Thermophysical Properties of Ternary Systems Potassium Formate +

Article Cite This: J. Chem. Eng. Data XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Thermophysical Properties of Ternary Systems Potassium Formate + Propylene Glycol/Glycerol + Water Pallavi Parab and Sunil Bhagwat* Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India

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S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: Vapor liquid equilibrium of two ternary systems potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2) + water (H2O) and potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3) + water (H2O) were studied at temperature ranges from 313.15 to 453.15 K and mass fraction of absorbent species from 0.4 to 0.8 with varying mass ratio of potassium formate/ propylene glycol and potassium formate/glycerol (mass ratios = 4, 3 and 2). Experimental data are correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid model. The solubility, density, and viscosity of these mixtures were also measured. Various new working fluid pairs have been studied to improve the performance characteristics of the vapor absorption refrigeration system. The thermophysical properties of a conventional lithium bromide + water system with the addition of other salt(s) or anticrystallization organic solvents are studied to overcome the crystallization problem occurring in the case of lithium bromide + water system at lower temperature and high concentrations which are required in the operating conditions of an absorption refrigeration system.4−8 Among these mixtures the thermophysical properties of working fluid pairs lithium bromide−water system with different glycols as an additive are thoroughly studied.4−6 In lithium bromide + glycol + water mixtures the crystallization temperature is reduced due to presence of glycol, though the presence of lithium bromide in the mixture continues to make the solution corrosive. Thermodynamic properties of ionic liquid mixtures were also determined to replace commercial working fluid (lithium bromide + water system) as there is no occurrence of crystallization in the case of ionic liquid mixtures.9−12 However, the high cost of ionic liquids restricts the commercial application of ionic liquids as a working fluid pair. In this paper, the vapor pressure, solubility, density, and viscosity of potassium formate + propylene glycol/glycerol + water is reported. Sustainability of a potential working fluid pair for an

1. INTRODUCTION The heat operated refrigeration cycles can be a good alternative to electrically operated refrigeration units especially for industrial application due to rapid increase in electricity cost and environmental problems such as scarcity of conventional energy sources. A working fluid pair is used in the absorption refrigeration cycle consisting of an absorbent and a refrigerant pair for cooling application. There are various sources of heat including waste heat, solar, agriculture-based residue, biogas, etc. which can be used as an energy source for operating the absorption refrigeration cycle. The energy used to obtain cooling in the case of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle is electricity. Electricity is typically generated from high grade heat (>800 K) at a conversion efficiency of about 35−40%. Hence, for industries in which a low cost and low-grade heat source is available an absorption refrigeration cycle can be a good substitute instead of vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The conventional absorption refrigeration system consists of a generator, absorber, condenser, evaporator, and an additional water cooling tower to remove heat and maintain desirable temperatures in absorber and condenser units. Lithium bromide + water is a commercially used working fluid pair for an absorption refrigeration system, although the mixture has drawbacks such as corrosion effect due to the presence of bromide ions, high crystallization temperature,1−3 and an increasing demand of lithium (e.g., lithium ion batteries) can also lead to depletion of lithium globally. © XXXX American Chemical Society

Received: August 21, 2018 Accepted: December 7, 2018

A

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.8b00742 J. Chem. Eng. Data XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data

Article

Table 1. Specifications of Chemicals Used: chemical name

source

initial mass fraction purity

CAS no.

purification method

potassium formate (HCOOK) lithium bromide (LiBr) propylene glycol (C3H8O2) glycerol (C3H8O3)

Thomas Baker (Chemicals) Pvt. Ltd. Thomas Baker (Chemicals) Pvt. Ltd. Thomas Baker (Chemicals) Pvt. Ltd. Thomas Baker (Chemicals) Pvt. Ltd.

0.99 0.99 0.995 0.99

590-29-4 7550-35-8 57-55-6 56-81-5

none none none none

Figure 1. High pressure autoclave to determine vapor pressure data at specific temperature.

Table 2. Crystallization Temperature, T (K) of Various Absorbent Solutions at Pressure (P) = 0.1 MPaa. absorbent: potassium formate + propylene glycol M=2

M=3

absorbent: potassium formate + glycerol

M=4

M=2

M=3

absorbent: potassium formate

M=4

no.

w

T/K

w

T/K

w

T/K

w

T/K

w

T/K

w

T/K

w

T/K

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

0.845 0.870 0.882 0.896 0.909

303.0 313.4 322.7 332.6 344.5

0.829 0.855 0.869 0.884 0.899

303.7 314.5 324.7 334.0 343.6

0.820 0.847 0.862 0.877 0.893

304.5 314.9 325.3 334.6 344.4

0.850 0.877 0.898 0.906 0.920

301.9 312.7 321.5 331.8 344.0

0.836 0.866 0.884 0.893 0.911

303.0 313.8 323.6 333.9 343.3

0.831 0.856 0.877 0.890 0.903

303.8 314.4 324.6 334.0 343.7

0.772 0.803 0.811 0.824 0.836

302.8 314.5 324.0 334.5 343.7

a Standard uncertainties are u(T) = 3 K, u(P) = 3 kPa, and u(w) = 0.005. M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to propylene glycol or glycerol in the absorbent. w = Mass fraction of absorbent in absorbent−water mixture. T = Crystallization temperature of the solution.

