THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS SURVEY OF EXISTING DATA
he design of,efficient cryogenic processing equipment
Trequires various types of physical data. These data are sometimes obtained from the technical literature as
direct experimental data. However, it is often necessary to rely on correlations and approximations of uncertain accuracy. Compensation can be made for inaccurate data by overdesign of equipment, but this is expensive and there is a need for a concerted effort to improve existing data and correlations. A program for improvement can be considered to fall into three parts as follows: (a) Establish by means of a survey what properties data are available and what properties data need further measurement (b) Measure additional data (c) Integrate new data with old data to produce better correlations Consistent with these ideas, a survey has been made of existing experimental and correlated data on 13 cryogenic fluids. The complete results of this survey have been submitted in a larger report to the United States Air Force. (See box for address.) This paper is an abstracted version of the larger report, and one of the functions of this paper is to introduce the larger report to the public. Because of the bulk of material surveyed, no attempt was made to compile, examine, or evaluate individual data points. Instead, graphs have been prepared showing regions of temperature to 1000°K and regions of pressure to 10,000 atm where data have been obtained on the individual properties of each fluid. Actual data points can be found from references given with each graph. The results of the survey permit one to readily determine the status of physical properties data as they relate to a particular material. Where data exist, the survey provides a source of references to data on individual properties of each fluid a t particular conditions of pressure and temperature. I n areas where data do not exist, experimental programs could be undertaken. The survey also reveals that existing correlations might not be too reliable in certain areas due to meager data. 58
INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
A more comprehensive work is now in progress by the International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryThermodynamic Tables Project to correlate available experimental data not only for all the fluids covered in this survey, but for several others as well. Since it will be some time before the results of their work will be published, this survey should help fill the gap until the date of publication of their results. Owing to the sources of data surveyed, some foreign references (primarily Russian) have been overlooked. The possibility of additional data not readily available to the U. S. reader must be considered in planning new data acquisition programs. Since the results of the survey are quite long, this paper is limited to the following materials and Properties. Materials
Helium Neon
Nitrogen Methane
Ethane Carbon Dioxide
Properties
Experimental PVT data Experimental heat capacity data Experimental enthalpy data Experimental viscosity data Experimental thermal conductivity data Section I describes the survey. Section I1 describes the reference method used and contains the graphs showing regions of temperature and pressure of existing data. Section I11 contains general observations made from visual inspection of the data availability graphs. Survey of Existing Thermodynamic Properties Data
I n this paper, properties reference data are presented on experimental PVT,heat capacity, enthalpy, viscosity, and thermal conductivity data of helium, neon, nitrogen, methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide ; however, the complete survey of 16 different properties on 13 different materials is described. The materials included in the complete survey were helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, methane, ethane, krypton, monochloro-
GRANT M. WILSON RICHARD 0. CLARK FLOYD 1. HYMAN
APWED THERMODYNAMICSSYMPOSIUM
The results of this survey permit one to readily determine the status of physical properties data as they relate to a particular material. The survey is a ready reference to both the experimental and correlated data
Dofama cmlractom may receive complete rndh of ruwey on cryogenic p'Oc~1"gequipmult, "Literature Surv.y on Refrigeronh Essential lo Crvocooler Technology/ by R G. Clark, F. L Hymn, and 0. M. Wikon, Tahnkal Report AFML-TU-66-136, w b m i m d by Air Produch and Chmkds, Inr, to the Air Fwre Material$ Laboratory, Research ond Technology Diviria, Air Force Systems Carnmd, Wdghl-Patterson Air Force Bose, Ohio, by *nHing to, Defense Doementalion Center Camem Station. Building 5
nsu
~~t~ltia~
5010 Duke St. Alexandria, Vo. 2231 4 Nondefense cmtraL(E100 can obtain the remit br wrHina to, Air Force Mohrlob Laboratory .
