Viscosity Measurements on Chemically Modified Celluloses

RESEARCH RESULTS . . . immediately

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Ms. No. Price

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The Crushing Efficiency in Relation to Some Operational Variables and Material Constants. An experimentally con-

The Influence of Reaction Paramelers on the Disproportionation of Tetralin Catalyzed by HF-BF3. T h e reaction path

firmed model can be proved to give maximum crushing efficiency, when some requirement for the operational variables and material constants is specified. A relationship between the model and size distribution of crushed product is developed.

was extremely sensitive to change in temperature, contact time, and catalyst concentration. Best results were a t 50' with a 90-minute reaction time. Conversion reached about 70% within 30 minutes. Other cocatalysts were tried, but boron trifluoride gave best results.

Akira Suzuki and Tatsuo Tanaka, Hokkaido Uniuersity, Sapporo, Japan Ms. 6 6 - 5 3 7

2 6 pages ( 7 j g u r e s )

Ronald D. Bushick, Sun Ozl Company

20 fiages (6 figures, 3 tables)

Nonsubscribers $6.00

Viscosity Measurements on Chemically Modified Celluloses.

produce fertilizers containing 50 to 60% plant food. Potassium chloride can be added during granulation to give three component grades. For minimum equipment, urea plant should be adjacent. Dryer design is critical.

W. B. Achwal and T . V . Narayan, University of Bombay, India

14pages (3 tables)

R. S. Meline, G. C. Hicks, T . IM. Kelso, and IM. M . Norton, Tennessee Valley Authority

Subscri beis $2.00 Nonsubscribers 84.00

1 ~

The Thermal Degradation of Epoxide Resins. A Critical Review. Covers literature up to July 1966, under the headings:

Heat Aging Studies, Thermo-oxidative Degradation, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Differential Thermal Analysis, Pyrolysis in Vacuo, and Hot-wire Pyrolysis. Degradation mechanisms are critically discussed. Suggestions for further work are inciuaea.

. . . .

D. P. Bishop and D. A. Smith, College of Aeronautics, Cranjeld, Bedford, England MS. 67-2

Subscribers $3.00

Ms. 67-18

Subscribers 54.00

35pages ( G j g u r e s , 2 tables)


I The Optimal Design of Multiple-Effect Evaporalors with Vapo Bleed Streams. Dynamic programming has been applied to

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establish optimal design procedures for multiple-effect systems employing condensate and vapor bleeds for preheat. A diagram of asystem of this type is included.

Sei$ Itahara and Leonard I . Stiel, Syracuse b'niversity Ms. 6 7 - 2 2

Subscribers 53.00 Nonsubscribers $6.00

24Pages ( 7 table)

Varia tion of local void fraction in randomly packed beds of equilateral cylinders. The minimal local void fraction was about one half the minimal local void fraction in beds of equal spheres. T h e distance of this minimum from the wall is greater in beds of cylinders than of spheres. Heat and Mass Transfer i n Heterogeneous Catalysis.

Anomalous Osmosis in Dialysis of Acids wilh Anion Exchange Membranes. Anomalous negative osmosis-i.e., flow of sol-

vent opposite in direction to the usual osmotic flow-was measured for four acids with an anion exchange membrane. Its significance in the dialysis separation of acids from polyelectrolytes and salts is discussed.

R. D.Hansen and M. L. Anderson, Daw Chemical Company

P. Kondelik, J . Horak, and J. Tesarova, Technical University, Prague, Czechoslovakia

MS.67-26

M s . 67-76

7 6 p a g e s (dfig1198s, 3 tables)

9 pages (4figures)

Nonsubscribers 64.00

Developments in Production of Granular Urea-Ammonium Phosphate Fertilizers. Cogranulation is an attractive way to

Comparison of degree of polymerization values show that differences in alkalinity of solvents has little effect. Values for different modified celluloses varied considerably, depending on the acid and alkali sensitivity of functional groups formed.

