yg/2/Document/1455824/1455824.htm (accessed Jan 6,

374

2017).

375

(3) National Development and Reform Commission of China. Catalog of Chinese industrial parks

376

(2018). http://bgt.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/201803/t20180302_878802.html (accessed Mar 10, 2018).

377

(4) Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. Understanding the plan of

378

industrial transformation and upgrading (2011-2015).

379

http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146295/n1146562/n1146655/c3074561/content.html (accessed March 1,

380

2018).

381

(5) State Council of China. The 12th Five-year Period Plan for greenhouse gas control.

382

http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfg/201202/t20120228_467501.html (accessed Oct 1, 2017).

383

(6) Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. Polit program for national

384

low-carbon industrial parks.

385

http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146295/n1652858/n1652930/n3757016/c3762117/content.html

386

(accessed Oct 1, 2017).

387

(7) Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. Standards for assessing green

388

industrial parks.

389

http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146285/n1146352/n3054355/n3057542/n3057544/c5258400/part/52584

390

39.pdf (accessed March 15, 2018).

391

(8) National Development and Reform Commission of China. National strategies for addressing

392

climate change (2014-2020).

393

http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/wqfbh/2014/20141125/xgzc32142/Document/1387125/138

394

7125.htm (accessed Oct 1, 2017).

395

(9) Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. Strategies of industrial green

396

development (2016-2020). 18


Page 18 of 22

Page 19 of 22


397

http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146285/n1146352/n3054355/n3057542/n3057545/c5142900/content.ht

398

ml (accessed Jan 6, 2017).

399

(10) Liu, L.; Zhang, B.; Bi, J.; Wei, Q.; He, P. The greenhouse gas mitigation of industrial parks in

400

China: A case study of Suzhou Industrial Park. Energy Policy 2012, 46 (3), 301-307.

401

(11) Wang, H.; Lei, Y.; Wang, H.; Liu, M.; Yang, J.; Bi, J. Carbon reduction potentials of China's

402

industrial parks: A case study of Suzhou Industry Park. Energy 2013, 55 (3), 668-675.

403

(12) Liu, W.; Tian, J.; Chen, L. Greenhouse gas emissions in China's eco-industrial parks: A case

404

study of the Beijing Economic Technological Development Area. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 66,

405

384-391.

406

(13) Larsen, H. N.; Hertwich, E. G. The case for consumption-based accounting of greenhouse gas

407

emissions to promote local climate action. Environ. Sci. Policy 2009, 12 (7), 791-798.

408

(14) WRI (World Resources Institute)/WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable

409

Development). The greenhouse gas protocol: A corporate accounting and reporting standard.

410

http://www.ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard (accessed 15 March 2017).

411

(15) Yong, U. B.; Ji, H. J.; Sang, K. J. Assessing the performance of carbon dioxide emission

412

reduction of commercialized eco-industrial park projects in South Korea. Journal of Cleaner

413

Production 2016, 114, 124-131.

414

(16) Chen, B.; He, G.; Qi, J.; Su, M.; Zhou, S.; Jiang, M. Greenhouse gas inventory of a typical

415

high-end industrial park in China. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 2013 (3), Article ID:

416

717054.

417

(17) Dong, H.; Geng, Y.; Xi, F.; Fujita, T. Carbon footprint evaluation at industrial park level: A

418

hybrid life cycle assessment approach. Energy Policy 2013, 57 (7), 298-307.

419

(18) United Nations. Sustainable developmet goals: 17 goals to transform our world.

420

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ (accessed 15 March,

421

2016).

422

(19) Lu, Y.; Chen, B.; Feng, K.; Hubacek, K. Ecological network analysis for carbon metabolism

423

of eco-industrial parks: A case study of a typical eco-industrial park in Beijing. Environ. Sci.

424

Technol. 2015, 49 (12), 7254-64.

425

(20) Tian, J.; Guo, Q.; Chen, Y.; Li, X.; Shi, H.; Chen, L. Study on industrial metabolism of carbon

426

in a Chinese fine chemical industrial park. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (2), 1048.

427

(21) Lu, B.; Xiong, X.; Kang, Y.; Liao, H.; Zhao, m. Greenhouse gas emission accounting methods

428

for Chinese industrial parks (in Chinese). China Energy 2015, 37 (9), 21-26.