is lowered, and the solubility limit is increased by the addition of an organic solvent additive such as glycol/glycerol. The vapor pressure data of potassium formate + propylene glycol/glycerol + water was correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model which is in good agreement with our experimental data.

absorption refrigeration cycle is validated by studying the physical and thermal properties of mixtures at fixed mass ratio, accurately measured over the wide operating range. The thermodynamic properties of a potassium formate + water system has been studied previously.13−19 Potassium formate is also used as a potential gas hydrate inhibitor in a vertical pipe petroleum producing pipelines with clathrate hydrates of natural gases, thermophysical properties of potassium formate in aqueous solution were studied by Oen, K., 2017 for application as a gas hydrate inhibitor.20 The crystallization limit is close to operating condition in the case of vapor absorption refrigeration with potassium formate + water and lithium bromide + water working fluid pair. Therefore, potassium formate + water with a glycol additive are studied to increase the solubility limit of working fluid pair at operating conditions of absorption refrigeration system. The vapor pressure of potassium formate + water solution

2. EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS 2.1. Materials. Potassium formate (HCOOK), lithium bromide (LiBr), AR grade propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and AR grade glycerol (C3H8O3) was supplied by Thomas Baker and used without further purification, and all solutions were prepared with deionized water. The specifications of chemicals are summarized in Table 1. 2.2. Apparatus and Experimental Procedure. 2.2.1. Solubility, Density, and Viscosity. The salt solubility were measured by a visual polythermal method.4 The apparatus B



Article

Table 3. Experimental Values of Densities (ρ), (kg·m−3) of Various Absorbent Solutions, at Temperature (T) = 303.15 K and Pressure (P) = 0.1 MPaa M 2

3

4

2

3

4

-

w

Table 4. Experimental Values of Viscosities (η), (mPa·s) of Various Absorbent Solutions, at Temperature (T) = 303.15 K and Pressure (P) = 0.1 MPaa.

ρ (kg·m−3)

1. Potassium Formate + Propylene Glycol 0.450 0.600 0.750 0.400 0.533 0.667 0.800 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 2. Potassium Formate + Glycerol 0.450 0.600 0.750 0.400 0.533 0.667 0.800 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 3. Potassium Formate 0.500 0.600 0.700

M

1198 1271 1339 1193 1278 1349 1426 1191 1272 1346 1422

2

1227 1310 1434 1217 1305 1403 1493 1213 1299 1379 1471

2

3

4

3

4

1326 1423 1541

w

η (mPa.s)

1. Potassium Formate + Propylene Glycol 0.450 0.600 0.750 0.400 0.533 0.667 0.800 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 2. Potassium Formate + Glycerol 0.450 0.600 0.750 0.400 0.533 0.667 0.800 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 3. Potassium Formate 0.500 0.600 0.700

2.9 5.0 14.3 2.2 3.4 7.4 21.1 1.7 2.5 4.7 10.7 3.4 5.2 17.6 2.5 3.7 7.8 23.6 2.0 3.0 5.5 11.7 2.4 4.3 9.8

a Standard uncertainties are u(w) = 0.001and u(ρ) = 10 kg·m−3, u(P) = 3 kPa, u(T) = 2 K. M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to propylene glycol or glycerol in the absorbent. w = Mass fraction of absorbent in absorbent−water mixture.

a Standard uncertainties are u(w) = 0.001 and u(η) = 0. 2 mPa.s, u(P) = 3 kPa, u(T) = 2 K. M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to propylene glycol or glycerol in the absorbent. w = mass fraction of absorbent in absorbent−water mixture.

used to determine solubility are 50 cm3 glass vessel, Pt-100 resistance thermometer with uncertainty of 0.1 K, a constant temperature bath and magnetic stirrer. The sample solution of desired composition with approximate volume of 30 cm3 was placed in the vessel and stirred well. The solution was heated above the crystallization temperature to dissolve all the crystals. The solution temperature was lowered at room temperature to nucleate a small amount of crystals and then raised at a very slow rate using constant temperature bath and the circulator. The temperature at which the last crystal disappeared was taken as the crystallization temperature for a given solution. The experimental apparatus and procedure of this work were checked with the LiBr + H20 system as in previous research, and the present results showed good agreement with the values obtained in literature21 within 1% relative error as given in Table-S1 in the Supporting Information. The potassium formate solubility in nonaqueous solvents propylene glycol and glycerol was studied previously, and at 20 °C the values were 53% w/w and 52% w/w, respectively.19 The density of potassium formate + propylene glycol/glycerol + water salt solutions at different compositions was determined in a pycnometer. The viscosity of potassium formate + propylene glycol/glycerol + water salt solutions at different compositions were determined with Ostwald viscometer and the viscosity of potassium formate + water salt solutions was determined and compared with the values given in the literature13,20 within 1% relative error.