MS.6 6 - 5 3 8

Subscribers 62.00

M s . 67-77

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(Continued on page 84) VOL. 5 9

NO. 4

APRIL 1 9 6 7

83

RESEARCH RESULTS Studies on Perforated-Plate, liquid-liquid Extraction lowers. Effect of Plate-Spacing System: Methyl Isobutyl KetoneMass transfer data are interpreted in Butyric Acid-Water.

terms of overall mass transfer coefficients, heights of transfer units, and plate efficiencies. Overall H T U data are satisfactorily correlated bvith Colburn's equations. A modified Treybal correlation is used for better agreement between experimental and calculated efficiency data.

Feedback, lime-Optimum Process Controllers. A study of feedback, time-optimum, bang-bang switching controllers with emphasis on practical design characteristics. Controllers are tested on plant simulations and on a real process involving temperature control. Chattering problem overcome with no sacrifice in performance.

P. R. Latour, L. B. Koppel, and D . R. Coughanow, Purdue C'niversity

R. Krishna Muriy and C. Venkata Rao, Andhra University, U'aliair, India

h f s . 67-39

Ms. 67-27

29 pages (12Jgures)

33 pages ( l Z f i g u r e s , 2 tables)

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sors of the relative Finger tensor are related to Rivlin-Ericksen tensors. I t is shoivn that Coleman gi h-011's integral-type constitutive equation is approximated by the differential type. When expressed by the Finger tensor it explains data on normal stresses better than the Cauchy-Green tensor.

Radial Migration of Particles in Hagen-Poiseuille Flow. T h e Kutta-Joukowski theory of lift is used to derive the transverse force on a particle in a shear field. When particle and suspending medium densities are equal, it is shown that the particles \vi11 migrate into a n annulus of radius 0.58R.

R. T . Balmer, L'niuersiiy of Virginia

Evaporation rates of \vater, isopropyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, and toluene have been examined at various liquid temperatures, times of exposure and back pressures of vapor, using the jet tensimeter. Results agree satisfactorily with thermal gradient calculations, making the assumption that the evaporation coefficient is unity. Evaporation Coefficient of liquids.

Jer Xu M a u , Rochester Institute of Technology Ms.

Y. IVakajima, K . Gotoh, and T . Tanaka, Hokkaido C'niaersit;', Sapporo, Japan M s . 67-30

67-42

56 pages ( 2 4 j g u r e s , 7 tables)

Describes an experimental study of factors influencing oxidation rate of catechol to cis,&-muconic acid using ozone, and mentions additional studies suggested for the improved use of oxygen or peracetic acid as the oxidizing agent.

Research Expenditures: Evaluation Using Triangular Distribution Functions and Monte Carlo Methods. Proposed procedure for evaluation of neiv research expenditures for promising

projects determines present worth of entire program and its commercial implementation. I t offers a more substantial basis for project evaluation than combinations of single cstimates based on varying dcsrees of optimism and pcssimism.

Frank B . S ~ O Z Esso L , Research and En'ngineering Cornpan]~

Lemuel B. Wingard, Jr., and Robert K . Finn, Cornell Universiiy

Ms. 67-43

M s . 67-31

75Pages ( d j g u r e s , 7 table)

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T h e relationship between point and tray efficiency has been developed for partial mixing of the liquid and no mixing of the vapor. T h e principal application is to systems \vith point efficiencies greater than about 0.80.

mechanism, and orientation of paraffin wax crystals; degree of modification by certain chemical additives; nucleation and growth mechanisms of wax crystals o n a single crystal basis.

M s . 67-46

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54pages ( 2 3 j i f u r e s , 7 fable)

Jessen, L'niuersiij of Texas Subscribers 86.00 ,Tonsubscribers 572.00

AVonsubscribers $6.00

Enthalpy Concentration Diagram for Methyl Alcohol-Chloroform System at One Atmosphere. Composition a t equilibrium

Oxidation of Methane to Formaldehyde in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Marked increases in formaldehyde yield have not

temperature and enthalpy of saturated liquid and vapor can be easily evaluated from diagram, drawn over a 25' to 100' C. range. Data will interest cellulose acetate-based industry where methanol-chloroform mixtures are used.

been obtained from homogeneously catalyzed methane oxidation a t high temperatures by employing a fluidized heating bed medium. Greater reactivity of hydroxy radicals toivard formaldehyde must always lead simultaneously to further oxidation of this intermediate product.