-
(tun) WrigM-Pattern Air Force Barr Ohio 45433
trifluoromethane (Refrigerant-13), carbon tetrafluoride (Refrigerant-1 4), trifluoromethane (Refrigerant-23), and carbon dioxide. The properties surveyed were chosen in consideration of physical property data requirements for the design of efficient cryogenic processing equipment. A summary of these requirements is given in Table I. For each of the 13 materials, the literature was searched for data on the following properties: PVT (including compressibility and density), virial coefficients, equation of state, phase data, enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, latent heat, Joule-Thomson coefficient, thermal pressure T(bP/bT),, thermal conductivity, viscosity, velocity of sound, surface tension, coefficient of compression l/V(bV/bP),, and coefficient of expansion l/V@V/bT),. The survey consisted of a search of the following sources: 1. All major bibliographies, compilations, reviews, and summaries (Table 11) 2. The open literature in general, including such items as individual articles, reports of conferences, and theses 3. Chemical Abshocts from 1958 through October 1965 4. The 1965 issues, through October 1965, of selected journals which frequently report properties data VOL 6 0
NO.
6
JUNE 1 9 6 8
59
Table 1. Cyrogenic Fluid Physical Property Requirements
5. Chemical Titles from June through October 1965 6. The information storage and retrieval system of the NBS Cryogenic Data Center During the search, the original sources of the data were identified when possible, and the determination of whether the data were experimental or correlated was made either by direct inspection or through comments made by other authors. Twenty-five “major bibliographies’’ were identified and searched. The list of “major bibliographies” and the pure materials for which they contain data are identified in Table 11. A listing of these bibliographies is presented in Section I1 of this paper. Attention is called to two of the major bibliographies. T h e first is No. 25. This 2431-reference bibliography was compiled by the Cryogenic Data Center, Boulder Laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) under subcontract with Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. The survey represents a computer search of the approximately 11,000 references in the Cryogenic Data Center information storage and retrieval system using the same key words utilized throughout this study. Since the Cryogenic Data Center continuously updates its information, especially for the predominantly cryogenic fluids, the searches relating to helium, hydrogen (isomers and isotopes), neon, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, and methane are considered to be exhaustive. Bibliography 25 contains about 90y0 of the useful references found in other bibliographies for these fluids. For carbon dioxide, ethane, krypton, and refrigerants-13, -14, and -23, the references contained in Bibliography 25 are considered to represent a smaller proportion of the world’s literature, although a majority of the references used under this contract were identified by NBS. (The results of the NBS search were received after most of the manual searching was completed. Therefore, references identified as being in Bibliography No. 25 are usually those not duplicated in the other bibliographies.) The bibliography has been distributed as both NBS Report 8808 and AFML-TR-65-338. The second major bibliography to which attention is called is 1Vo. 11, referred to as Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., bibliography (APCI). This bibliography, available only in the larger report mentioned in the introduction, contains 825 references which fall into a t least one of the following catagories: (1) references which are more recent than about 1959, the date of the most recent bibliography, excluding No. 25 ; (2) references which,
AUTHORS Grant M . Wilson is an engineer for P-V-T, Inc., Houston, Tex. Richard G. Clark and Floyd L. Hyman are engineers for Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, Pa. Work on this project was funded by the Air Force under Contract N o . AF 33 (675)-2797, and permission to publish these survey results was granted by the Air Force. 60
I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Enthalpy and speciflc heats a. Component and system energy balances b. Design of heat exchangers C. Design of cryogenic machinery d. Design of warm machinery
d.
Primary Primary Primary Secondary
a. b.
Primary Secondary
a. b. c. d.
Primary Primary Primary Primary
Phase equilibria, including latent heats of vaporization and sublimation; vapor pressure; dew or frost points a. Speciflcation of operating temperature , b. System energy balance
a. b.
Primary Primary
Viscosity a. Design of heat exchangers b. Design of cryogenic machinery
a. b.
Secondary Secondary
a. b. c.
Secondary Secondary Primary
a.
Secondary
Entropy a. Design of cryogenic machinery b. Design of warm machinery Density (PVT relations) a. Design of heat exchangers b. Design of cryogenic machinery C. Design of warm machinery d. Speciflcation of system operating pressures
Thermal conductivity a. Design of heat exchangers b. Design of cryostats C. Design of solid-type cryocoolers Sonic velocity a. Design of rotating machinery
a. b. C.
