Water Analysis M. J. Fishman and 6. P. Robinson, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo. 80225
T
REVIEW of methods of water analysis, the thirteenth in a series t h a t began in 1949, covers the literature from October 1966 through September 1968. It follows the plan of the previous reviews, the most recent of which appeared in AI~ALPTICAL CHEMISTRY for l p r i l 1967 ( 5 ) . A Research Committee of the K a t e r Pollution Control Federation publishes, annually, a review of the literature on n a t e r pollution control which includes a section on analytical methods. Their 1966 review (26) includes 112 references and co1-ei-s such topics as organics (including pesticides), surface-active agents, phenols, pulp waste and humic substances, cations, anions, dissolved gases, and a section on instrumental and automated chemical techniques. The 1967 review (26) includes 206 references and covers the same topics. -4 review of water analysis for polluted naters by S a s u (20) lists 225 references. Samiki (19) reviewed methods of testing polluted waters with emphasis on cyanide, organic carbon, COD, BOD, and the automation of chemical analysis. Fifty references on the latest techniques for the determination of pesticides, herbicides, surfactants, and organic substances polluting natural naters are described in a review by Bertolaccini (1). Jenkins (12) highlighted some of the changes and modifications in methodology requiredin estuarine 1%-ater-quality studies. Some of those modifications may apply to the analysis of fresh and ocean water. Dyrssen ( 2 ) described chemical and physical-chemical methods used for the analysis of sea-water constituents. Methods for the determination of a number of chemical properties of water in relation t o purification are described by Tierens (24). Detailed procedures for various chemical and physical analyses of reactor water are given by Ishiwatari (9). Most of the procedures are conventional wet analyses. Different methods used in preparing underground muddy mater for chemical analysis were investigated by Larionov and Sveshnikov (16). They learned t h a t filtration, acidification, and settling could not be used. They recommended t h a t an attempt be made to extract the metals. HIS BIENNIAL
Lambert (15) discussed recent innovations and improvements in methods for the determination of trace concentrations of common anions in water. Included xere potentiometric methods utilizing ion-selective electrodes, spectrophotometric methods involving ion exchange, solvent-extraction and reverse solvent-extraction procedures. Speculations were made regarding future research. Kanamori (14) discussed methods of chemical analysis of natural ivater from the aspect of glass electrode studies, microanalysis of mineral contents, alkalinity measurements, and chloride-ion concentration studies. TTilson (28) described useful analytical techniques for determining trace concentrations of ammonia, carbon dioxide, chloride, copper, dissolved oxygen, hydrazine, iron, nickel, silica, and sodium in power-station water. He reported 62 references. Sharma (23) listed the most commonly accepted methods for determining approximately 33 trace elements in sea water. Fisher ( 4 ) discussed techniques for the determination of total impurities in highly pure water. Limitations of some determinations were also discussed. Techniques used for analysis included : colorimetry, atomic absorption, flame photometry, gas chromatography, and potentiometry with specific-ion electrodes. Hume (8) described present capabilities and limitations in determining trace metals dissolved in water. He stated t h a t the most promising methods are flame and plasma emission, atomic absorption, colorimetry, direct and inverse polarography, and neutron activation analysis. Even these methods are hampered by the usual hazards in trace-element analysis. Problems in trace-element analysis were also discussed by Eichholz, Galli, and Elston (3). They noted t h a t uncertainties in assay values may arise from factors associated with the physical and chemical aggregation of trace-elements, and with problems of sampling and subsequent handling. Robertson (22) studied the potential sources and the levels of contamination in the trace-element analysis of sea water. He applied neutron activation analysis and multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometry to the
determination of trace-element impurities of solvents, reagents, and other materials, and suggested ways of minimizing the sources of contamination. Wilson (27) discussed sources of error affecting trace analysis of water in power stations. -1discussion was presented on random errors, systematic errors, and statistical treatment of results both to estimate errors and to interpret analytical results. WcFarren and Lishka (17 ) discussed a n evaluation of laboratory methods for the determination of cadmium, chromium, aluminum, iron, manganese, magnesium, lead, copper, zinc, silver, arsenic, boron, selenium, beryllium, vanadium, ammonia, organic nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates in mater. Analytical Reference Service, a voluntary association of 302 laboratories responsible for the detection, identification, and measurement of contaminants in the environment, made the study. The precision and accuracy of some of the procedures were given. Analytical Reference Service (11) also evaluated precision and accuracy of atomic absorption methods for determining zinc, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, silver, lead, cadmium, and iron in water. Jakovljevic (10)outlined various presentations of analytical results of water analysis. Hickey ( 7 ) discussed instrumental techniques for determining both inorganic and organic materials in water, and the sensitivities of the various techniques. Meyer (18) reviewed methods and electrical apparatus for determining temperature, conductance, pH, reduction power, sodium and chloride contents, and turbidity of water. Kahn, hlulford, and Slavin (13) reviewed the basic principles of atomic absorption, fundamental design and modern improvements in the major components of instrumentation, and the recent developments in atomic absorption determination of trace concentrations of inorganics. Price (21) also reviewed the principles and techniques of atomic absorption and the determination of several metals in water. Haberer (6) discussed the principle and the operational details of X-ray fluorescence equipment and its application to water analysis. VOL. 41, NO. 5, APRIL 1969
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Zaleiko (29) described the automation of water and waste-water analysis.