M . K . Ghosh and A . Chatterjee, Indian Institute of Bombay, India

B. H . McConkey and P. R. Wilkinson, ICIANZ Ltd., Victoria, Australia

M s . 67-35 7 7 #ages (3Jgures)

84


X-Ray and Electron Microscope Studies of Nucleation, Modincation, and Growth of Paraffin Cryslals in Hydrocarbon Systems. 4 detailed srudy to determine structure, crystallization

Mouiaz Chzchakli and Frank .'bF David A. Diener, E m Research and Engineering Company

2 2 p a g e s (2)gures, 3 tables)

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iVonsubscribers 86.00

Calculation of Effect of Vapor Mixing on Tray Efficiency.

M S . 67-33

Subscribers $6.00 dVonsubscribers 912.00

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Oxidation of Catechol to ck,cis-Muconic Acid with Ozone.

2 1 pages ( 5 f i g u e s )

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Subscribers 52.00 Nonsubscribers $4.00

On-Line Particle Size Analyzer. Deals with new instruments for on-line measurement of particle fineness. Experimental results show that average particle size can be continuously detected within about 10-15 seconds, and the cumulative oversize distribution curve obtained in less than one minute.

23@ages (10lfgures)

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M s . 67-40

6 pages

Ryo Nakamura and iVaoya Yoshioka, Kyoto Universiiy

7 6 pages



O n the Rate of the Relative Finger Tensor. Its Appliealion to the Constitutive Equations of Viscoelastic Fluids. Rate ten-

Ms. 67-29

Subscribers 53.00

Technology,

Subscribers 32.00 h'onsubscribers $4.00

INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

Ms. 67-47 78 pages

Subscribers 52.00 n'oirsubscribws 54.00

RESEARCH RESULTS Predicting Air Stabilities of Stabilized Polypropylene for Product Quality Control. Rapid estimates are possible, using

Steady-State Distillation Calculations Using Tangential V-L-E Approximations. A procedure is described which calculates

induction times determined above melting temperature by differential thermal analysis. A correlation is presented which permits prediction of days to failure,in airyat 150° C. The DTA technique is also a sensitive indicator of stabilizer dispersion.

the steady-state component distribution in a continuous-type distillation column, and simultaneously generates vaporliquid composition expressions which can be used in a subsequent study of column transients.

Edzoard C. Sebesta and Howard F. Rase, University of Texas

Richard A . Eckhart and Arthur Rose, T h e Pennsylvania State University

Ms. 67-48

M s . 67-44

20 pages (dJgures, 6 tables)

Subscribers $2.00 A'onsubscribers $4.00

Mass Transfer in the Flow of Gases Through Packed Beds: l o w Reynolds Number Region. Study restricted to gas phase

mass transfer associated with evaporation of water and heavy hydrocarbons from surface of Celite catalyst carriers, in air. An improved equation was derived, capable of representing mass transfer behavior in low Reynolds region and the high Reynolds region as well.

L. J . Petrovic and George Thodos, Northwestern University M S . 67-49 2 3 p a g e s ( g j g u r e s , 2 tables)

Subscribers $3.00

Subscribers 82.00 Nonsubscribers 34.00

7 9 p a g e s ( 2 j g u r e s , 1 table)

Self-Diffusion in liquid Carbon Dioxide and Propane. Tracer self-diffusion measurements are reported for liquid carbon dioxide and propane. Experimental values are given a t reduced temperatures of 0.80, 0.90, and 0.97, and pressures up to 182 atm. Data are correlated in corresponding-states form and compared with various theories of diffusion in liquids.

Richard C. Robinson and Warren E. Stewart, University of Wisconsin Subscribers 84.00

M s . 67-65 36Pages ( S j g u r e s , 3 tables)


iVonsubscribers $6.00 Diffusion of Dissolved Gases in Molten Condensation Polymers.