when uncovered, were not known to be included in one of the published major bibliographies; (3) references obtained from a search of Chemical Abstracts from 1958 to 8 November 1965; (4) references obtained from a search of the 1965 volumes of the following journalsPhysica, through Aug. 65 Phys. Rev., through 1 Nov. 65 J . Chem. Phys., through 15 Oct. 65 Cryogenics, through Aug. 65 J . Chem. Eng. Data, through July 65 AlChE J., through Sept. 65 J . Am. Chem. SOC.,through 5 Oct. 65 Proc. Roy. SOC.(London), through 5 Oct. 65 Proc. Phys. SOG.,through Oct. 65 J.Phys. Chem., through Oct. 65 Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser., through No. 58 J.NBS Sect. A, through July/Aug. 65 Chem. Titles, June 65 through 8 Nov. 65
and (5) references obtained from other smaller bibliographies and compilations which were not duplicated by the other 24 major bibliographies already cited. These small bibliographies are as followsAmerican Petroleum Institute, API-10-64, “Bibliography of Volumetric and Thermodynamic Data for Pure Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures,” 1964 Boato, G., “The Solidified Inert Gases,” Cryogenics 4 (2), 65 (1964) Brewer, J., “Thermodynamic Data of Oxygen and Nitrogen,” ASD-TR-61-625 (1961) Chelton, D. B., Mann, D. B., “Cryogenic Data Book,” AD 208-155 ASTIA (1959) Din F., “Thermodyanic Functions of Gases,” Vol. 2, Butterworth (1956) Farkas, A., “Ortho Para and Heavy Hydrogen,” Cambridge University Press (1735)
Gillum, T., “Cryogenics and Low Temperature Research,” AD 271-000 ASTIA (1962) Gratch, S., “Vapor Pressure, Specific Volume, and P-V-T Data for H z , Np, 0 2 , CO, COZ, air, He, A, and Hg,” Trans ASME 70, 631 (1948) Liley, P. E., “Thermodynamic Data for Carbon Dioxide at High Pressure and Temperature,” J . Chem. Eng. Data 4 ( 3 ) , 238 (1959) Lobo, W. E., “Technical Data Pertaining to Air-Its Liquefaction and Distillation,,, PB 8900 OTS (1 944) Masi, J. F., “Survey of Experimental Determination of Heat Capacities of Ten Technically Important Gases,” Trans ASME 76, 1070 (1948) Rogers, J. D . , Brickwedde, F. G., “Excess Transport Properties of Light Molecules,” AIChE J . 11, 304 (1965) Rogers, J. D., et al., “Hydrogen Transport Properties Correlation,” J . Chem. Eng. Data 7 , 179 (1962)
Table II. Bibliog. No.
Bibliog. idenf.
1
NBS Compendium, Phase I 1960
2
NBS Compendium, Phase 11, 1961
*
Survey Results
The results of the survey have been plotted on pressuretemperature phase diagranls; thus permitting One to readily identify the pressure-temperature regions for which
Summary of Major Bibliographies Searched
He
p-Hz
Ds
HD
Nz
A
0 2
CH4
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
o-Hz n-Hz
Ne
Kr
R-14
C~HG R-23 R-13
COn
X
3
Mann, NBS-TN-154, 1962
4
Flynn, NBS-TN-56, 1 9 6 0
x
5 6 7
Cook, “Argon, Helium.,”
X
1961
An unpublished bibliography was prepared by the Defense Documentation Center from U. S. Government reports, using the same key words employed for the NBS search. Almost all of the 600 references received pertained to systems, techniques, applications, and hardware and were therefore of little value in this particular search. With the exception of the unpublished DDC bibliography, the above “minor bibliographies” have been listed in No. 1.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Keesom, “Helium.” 1942
X
Touloukian, “Retrieval Guide,” 1960
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
8
Nelson, Obert, Trans. ASME, 76, 1954
X
9
Wheeler, Bur. Mines Bull., 484, 1952
X
10
Masi, Tsai, 2nd Symp. Therm. Prop., 1962
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
11
APCl Bibliog., 1965
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
12
Simons, “Prop. Helium,” 1 9 5 7
X
13
Mann, Stewart, NBS-TN-8, 1959
X
14
A.
D. little, ”Hydrogen Handbook,” 1 9 6 0
x
x
x
x
x
15
Woolley et al., NBS Res. Paper 1932, 1948
x
x
x
x
x
16
Goodwin et al., NBS Rept:. on
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
H2
17
Hilsenrath et al., 564,1955
18
Wilson, 3rd Quart. (61 5)-1332, 1965
NBS Circ. AF33-
19
Hallef al., NBS-TN-217,1964
20
Din, Vol. 111, 1961
21
Muckleroy, “Bibliog. on Hydrocarbons,” 1962
22
Din, Vol. I, 1 9 5 6
23
Touloukian,PurdueData Book, 1960
24
Hust et al., NBS-TN-137, 1962
25
NBS Report 8808, 1 9 6 5 (AFML-TR-65-338)
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X X X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
x
VOL.