2.2.2. Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Data. The vapor pressure of potassium formate + propylene glycol/glycerol + water ternary system was measured by a “static total pressure vapour liquid equilibrium measurement apparatus” as given in Figure 1. It consists of Hastelloy C made vessel of 100 cm3 kept in a ceramic electric band heater with insulation, a pressure sensor, and a thermostat. The vessel is connected to a vacuum pump, pressure transmitter (model A-10, WIKA) and high accuracy 0.1% digital pressure gauge with a maximum operating pressure of 20 bar. The solution in the flask was stirred during the measurement with a magnetic stirrer. The temperature of the solution in the sample vessel was measured with the Pt resistance thermometer, which was calibrated against a mercury thermometer at 301.15 K. The Pt-100 resistance thermometer is connected to a thermostat which controls the temperature of the heater with an uncertainty of 0.1 K. A solution of desired absorbent composition is poured in a 100 cm3 equilibrium vessel and vacuum is applied for few minutes. The estimated uncertainty in the mixture preparation was ±0.001 in mass fraction. The sample solution is then heated with constant stirring, and after thermal equilibrium was reached the temperature of the sample solution and the corresponding pressure were measured. The verification of the experimental procedure and the apparatus used to determine the vapor pressure of potassium formate + propylene glycol/glycerol + C



Article

Table 5. Vapour pressure (Pa,kPa) of Potassium Formate + Propylene Glycol + Water (M = 4), at Various Concentrations and Temperature (Ta, Kelvin) Range (313.15 to 453.15 K)a Pa, vapor pressures (kPa), absorbent: potassium formate + propylene glycol (M = 4) w = 0.375

w = 0.500

w = 0.625

w = 0.688

w = 0.750

w = 0.813

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 363.15 368.15 373.15 378.15 383.15 388.15 393.15 398.15 403.15 408.15 413.15 418.15 423.15 428.15 433.15 438.15 443.15 448.15 453.15

5.9 7.4 9.8 12.0 15.3 19.5 23.9 29.6 35.9 43.5 52.4 62.7 74.8 88.5 105.1 122.9 142.9 165.8 191.5 220.1 252.6 287.9 326.3 369.7 418.2 471.4 530.5 592.3 661.2

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.0

5.2 6.3 7.8 10.1 12.5 15.7 19.3 23.6 28.7 34.9 41.2 49.2 58.3 69.1 81.0 94.3 109.5 126.0 144.8 165.6 188.7 213.4 241.8 272.5 305.9 343.5 383.4 426.9 473.6

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.0

4.0 5.1 6.3 7.5 9.2 11.5 13.9 17.2 20.5 24.6 29.5 34.6 39.9 46.6 54.3 63.4 72.9 83.1 95.5 107.8 122.1 137.7 155.1 173.7 193.9 215.4 239.9 265.8 294.1

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.8

3.2 3.9 4.7 6.3 7.8 9.6 11.5 13.5 16.2 19.5 23.0 26.3 31.4 36.7 41.7 48.8 55.3 63.7 72.5 81.8 92.1 103.6 115.6 129.5 144.0 159.7 177.0 196.1 215.6

0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8

2.5 3.3 4.0 5.0 6.1 7.2 8.7 10.6 12.2 14.4 16.6 19.5 22.7 26.5 30.4 34.8 40.2 45.8 51.5 58.2 65.0 72.5 81.6 90.8 100.3 111.7 122.6 135.2 148.7

0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.1

1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.8 4.6 5.5 6.7 8.0 9.2 10.8 12.7 15.5 17.5 20.2 22.8 26.1 29.7 33.4 37.4 41.7 46.8 51.7 57.9 63.6 70.2 77.1 84.9 93.7

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

a Standard uncertainties are u(T) = 0.1 K and u(w) = 0.001. The standard uncertainties for pressure u(P) are given in the table. M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to propylene glycol in the absorbent. w = Mass fraction of absorbent in absorbent−water mixture.

Table 6. Vapour Pressure (Pa,kPa) of Potassium Formate + Glycerol + Water (M = 4), at Various Concentrations and Temperature (Ta, Kelvin) Range (313.15 to 453.15 K)a Pa, vapor pressures (kPa), absorbent: potassium formate + glycerol (M = 4) w = 0.375

w = 0.500

w = 0.625

w = 0.688

w = 0.750

w = 0.813

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 363.15 368.15 373.15 378.15 383.15 388.15 393.15 398.15 403.15

5.7 7.6 10.1 12.5 15.1 18.9 23.7 29.2 35.1 42.2 51.7 61.6 73.5 86.3 102.5 119.5 140.6 167.1 186.8

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.4

4.6 6.3 7.8 9.8 12.0 15.1 18.7 22.9 27.2 32.5 39.3 47.0 54.9 64.8 76.4 88.4 101.8 117.6 136.7