Pressure Fluctuations in a Fluidized Bed with and without Screen Cylindrical Packings. Pressure fluctuations were ana-

lyzed by a current spectral technique to yield root-mean-square fluctuations, probability density, and normalized power spectral density functions. A substantial decrease of the amplitude of fluctuations \tith packings was observed.

W . K . Kang, J . P. Sutherland, and G . L. Osberg, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada

M S . 67-50 2 5 p a g e s ( G j g u r e s , 2 tables)

Nonsubscribers 86.00

Proposed method can be used for nonlinear and fairly complex systems. Sensitivity of desired parameters to errors in initial integrals can be compensated for by obtaining a greater portion of the data points during the rapidly changing stage of the concentration-time curve.

D . M . Himmelblau, C. Jones, and K . E. Bischoff, University of Texas

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2 0 p a g e s ( 4 tables)

iM. E. Morrison, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Subscribers 81.OO

M s . 67-66 9 p a g e s ( 2 tables)


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Determination of Rate Constants for Complex Kinetic Models.

Ms. 67-52

A new technique is described for measurement of the Fick diffusion coefficient for dissolved gases in molten condensation polymers.

Esters from the Reactions of Alkyl Halides and Salts of Carboxylic Acids. l. Reactions of Primary Alkyl Chlorides and Sodium Salts of Carboxylic Acids. Good to excellent yields

of esters were obtained from primary alkyl chlorides and carboxylic acid sodium salts in the presence of triethylamine catalyst. Sodium iodide catalyst increased the yield of esters prepared from the relatively unreactive alkyl chlorides.

Henry E. Hennis, James P. Easterly, J r . , L. R. Collins, and Leonard R. Thompson, T h e Dow Chemical Company Subscribers 81.OO

M s . 67-67


9 pages ( 2 tables)

Subscribers 82.00 Nonsubscribers $4.00 Kinetics of the Catalytic Vapor Phase Demethylation of Toluene with Steam in a Fluidized Bed. Steam demethylation

Liquid Crystals: Interfacial and Electrical Effects on Thermal Conductivity, Conductivity of a nematic mesophase is greater P

near an interface than in bulk. Application of a n electric field of proper directionality augments the increase considerably but a field of equal magnitude but opposite direction has a lesser effect. A model is advanced to explain these results.

of toluene to benzene in fluidized beds over a nickel-silica gel catalyst proceeds through a scheme of reactions. Calculated and experimental rates of individual reactions are in good agreement. Specific reaction rate constants for all reactions follow Arrhenius equation for temperature effect.

Jules J . C. Picot and A . G . Fredrickson, University of Minnesota

M. Ravindram and N . R. Kuloor, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore- 12, India

Ms. 67-53

Ms. 67-68

2 1 pages ( 6 j g u r e s )


Subscrrbers $3.00 Nonsubscribers 86.00

23 pages ( Q j g u r e s , 6 tables)

Thermal Cracking of low-Temperature lignite Pitch.

The Flammability Characteristics of Cellular Plastics.

J o h n S. Berber, Richard L. Rice, and Delmar R. Fortney, Morgantown Coal Research Center

Carlos J . Hilado, Union Carbide Corfloration

Material produced served as a satisfactory binder in manufacture of carbon electrodes. Feed rate of crude pitch to thermocracker significantly affected formation rate of products and composition of pitch residue from distillation of oil produced in cracker.

Ms. 6 7 - 7 1 1 9 p a g e s ( 7 j g u r e s , 4 tables)

Subrcribers $2.00 Nonsubsci ibers $4.00

The apparently conflicting results obtained from different flammability tests can be related to test geometry and combustion theory to give a better understanding of the mechanism of flame extinguishment. Test results on materials of current significance are presented.

Ms. 6 7 - 7 1

Subscribers 57.00 Nonsubscri hers $ 14.00

64 pages ( 2 1 jigtires)

VOL. 5 9

NO. 4

APRIL 1967

85

Viscosity Measurements on Chemically Modified Celluloses

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