6 0 NO. 6
JUNE 1 9 6 8
61
1 Ryrc 2
'V'
2 100
4 6 8
2
2
4
1(P
-1
Amn
4 6 8
10'
"I
1
Rgurc 3 62
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Figure 1. Available experimental PVT data for helium A.
E. F.
Line includes the work of: Grilly, Mills (1962-117-3) Kidder (1963-11-7) Swenson 11953-1-1.001) Mills, Grilly (1957-5-IX1211 Dugdale, Simon (1953-5IX-68) Kerr (1957-5-IX-104) Berman, Mate (1958-1-
G.
Edeskuty, Sherman (1958-
H.
Hill, Lounasmaa (19601i-511) Keller (1955-10-29-1 14-4) Leiden Group (6-Sect. 2.22) Wiebe et al. (1931-6-2.232) Stroud et al. (1960-5-VII-
B. C. ~
D.
J. K.
L. M.
1.001 ) 11-10)
P.
Michels, Wouters (1941-8115) Q. Buckman (1933-6-2.230) R. Berman, Poulter (1952-256953) S. Kistemaker, Keesom (1946-25-479) T. Keesom, Walstra (194725-5384) U. Holborn, Otto (1924-256328) V. Area includes the work of: Keesom, Walstra (19408-112) Onnes, Boks (1924-8119)
Keesom, Kraak (19358-111)
W.
Lounasmaa (1958-1-
X.
Dobrovol’skii, Golubev (1965-11-802)
179)
N. Bridgman (1924-6-2.234) 0. Baxter, Starkweather (1926-5-VIII-56)
Figure 2. A.
B.
C. D.
1.001 )
Available experimental heat capacity data f o r helium
Dugdale, Simon (1953-5IX-68) Lounasmaa, Kojo (195911-15-11 ) Hill, Lounasmaa (19571-4.001) Line includes the work of: Dokoupil et a l . (195425-435) Kramers et al. (1952-134) Gorter et al. (1950-25-
E.
F. G. H. J. K.
Lounasmaa (1958-14.001) Hill, Lounasmaa (196011-511) Frederikse (1949-25-5682) Scheel, Heuse (1913-255726) Franck (1964-25-23179) Hercus, Wilks (1954-255968) Moldover, Little (196511-299)
1565)
Hercus, Wilks (195425-5968)
Figure 3. A.
B.
Available experimental viscosity data f o r helium
Line includes work of: Taylor, Dash (1957-110.001 ) Zinoveva (1958-5-Ix161) Bowers, Mendelssohn 11950-25-938) Line includes the work of: Woods, Hollis-Hallett (1963-25-19072) Brewer, Edwards (195925-13639) Benson, Hollis-Hallett (1960-25-1 3646) Heikkila, Hollis-Hallett (1955-25-5920) Hollis-Hallett (1960-255982) Giauque et al. (193925-6054) Tough et al. (1963-2519180) Dash, Taylor (1957-25982) Webela, Hamma (196511-290)
Becker et al. (1954-19555-VII-41, 42) D . Itterbeek et al. (1953-5VII-198) E. Akin (1950-1-10.001) F. Coremans et al. (1958-11194) G. Johnsion, Grilly (1942.256339) H. Ross, Brown (1957-11498) J. Flynn et al. (1963-11-165) K . Area includes the work of: Kestin, Leidenfrost (1959-25-7400) Kestin, Whitelaw (1963-25-1 5376) L. Line includes the work of: Welber (1960-1 1-369) Eisele, Hollis-Hallett (1958-25-1 3628) Keesom, MacWood (1938-1-10.001 ) M. Itterbeek, Paemel (194025-6344) N Tjerkstra (1952-25-1210) 0. Ishida (1923-25-17964) C.