0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5

3.5 4.3 5.5 6.7 8.1 10.0 12.5 15.2 18.2 21.7 25.6 30.4 36.3 42.1 47.6 54.5 63.4 74.1 83.8

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4

2.8 3.4 4.0 5.1 6.2 7.4 9.1 11.2 13.6 16.4 19.3 23.2 26.2 31.3 36.1 41.1 47.2 54.4 61.7

0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5

2.1 2.6 3.0 3.7 4.3 5.2 6.1 7.7 9.2 11.3 13.2 15.2 17.5 20.1 23.7 27.4 31.7 35.6 39.9

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5

1.2 1.5 1.7 2.2 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.4 7.3 8.3 9.8 11.2 12.9 14.6 16.8 19.9 22.4 24.5

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.5

D



Article

Table 6. continued Pa, vapor pressures (kPa), absorbent: potassium formate + glycerol (M = 4) w = 0.375

w = 0.500

w = 0.625

w = 0.688

w = 0.750

w = 0.813

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

408.15 413.15 418.15 423.15 428.15 433.15 438.15 443.15 448.15 453.15

216.2 248.1 283.3 322.4 365.2 415.6 468.5 524.7 588.3 657.1

0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8

156.9 179.3 204.2 230.8 261.6 294.7 330.4 369.6 411.5 458.5

0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8

97.3 108.9 124.6 139.7 157.9 177.8 196.8 220.7 245.1 271.9

0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0

70.8 80.6 90.3 101.4 111.7 125.3 139.6 155.4 172.4 190.8

0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9

45.7 51.9 58.6 66.2 74.5 82.7 91.3 101.8 112.5 124.9

0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9

28.6 32.2 36.1 40.2 43.8 49.5 53.8 60.8 66.9 73.4

0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1

a

Standard uncertainties are u(T) = 0.1 K and u(w) = 0.001. The standard uncertainties for Pressure u(P) are given in the table. M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to glycerol in the absorbent. w = Mass fraction of absorbent in absorbent−water mixture.

Table 7. Vapour Pressure (Pa, kPa) of Potassium Formate + Propylene Glycol + Water (M = 3), at Various Concentrations and Temperature (Ta, Kelvin) Range (313.15 to 453.15 K)a Pa, vapor pressures (kPa), absorbent: potassium formate + propylene glycol (M = 3) w = 0.400

w = 0.533

w = 0.667

w = 0.733

w = 0.800

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 363.15 368.15 373.15 378.15 383.15 388.15 393.15 398.15 403.15 408.15 413.15 418.15 423.15 428.15 433.15 438.15 443.15 448.15 453.15

5.6 7.1 9.3 11.6 14.8 18.6 22.7 28.1 33.7 41.3 49.9 59.4 71.1 84.3 99.3 116.2 134.6 155.7 178.9 206.4 236.6 270.0 299.7 348.0 389.7 439.5 495.2 553.4 616.6

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0

4.7 5.6 7.3 9.4 11.7 14.3 17.5 21.1 26.5 31.6 37.4 44.7 52.2 61.7 72.6 83.9 98.2 111.5 129.1 146.5 167.1 188.5 213.7 240.1 269.4 301.8 336.3 374.0 414.7

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1

3.4 4.1 5.2 6.3 7.6 9.4 11.5 13.9 16.8 19.9 23.8 27.6 33.4 38.4 44.3 51.3 59.1 67.5 76.9 88.2 98.7 110.6 124.0 138.5 154.8 171.7 190.5 210.7 232.8

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9

2.5 3.0 3.8 4.6 5.9 7.1 9.2 10.7 12.6 15.2 17.3 20.3 24.5 27.9 31.9 37.0 42.0 47.5 54.7 60.7 69.0 77.4 86.5 96.2 107.1 119.2 131.4 144.7 159.6

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.9

1.7 2.3 2.8 3.2 4.0 4.7 5.6 7.0 8.2 10.2 11.3 13.5 16.2 18.5 21.5 24.1 27.8 30.8 35.1 39.7 44.1 49.1 54.9 61.8 67.8 75.7 82.9 91.0 100.4

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9


(%AARD) between the measured values and the literature values is 1.16% thus verifying our experimental procedure. The vapor pressure of potassium formate + water for the temperature range 313.15 to 453.15 K with composition (75% w/w of potassium formate) was also measured and compared with the calculated vapor pressure of potassium formate + water at same composition from the empirical equation given in the

water solutions was done by measuring the vapor pressure of water and compared with vapor pressure of water estimated from IAPWS-IF97 equations.22 The vapor pressures of water at various temperature measured in this work were in good agreement with the vapor pressure of water estimated from IAPWS-IF97 equations as given in Table S2 in Supporting Information. The percentage absolute average relative deviation E