429

(22) National Bureau of Statistics of China. Chinese statistical yearbook 19


(2016).


430

http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexch.htm (accessed Oct 1, 2017).

431

(23) Liu, X.; Wang, H.; Chen, J.; He, Q.; Zhang, H.; Jiang, R.; Chen, X.; Hou, P. Methods and

432

models for developing Chinese life cycle database (in Chinese). Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae

433

2010, 30 (10), 2136-2144.

434

(24) IKE Environmental Technology Co., Ltd; Sichuan University. Chinese Life Cycle Database

435

V0.8. Available at eBalance software. http://www.ike-global.com/archives/1094.html.

436

(25) National Development and Reform Commission of China. Catalog of Chinese industrial

437

parks (2006). http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbgg/200704/W020070406535176330304.pdf

438

(accessed Nov 1, 2017).

439

(26) Chen, B.; Yang, W. Carbon emission accounting methods for industrial parks (in Chinese).

440

China Population Resources and Environment 2017, 27 (3), 1-10.

441

(27) Long, R.; Li, J.; Chen, H.; Zhang, L.; Li, Q. Embodied carbon dioxide flow in international

442

trade: A comparative analysis based on China and Japan. J. Environ. Manage. 2018, 209, 371-381.

443

(28) Kumanayake, R.; Luo, H.; Paulusz, N. Assessment of material related embodied carbon of an

444

office building in Sri Lanka. Energy & Buildings 2018, 166, 250-257.

445

(29) Chen, S.; Chen, B. Changing urban carbon metabolism over time: Historical trajectory and

446

future pathway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (13), 7560-7571.

447

(30) National Development and Reform Commission of China. The 13th five-year plan of energy

448

development. http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201701/W020170117335278192779.pdf

449

(accessed Oct 1, 2017).

450

(31) National Development and Reform Commission of China. Revolution strategies of energy

451

production and consumption (2016-2030).

452

http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201704/W020170425509386101355.pdf (accessed Oct 1,

453

2017).

454

(32) National Energy Administration of China. o. The 13th five-year plan of bioenergy

455

development. http://ghs.ndrc.gov.cn/ghwb/gjjgh/201708/t20170809_857319.html (accessed Oct 1,

456

2017).

457

(33) State Council of China. The 13th five-year plan for energy saving and emission reduction.

458

http://www.chinanecc.cn/upload/File/1483688023746.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2017).

459

(34) National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2016).

460

(35) Yune, J. H.; Tian, J.; Liu, W.; Chen, L.; Descamps-Large, C. Greening Chinese chemical

461

industrial park by implementing industrial ecology strategies: A case study. Resour. Conserv. Recy.

462

2016, 112, 54-64. 20


Page 20 of 22

Page 21 of 22


463

(36) National Development and Reform Commission of China. Chinese first biennial update

464

report on climate change. http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/dtjj/201701/W020170123346264208002.pdf

465

(accessed May 1, 2017).

466

(37) Guo, Y.; Tian, J.; Chen, L.; Chertow, M. Exploring greenhouse gas-mitigation strategies in

467

Chinese eco-industrial parks by targeting energy infrastructure stocks. J. Ind. Ecol. 2018, 22 (1),

468

106-120.

469

(38) Guo, Y.; Tian, J.; Chertow, M.; Chen, L. Greenhouse gas mitigation in Chinese eco-industrial

470

parks by targeting energy infrastructure: A vintage stock model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50,

471

11403-11413.

472

21



Page 22 of 22

213 Chinese Industrial Parks GHG Emission in 2015 1,100

1,042 Mtonne CO2 eq.

GHG Mitigation in 2030 100

Coal and products

M1 - Increasing share of natural gas

Natural gas

83 Mtonne CO2 eq.

Petroleum and products 900 80

Coal gangue

M2 - Increasing share of municipal solid waste M3 - Increasing share of biomass

Municipal solid waste M4 - Reducing GHG emission factor of electricity grid

Industrial waste

700

Biomass

60

M5 - Improving average efficiency of industrial coal-fired boilers

Electricity 500

Heat 40

32 Mtonne CO2 eq. 300

181 Mtonne CO2 eq. 20 100

0

Direct -100

Indirect

0 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Direct

Indirect

The Role of Industrial Parks in Mitigating ... - ACS Publications

Recommend Documents