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Environ. Sci. Technol. 1984, 18, 333-337. Received for review August 11, 1987. Accepted April 18, 1988. This work was supported by The Academy of Finland.
NOTES Total Organic Carbon Concentrations in Acidic Lakes in Southern Norway? Arne Henriksen,” David F. Brakke, and Stephen A. Norton Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Postboks 33, Blindern, 03 13
w Regional surveys in Norway demonstrate that most of the lakes have low concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC); 60% of the lakes had TOC < 2 mg/L and 90% had TOC < 6 mg/L. There was no apparent relationship between lake water pH and TOC. For the 1005 lakes sampled throughout Norway in 1986, organic anions represent 6 mg/L might be classed humic colored, although the characteristic yellow-brown color of humic lakes is niost noticeable a t higher concentrations of TOC. The same report ( 4 ) used by Krug et al. (5) also contained measurements of TOC for some of the lakes. These
Chemical Society
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1103
Table 1. Stepwise Multiple Regressions of Strong Acid (SA) against BC, SO4*,NO3, and TOC step 1 variable cumulative %
step 2
step 3
step 4
BC
Sod*
TOC
NOS
62.6
92.4
92.7
92.8
100
Alkalinity Organic anions
0Nitrate 0 8l"e rearrater
z
,
2
3
4
5
Green
Yellowgieen
Yellow brown
Brawn
Dsrr brown
Nonmarine sulfate
P
._
m C r
Color
Figure 1. The relationship of visual color appearance to TOC measurements for lakes in southern Norway. Data from ref 4.
._5
50
5a 2
measurements and calculated anion deficits are far better estimates of the possible organic contributions to acidity than are visual colors; the latter can be affected by many factors, including the surrounding landscape and the color of the sky on the day of sampling. Although there is a tendency for increasing TOC with color groups, a considerable range of TOC concentrations was found for color groups 2-5 (Figure 1). Krug et al. (5) defined only the blue lakes (visual appearance = 0) as clear water lakes. Many additional lakes, especially those appearing green, had low TOC (6 mg/L. Krug et al. ( 5 ) also stated that a "disproportionately large percentage of the low ionic strength waters in 'sensitive' regions are humic colored". This is not demonstrated by recent data from a survey of 1005 lakes throughout Norway conducted in 1986 (7). Many of these lakes were sampled by the earlier surveys, and all had surface areas >0.2 km2. More complete chemistry is available than from earlier surveys, including TOC and labile aluminum for all the lakes. TOC was measured by an Astro Model 2850 TOC/TC analyzer. For the 1986 survey, 60% of the lakes had TOC 6 mg/L) ranged from 8% of the lakes with pH 5.5), strong acids will be negative, while acidic lakes will have positive values of strong acids. The charge (valence) of labile aluminum will be a function of pH, ranging from 3+ a t a pH of 4 to 0 a t a pH of 5. For practical reasons a valence of 3+ was used in the following analyses. 1104
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0
0
4.0
50
60
70
pH-range
Flgure 2. Percentage composition of anions in 1005 lakes sampled in 1986 throughout Norway (7)divided into seven pH classes (4.0-C4.5, 4 . 5 4 5 . 0 , 5.0-