Article

Table 8. Vapour Pressure (Pa,kPa) of Potassium Formate + Glycerol + Water (M = 3), at Various Concentrations and Temperature (Ta, Kelvin) Range (313.15 to 453.15 K)a Pa, vapor pressures (kPa), absorbent: potassium formate + propylene glycerol (M = 3) w = 0.400

w = 0.533

w = 0.667

w = 0.733

w = 0.800

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 363.15 368.15 373.15 378.15 383.15 388.15 393.15 398.15 403.15 408.15 413.15 418.15 423.15 428.15 433.15 438.15 443.15 448.15 453.15

5.3 7.1 9.3 11.4 14.7 18.3 23.2 28.3 34.5 41.3 49.8 60.2 71.4 84.1 98.6 116.2 135.1 156.5 181.4 209.1 241.4 274.6 313.0 354.8 400.4 451.8 508.9 569.3 636.9

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.2

4.3 5.6 7.1 8.9 11.3 14.4 17.5 21.8 25.8 31.5 36.7 43.9 50.6 60.9 70.6 83.1 96.8 110.7 127.5 145.5 166.4 189.4 216.2 243.9 274.8 308.8 344.9 385.4 428.0

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1

3.1 4.0 4.8 5.8 7.2 8.9 11.3 12.9 15.8 19.4 22.7 27.3 30.8 36.1 42.0 48.4 56.3 64.1 73.5 84.2 95.4 107.2 120.9 136.2 151.8 169.6 188.2 209.0 231.2

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0

2.3 3.0 3.6 4.5 5.5 6.4 7.8 9.4 11.1 13.2 15.8 18.3 21.2 25.0 29.3 33.2 37.9 43.5 49.2 55.6 63.2 70.8 78.5 88.4 101.1 113.3 125.1 138.4 152.5

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.9

1.5 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.4 4.2 5.1 6.0 7.1 8.2 9.7 10.8 12.5 14.6 16.8 20.4 22.5 25.7 30.0 34.2 38.1 42.2 46.8 52.6 60.1 65.8 72.7 80.5 88.9

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1


where P is the system pressure; γ1 is the liquid phase activity coefficient of water, x1 is the mole fraction of water in the liquid phase; Psat 1 is the saturation vapor pressure of pure water estimated using IAPWS-IF97;22 γ2 is the liquid phase activity coefficient of propylene glycol or glycerol; x2 is the mole fraction of propylene glycol or glycerol in the liquid phase; Psat 2 is the saturation vapor pressure of pure propylene glycol or glycerol24,25 as given in eqs 2 and 3, respectively. The NRTL model10,23 is used to calculate γ1, γ2, and P at various temperatures.

literature reported by James14 with an percentage absolute average relative deviation of (% AARD) of 2.67%. Each experimental value is an arithmetic mean of three independent measurements. 2.3. Thermodynamic Framework of NRTL Model for Ternary System. The reported experimental data was correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid model (NRTL)10,23 by (Renon, Prausnitz J. M., 1968) is an activity coefficient model that correlates the activity coefficients γi of a compound i with its mole fractions xi in the liquid phase concerned, for temperature (313.15 to 453.15 K). In Potassium formate + propylene glycol + water and potassium formate + glycerol + water ternary systems the saturated vapor pressure of potassium formate salt is negligible. Hence, the vapor phase is assumed to be essentially that of pure water vapor and at higher temperature the vapor phase also consists of propylene gycol or glycerol. As, potassium formate and propylene glycol/glycerol are nonvolatile, the vapor phase is mainly composed of water as refrigerant vapor. Hence to model the vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE), we used the following equation. The total vapor pressure for these ternary solutions are as follows. P = x1γ1P1sat + x 2γ2P2sat

i B yz zz log10P(bar) = A − jjj kT + C {

(2)

where, A = 6.07936, B = 2692.187 and C = −17.94 are the coefficients by NIST24 for pure propylene glycol at temperature range T (Kelvin) 318.7 to 461.4 K in eq 2 ln P(kPa) = A ln(T ) +

B + C + (DT 2) T

(3)

where, A = −21.25867, B = −16726.26, C = 165.5099, D = 1.100480 × 10−5 are the coefficients by CHERIC25 for pure glycerol at temperature range T (Kelvin) 290.15 to 723.00 K in eq 3 The experimental vapor pressure for ternary solutions potassium formate (3) + propyene glycol (2) + water (1) and potassium formate (3) + glycerol(2) + water (1) were measured.