data exist on each property and to assist the interested reader in proceeding to the original references containing the actual data. Pressure-temperature regions, lines, or points for which data are available are indicated on the phase diagrams. These reference data are presented in Figures 1 to 27. The materials appear in the order of increasing boiling point, and the properties for each material appear in the order P V T , heat capacity, enthalpy, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. No experimental enthalpy data were found for helium, neon, and ethane; no figures are therefore given for this property on these materials. T o keep the results of the survey to a manageable size a special reference system was used, whereby individual references could be cited by an identification number in one of the 25 bibliographies outlined in Table I1 of Section I . I n Figures 1 to 27 each region, line, or point marked on the data availability graphs is labeled with a letter. A key on each graph identifies a reference for each letter. The following format is used for reference identification : Author (Date-Bibliography No.-Identification No.) Two examples will illustrate the use of the code. Consider the reference “Pfefferle et a/. (1955-5-VIII-43) .” The authors are Pfefferle et al. The data were published in 1955. The original paper is referred to in Bibliography No. 5. I n the detailed information given below for Bibliography No. 5, it is stated that there is a numbered list of references a t the end of each chapter. The above-mentioned paper by Pfefferle et al., is found at the end of Chapter VI11 as item 43. As a general rule, any further numbers which appear inside the parenthesis indicate a reference within a reference. For example, consider the reference “Burnett (1936-5-VIII43-l).” This 1936 paper by Burnett is listed as reference No. 1 in the above-mentioned paper by Pfefferle et al. I n the case of the NBS Compendium (Bibliographies Nos. 1, 2), many contributors are frequently cited and the author is therefore listed as “Composite.” Since some of the bibliographies will not be immediately available to the reader, the author and year will permit one to identify the reference from abstracting journals such as Chemical Abstracts. Certain regions or lines are labeled as “covered by the following.” The first listed reference in the group covers either all or the largest portion of the region or line or is the most recent and is therefore considered to be the primary reference. Reduced graphs which present a great deal of information may appear confusing upon casual inspection. Where many cross-hatched regions overlap, one region can be made to “stand out” by viewing the page a t a low angle and parallel to the hatchings of that region. For lines studied by many contributors, reduction of the VOL. 6 0
NO. 6 J U N E 1 9 6 8
63
Fipm 4
Figure 6
F i e5
R y r e 'I
A4
INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
Figure 4. Auoilablc cxpm'mntal thnmol c&h'mty
G.
Webb, Wdks (1953-1M. 3.001) Walker, Fairbank (1960- N. 11-51R.5) ....- -, Line indudea the work of: 0. Fairbank, Lee (1957-5IX-74) Challis, Wilks P. (1957-5-IX-38) Grcinia (1951-1-3.001) Q. Ubbink, DeHaas (194325-11038) Fokkens et 01. (1963-11519) Lenio;, Comings (195125-6031) Johnston, Grilly (1946-11-
H.
k n i1950-1-3.0011
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. F.
J.
K. L.
117)
Waclbmeck, Zuck&brodt (1958-25-724) Bowers (1952-25-932) Zaitseva (1959-25-10539)
Figure 5.
A. B.
C. D.
E. F.
Available cxpm'mtal
Michelsat d.(1960-5-VII214) Mathiar et al. (1923-5-IX114) Oisbi (1949-5-VIII-47) Composite (1960-1-1.003) Crommdin at 01. (1919-5VIII-14) H e w , Otto (1929-8-192)
R.
Keemm at 01. (1940-2514730) Kqcrom, Saris (1940-2514720) - . _., Berman, Rogers (1964-2522613) Fairbank, W i h (1954-256005) Line indudes the work of: B n w a , Edwards (195925-13639) White et 01. (1953-25-5784) Chase (1960-25-16755) Beenakker t f d. (195225-5138) Keesom, Duyckaerts (1947355385) Madden et 01. (1964-11-90) Mahov-Denlin (196411282)
S.
H.
J. K.
L.
-
'
T i m t , Umanskii (196511-805)
PVT datafor G.
aka for helium
won
Haiborn, Otto (192535801) Holborn, Otto (1926-256713) Michds, Gibson (1928-5VIII-26) Nicholson, S c h n d d a (1955-5-VIII-32) Burt (1910-8-190)
Figure 6. Aontlable expnimmtal h a t capacity data for neon
A.
B.
Clusius (1929-25-799) Clusius (1936-25-6573)
C.