(1) F



Article

Table 9. Vapour Pressure (Pa, kPa) of Potassium Formate + Propylene Glycol + Water (M = 2), at Various Concentrations and Temperature (Ta, Kelvin) Range (313.15 to 453.15 K)a Pa, vapor pressures (kPa) absorbent: potassium formate + propylene glycol (M = 2) w = 0.450

w = 0.600

w = 0.750

w = 0.825

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 363.15 368.15 373.15 378.15 383.15 388.15 393.15 398.15 403.15 408.15 413.15 418.15 423.15 428.15 433.15 438.15 443.15 448.15 453.15

5.3 6.6 8.3 10.6 13.4 16.4 20.8 25.1 30.5 37.0 44.4 53.1 62.2 74.1 86.5 101.1 117.4 135.7 156.0 178.8 202.7 232.2 263.7 298.8 336.5 380.2 423.7 471.9 525.6

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9

3.8 4.8 6.4 7.7 9.4 11.5 14.5 17.5 20.9 24.6 29.7 35.1 40.8 46.9 54.7 64.3 74.2 84.2 96.8 110.3 124.6 141.5 160.6 179.8 204.3 221.8 250.3 275.3 305.4

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

2.3 2.9 3.6 4.4 5.4 6.5 7.3 8.6 10.4 12.6 15.0 17.7 20.8 23.3 27.5 31.5 35.3 39.9 45.6 52.0 60.1 65.8 72.8 80.8 89.8 100.2 111.0 122.3 134.8

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

1.6 1.9 2.3 2.9 3.2 4.0 4.5 5.3 6.7 8.0 9.1 10.3 12.2 14.3 16.4 18.8 21.2 24.1 26.9 30.8 34.3 37.4 41.7 46.6 52.6 57.8 63.8 69.7 76.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1

a

Standard uncertainties are u(T) = 0.1 K and u(w) = 0.001. The standard uncertainties for pressure u(P) are given in the table. M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to propylene glycol in the absorbent. w = Mass fraction of absorbent in absorbent−water mixture.

Table 10. Vapour Pressure (P a,kPa) of Potassium Formate + Glycerol + Water (M = 2), at Various Concentrations and Temperature (Ta, Kelvin) Range (313.15 to 453.15 K)a Pa,vapor pressures (kPa), absorbent: potassium formate + glycerol (M = 2) w = 0.450

w = 0.600

w = 0.750

w = 0.825

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 363.15 368.15 373.15 378.15 383.15 388.15 393.15 398.15 403.15 408.15 413.15 418.15

5.1 6.5 8.8 11.1 14.3 17.9 21.8 27.0 32.8 39.3 47.3 56.7 68.1 79.4 93.8 108.9 127.6 148.3 170.9 197.1 225.8 258.8

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8

3.9 4.8 6.4 7.7 9.5 12.3 15.3 18.8 23.2 25.7 32.0 36.8 44.9 51.5 60.6 70.8 81.3 94.8 108.1 124.7 141.8 162.3

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7

2.6 3.1 3.8 4.6 5.8 6.5 8.2 9.3 11.5 13.2 15.8 19.2 21.4 25.1 29.3 33.7 38.5 44.1 50.3 55.8 63.1 72.9

0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8

1.5 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.2 4.1 4.6 5.1 6.6 7.4 8.8 10.1 11.3 13.4 14.9 17.3 20.2 22.4 25.9 30.2 33.5 38.1

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7

G



Article

Table 10. continued Pa,vapor pressures (kPa), absorbent: potassium formate + glycerol (M = 2) w = 0.450

w = 0.600

w = 0.750

w = 0.825

T (K)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

P (kPa)

u(P) (kPa)

423.15 428.15 433.15 438.15 443.15 448.15 453.15

294.7 332.9 376.7 426.1 479.5 535.6 605.0

0.7 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.2

184.3 207.6 233.2 260.7 292.0 324.4 361.6

0.8 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2

81.7 91.3 100.8 113.4 126.3 140.2 154.1

0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9

42.5 47.6 52.9 59.6 65.3 71.4 80.7

0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9

a

Standard uncertainties are u(T) = 0.1 K and u(w) = 0.001. The standard uncertainties for pressure u(P) are given in the table. M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to propylene glycol in the absorbent. w = Mass fraction of absorbent in absorbent−water mixture.

Figure 4. Bubble pressure of the solution potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2) + water (HCOOK/ C3H8O2 with mass ratios = 2) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature) correlated by the NRTL model (continuous lines represent model correlation): (+) w = 0.450; (▲) w = 0.600; (■) w = 0.750; (×) w = 0.825; w = mass fraction of potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2).

Figure 2. Bubble pressure of the solution potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2) + water (HCOOK/C3H8O2 with mass ratios = 4) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature) correlated by NRTL model (continuous lines represent model correlation): (+) w = 0.375; (▲) w = 0.500; (■) w = 0.625; (×) w = 0.688; (⧫) w = 0.750; (●) w = 0.813; w = mass fraction of potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2).

n

ln(γi) =

∑ j = 1 xjτjiGji n ∑k = 1 xkGki

n

+

xjGij n j = 1 ∑k = 1 xkGkj

∑

n ij y jjτ − ∑m = 1 xmτmjGmj zzz jj ij z n j ∑k = 1 xkGkj zz k {

(4)

(i = 1,2) Gij = exp( −αijτij) τij = Cij +

(5)

Dij T

(6)

where i is the species index and xi is the mole fraction of species i in the system, respectively; αij is the nonrandomness factor (fixed at 0.3 in this study); τij is the binary interaction energy parameter in which Cij and Dij are the temperature coefficients of τij.

Figure 3. Bubble pressure of the solution potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2) + water (HCOOK/C3H8O2 with mass ratios = 3) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature) correlated by NRTL model (continuous lines represent model correlation): (+) w = 0.400; (▲) w = 0.533; (■) w = 0.667; (×) w = 0.733; (⧫) w = 0.800; w = mass fraction of potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Solubility, Density, and Viscosity Data. The solubility, density, and viscosity were determined for varying compositions of potassium formate + propylene glycol/glycerol + water as mentioned in Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 respectively. The crystallization temperature for varying compositions are mentioned below in Table 2, the solution crystallizes for

The activity coefficients in the ternary solutions are given as follows23 H



Article

Figure 5. Bubble pressure of the solution potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3) + water (HCOOK/C3H8O3 with mass ratios = 4) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature) correlated by the NRTL model (continuous lines represent model correlation): (+) w = 0.375; (▲) w = 0.500; (■) w = 0.625; (×) w = 0.688; (⧫) w = 0.750; (●) w = 0.813; w = mass fraction of potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3).

Figure 7. Bubble pressure of the solution potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3) + water (HCOOK/C3H8O3 with mass ratios = 2) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature) correlated by NRTL model (continuous lines represent model correlation): (+) w = 0.450; (▲) w = 0.600; (■) w = 0.750; (×) w = 0.825; w = mass fraction of potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3).

Figure 8. (P1/P2) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature), where P1 = bubble pressure of potassium formate (HCOOK) + propylene glycol (C3H8O2) + water system with (HCOOK/C3H8O2 mass ratio = 2) and P2 = bubble pressure of potassium formate (HCOOK) + water system, at same mass fraction of HCOOK = 0.75 in aqueous HCOOK solution.

Figure 6. Bubble pressure of the solution potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3) + water (HCOOK/C3H8O3 with mass ratios = 3) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature) correlated by NRTL model (continuous lines represent model correlation): (+) w = 0.400; (▲) w = 0.533; (■) w = 0.667; (×) w = 0.733; (⧫) w = 0.800; w = mass fraction of potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3).

In practice, α (alpha) values are often fixed as constants (0.2 or 0.3) for aqueous systems,23 whereas the temperature coefficients τij values are obtained by data fitting. The percentage absolute average relative deviation (% AARD) predicted from experimental vapor pressure of potassium formate + propylene glycol + water for mass ratio = 2, 3, and 4 of potassium formate/propylene glycol is 1.35% for the NRTL model. The percentage absolute average relative deviation (% AARD) predicted from experimental vapor pressure of potassium formate + glycerol + water for mass ratio = 2, 3, 4 of potassium formate/glycerol is 1.65% for the NRTL model. The graphical representation of the vapor liquid equilibrium data is shown in Figures 2−9. Regressed values of temperature coefficients of the NRTL model with nonrandom factor αij = 0.3 are given in Table 11 and Table 12.

temperature below the crystallization temperature at specified compositions. 3.2. Vapor Pressure Measurements. The vapor pressures were measured following the procedure mentioned in Apparatus and Experimental Procedure section for (p−T−x) data of potassium formate + propylene glycol + water and potassium formate + glycerol + water, carried out at various temperatures and compositions. The vapor pressure measurement (p−T−x) data are given in Tables 5−10. The temperature coefficients of τij given as Cij and Dij were determined by data fitting NRTL program in Scilab (5.5.1) by minimizing following objective function eq 7. ÅÄÅ N ÑÉ ÅÅ ij Pi ,exp − Pi ,cal yz2 ÑÑÑ ÅÅ jj z zz ÑÑÑÑ F = ÅÅ∑ jj zz ÑÑ ÅÅ j P i ,exp ÅÅÇ 1 k { ÑÑÖ (7)

%AARD = I

100 Np

ji |Pexp − Pcal| zyz zz zz Pexp k {

∑ jjjjj

(8)



Article

experimental data. The ternary systems have low crystallization temperature. The measured vapor pressure data sets and the correlation results can be used to give the required thermodynamic data for the detailed system design.

■

ASSOCIATED CONTENT

S Supporting Information *

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.8b00742. (Table S1) Crystallization temperature, T (K) of various LiBr + H2O solutions at pressure (P) = 0.1 MPa and comparison with literature data21; (Table-S2) experimental vapor pressures of pure water (Pe) and comparison with calculated vapor pressures (Pc) from the IAPWS-IF97 equations.22 (PDF)

■

Figure 9. (P1/P2) vs (1/T) × 102 (Kelvin) (T = temperature), where P1 = bubble pressure of potassium formate (HCOOK) + glycerol (C3H8O3) + water system with (HCOOK/C3H8O3 mass ratio = 2) and P2 = bubble pressure of potassium formate (HCOOK) + water system, at same mass fraction of HCOOK = 0.75 in aqueous HCOOK solution.