Clusius (1960-11341)
Figure 7. Auailable expm'mtal Viscosity data for won
A. B. C.
D. E.
Itterbeek, Paemel (19405-VII-197) Coremans, Ittcrbeek et al. (1958-11-194) Johnston,Grilly (1942-256339) Ketin, Leidenfrost (195925-11832) Ketin, Whitdaw (196311-181)
F.
G.
H.
J. K. L. M.
Forster (1963-11-166) Flynn bt al. (1962-11-165) Huth (1962-11-232) Rietvdd et al. (1959-1025-13270) Itterbeek, Parmel (194025-19280, 6344) Edwatds (192835-6331) Tra pcniers et al. (1964 2!-23310)
Figure 8
Figure 8. Available expm'mmtaI thnmal conductivily data for m n A. B.
C. D. E.
Keve(1954-11-225) Kahnluik, Carman (1952-25-5520) White, Woods (1958-5IX-156) Zactscya (1959-25-10593) Barua (1959-10-29-16)
F.
G.
H. J.
IC.
Thomas. Golike (1954-7s 1616). Cornparite (1960-1-3.003) Ubi& (1951-11-221) Labterman (1963-2516502) Sengers (1964-11-287)
Figure 9. Auailablc expm'mental PVT data for nihogm
A.
Line include the work of: Brid man (1935-256 9 9 8 Gd'l y , Mills (1957-11-260) B. Stewart (1956-25-11238) C. Itterbeek, Vabeke (196018-427) D. Ittcrbcek, Verbeke (196111-254) E. Benedict (1937-20-34) F. Benedict (1937-20-34) Area dm include the wor4 of: Baaaett, Dupinay (1930-20-33) G. Armrtroog (1954-1-1.004) H. Gaold (1921-1-1.004) J. Baly, Donnan (1902-1816) K. T s i k h (1951-20-35) L. Bridgman (1934-8-210) M. Onnes, Llrk (1924-20-27)
N.
Wiebe, Gaddy (1938-8230) Ana also i n d u d e the work of: Vemhoyle (1926-20-29) 0. Holborn, Otto (1924, 5 25-6328,1689,801) Area also inelude the work of: Michela a8 .I. (1934-18-299) P. Saurd dol. (1956-7-1147) Q. Micbds at ol. (1936-8222) R. Bartlett at d. (1928, 30-8206, 207) Arca also include the w6rk of. Luft (1957-18-283) S. Swenson (1955-1-6.004) T. d. (1951-25-
W%hi,tf Y'L.,
U.
Tolkachev, Mambdii (1965-11-807)
Figure 9 V O L 6 0 NO. 6 JUNE 1 9 6 8
65
Figure 10
Figure 12
Figure 11
Figure 13
66
INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Figure 10. Available experimental heat capacity data for nitragan A.
B. C.
M d q , Krase (19303065) Workman (1931-20-66) Area includes the work of: Eucken (1916-25-6300) KKsom, Onnea (191620-122) Cluaiua (192925-6398) Giau ue Clayton (193330-b) Clusius at d. (1959357059)
Figure 11. Available ea@nmtal A. B.
D.
E.
F. G.
Henry (193135-8696) Area indudes the work of: Aston et d. (1951-71033) Morrison, Szasz (1948-7-1773) Wicbc, Brevoat (1930-11214) Magc at d. (1963-11355)
enfholpy data for nitrogen
M e ti d. (1962-11-255) C. W%e, Brevoort (1930-18D. 449)
Lien, Wilson (1964-11268) Sa al a d (1965-25$61) '
Figure 12. Available expm'menfd Oisco~itydata for niirogm
A.
?
B.
C.
D.
E.
Area includes the work of: R u d d 0 (1938-1. 10.004) Ittabeek, Pamel (1941-11-192) Ittabeek etol. (1962-11187) Area includes the work of: Fomta (1963-11-186) Rudenko at d.(1934-256321) Zhdanava (1957-2524330) Area include the work of: Kestin, W a g (1958-110.004) Ketin, Leidenfrost (1959-2511832) Whitelaw (1962-1048) A n a includes the work of: Michcls, Gibson (193111-258) Lazarrc, Vodar, (1956-10-29-135)
Sarino, Sibbit (1959-1029-257) Boyd (1930-11-
1?RI
F.
G.
ArG-ihudes the work of: Trauk, Baumann (192923-107) Trauk, Heberling(1931-23-109) Trauk, Mdstcr (1930-23-112) Ross Brown (1957-11A&\
H.
K