*E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID

Pallavi Parab: 0000-0001-8920-2263 Sunil Bhagwat: 0000-0002-1710-299X

Table 11. Regressed Values of Temperature Coefficients of τij NRTL Model with Nonrandom Factor αij = 0.3 for Potassium Formate + Propylene Glycol + Water (M = 4, 3, and 2)a binary systems

ij

Cij

Dij

potassium formate (1) + propylene glycol (2)

12 21 12 21 12 21

−2342.6 1542.2 -6.2 2.9 −6.6 1793.2

-229.5 −491.6 1020.8 417.4 1143.5 220.4

potassium formate (1) + water (2) propylene glycol (1) + water (2)

Funding

This work was supported by Rajiv Gandhi Science and Technology Commission (Government of Maharashtra) [Grant No. RGSTC/file-08/DPP-015/12]. Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

■

Table 12. Regressed Values of Temperature Coefficients of τij NRTL Model with Nonrandom Factor αij = 0.3 for Potassium Formate + Glycerol + Water (M = 4, 3, and 2)a ij

Cij

Dij

potassium formate (1) + glycerol (2)

12 21 12 21 12 21

-519.75 18.64 -7.44 8.41 2.90 -935.74

-20.92 -6986.54 1421.53 -3015.32 -994.12 23.84

potassium formate (1) + water (2) glycerol (1) + water (2)

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a M = Mass ratio of potassium formate to propylene glycol in the absorbent.

binary systems

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

a

M = Mass Ratio of potassium formate to glycerol in the absorbent

4. CONCLUSIONS Thermophysical properties of ternary systems potassium formate + propylene glycol + water and potassium formate + glycerol + water with the mass fraction of absorbent species from 0.4 to 0.8 and varying mass ratio (potassium formate/propylene glycol and potassium formate/glycerol with mass ratios = 4, 3, and 2) have been studied for air-conditioning application purposes as a new potential working fluid pair for absorption refrigeration system. The solubilities, vapor pressures, densities, and viscosities were measured for potassium formate + propylene glycol + water and potassium formate + glycerol + water. The vapor pressure experimental data reported in this paper was correlated with the NRTL model for the temperature range (313.15 to 453.15 K) which is in good agreement with the J



Article

1-Butyl-3-Methyl Imidazolium Chloride in Lithium Bromide Aqueous Solutions and Their Corresponding Binary Systems at 298.15K. CALPHAD: Comput. Coupling Phase Diagrams Thermochem. 2013, 40, 16−23. (12) Królikowska, M.; Paduszyński, K.; Królikowski, M.; Lipiński, P.; Antonowicz, J. Vapor−Liquid Phase Equilibria and Excess Thermal Properties of Binary Mixtures of Ethylsulfate-Based Ionic Liquids with Water: New Experimental Data, Correlations, and Predictions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, 18316−18325. (13) Atkinson, S. Vapor Absorbent Compositions Comprising Potassium Formate. 1998, US Patent 5,846,450. (14) James, S. A New Working Fluid “Potassium Formate” for Use in Absorption Heat Pumps. Ms.Ph., Thesis, The University of Nottingham, 1998. (15) Melinder, A. Thermophysical Properties of Aqueous Solutions Used as Secondary Working Fluids, Ph.D. Thesis, KTH Energy and Environmental Technology, 2007. (16) Beyer, R.; Steiger, M. Vapor Pressure Measurements of NaHCOO + H2O and KHCOO + H2O from 278 to 308 K and Representation with an Ion Interaction (Pitzer) Model. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2010, 55, 830−838. (17) Takalkar, G. Simulation and Experimental Study of Heat Based Refrigeration Cycles, Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India, 2013. (18) Elmer, T. A Novel SOFC Tri-Generation System for Building Applications, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. (19) Cabot. Solubility in Non-Aqueous Solvents http://formatebrine. com/download/i/mark_dl/u/1351517/11260009/ FORMATEMANUAL_B14_Solubility_in_Non-Aqueous_Solvents. pdf (accessed October, 11th 2018). (20) Oen, K. An Experimental Study of Potassium Formate as a Potential Gas Hydrate Inhibitor in a Vertical Pipe. Master Thesis, Norwegian University of Science & Technology, 2017. (21) Salavera, D.; Esteve, X.; Patil, K. R.; Mainar, A. M.; Coronas, A. Solubility, Heat Capacity, and Density of Lithium Bromide + Lithium Iodide + Lithium Nitrate + Lithium Chloride Aqueous Solutions at Several Compositions and Temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49, 613−619. (22) Wagner, W.; et al. The IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 2000, 122, 150−182. (23) Prausnitz, J. M., Lichtenthaler, R. N., de Azevedo, E. G. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria, 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998. (24) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Propylene Glycol. NIST Chemistry WebBook, S. 69, 2017; https://webbook.nist. gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C57556&Mask=4&Type=ANTOINE&Plot= on (accessed April 10th 2018). (25) Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. Pure Component Properties https://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/ showcoef.php?cmpid=912&prop=PVP (accessed April 10th 2018).

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Thermophysical Properties of Ternary Systems Potassium Formate +

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