ALKALI METALS
Several investigators described flame photometric methods for determining sodium, potassium, cesium, and rubidium in water. K h i t e et al. (27A) used flame photometry t o determine sodium in drinking water. Samples were divided into three different concentration ranges so as to maintain the same precision; 0 to 10 mg per liter, 10 to 50 mg per liter, and greater than 50 mg per liter. Accuracy was affected by room temperature and the length of the run n a s limited to 36 samples and standards. This allowed a run to be completed before the temperature changed significantly. Enaki ( 6 A ) determined potassium and sodium in fresh waters of low mineral content. H e used a low-temperature, propane-butane and air flame. The mean relative error for 5 mg of sodium per liter was 1.72% and for 2 mg of potassium per liter, i t was 1.67%. Sereda et al. (23.4) described an airacetylene flame photometric method for determining sodium and potassium in river and lake waters. Sensitivity was 0.001 mg of sodium per liter and 0.1 mg of potassium per liter. The n avelength for sodium was 589.0-589.6 mp and 766.5-769.9 mp for potassium. Sereda et al. (22A) in a later publication described a flame-photometer attachment for automatic feeding of samples into a natural-gas flame. Covello, Ciampa, and hlanne (4A) described a paper chromatographicflame photometric method for determining the alkali metals in mineral water. Sodium is determined directly by flame photometry and then is separated from the other alkali metals by precipitation n i t h zinc uranyl acetate. Excess reagent is removed by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The filtrate, containing lithium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, is condensed to a small volume and the alkali metals are separated by paper chromatography. The chromatograms containingthe separated alkali metals are extracted with water and the metals are determined by flame photometry. Galitsyna and Kurganova (10A) reported that sodium, calcium, and magnesium exert the greatest influence on the line intensity of lithium, rubidium, cesium, and strontium during flamephotometric analysis of ground waters. Eristavi and Dzhincharadze (7.4) applied flame photometry to the determination of rubidium and cesiumin natural waters. Rubidium, cesium, and potassium v, ere precipitated n ith sodium tetraphenyl boron and then the precipitate was dissolved in a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, and 324 A * ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
water. Rubidium and cesium were determined by the “method-of-additions.” Folsom et al. (9A) described a neiispecialized flame photometric system for determining as little as 0.3 pg of cesium per liter in sea water. The standard error is less than 2%. The system was built to take advantage of the chemical scheme of Feldman and Rains (8A). The cesium signal is intensified by burning the cesium after transferring it to a n organic solution of sodium tetraphenyl boron. Schematic diagrams are shon n. Murakami and Uesugi (17A) used flame photometry to determine rubidium in sea water. Cesium, potassium, and rubidium tetraphenyl borates are formed; potassium and cesium are theh removed; and rubidium is determined at 794 mp in a n oxygen-hydrogen flame. Rubidium content of several sea-water samples ranged from 0.16 to 0.20 mg per liter. Loginova and Galitsyna ( 144) used spectroscopic analysis for determining lithium, rubidium, cesium, and strontium in ground nater. The sensitiyity of the determination for rubidium, cesium, lithium, and strontium is 8, 15) 30, and 500 pg per liter, respectively. The method is applicable for waters with dissolved-solids contents equal to or less than 5000 mg per liter. Riley and Tongudai (20-4) combined ion-exchange and spectrographic procedures to determine cesium and rubidiuminseawater. -4 seriesof ion-exchange and precipitation techniques eliminates sodium, calcium, magnesium, and most of the potassium. Cesium and rubidium are then separated into t n o eluates. Part of the potassium remains with the rubidium eluate and is used as an internal standard. Cesium and rubidium are then determined spectrographically by using direct-current arc excitation. Pencheva ( 2 9 9 ) described a sodium tetraphenyl boron method for determining rubidium and cesium in natural brines. Using a sodium-sensitive electrode in combination with a silver-silver chloride reference electrode, l m m e r ( I A ) automatically metered the sodium concentration in boiler feed and cooling waters. Sodium concentrations ranging from under 1 pg to more than 10,000 mg per liter were metered. By means of a sodium glass electrode, Hawthorn and Ray ( 11-4) determined sodium concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 25 ppm. hmmonia vapor is bubbled through the cell to maintain a p H of 10.8 t o 11.0. Electrode response is rapid and steadystate conditions are achieved in less than 5 minutes; a 90yc response occurs in less than 3 minutes. I n a n application of the classical method, Sarudi ( 2 l A ) determined sodium and potassium in both potable and mineral waters after separation of
calcium as oxalate and magnesium as ammonium arsenate. Notomizu, Inachido, and Toei ( 1 6 8 ) used a n indirect titrimetric method to determine potassium in surface waters. Potassium is first extracted with a 0.02.V solution of sodium hexanitrodiphenylamine in nitrobenzene and then back-extracted n i t h hydrochloric acid. It is then precipitated n i t h a n excess of sodium tetraphenyl boron, and the reniaiiiing sodium tetraphenyl boron is titrated v i t h tetradecyldimethl-lamnionium chloride and Titan Yellow indicator. Potassium concentrations between 2 x 10-. and 5 x 1O-sM can be determined n i t h a relative error of less than f4yG. Sogina (28.4) also described a n indirect titrimetric method for determiiiing potassium with sodium tetraphenyl boron. Potassium is precipitated with sodium tetraphenyl boron; the precipitate is dissolved in acetone; the potassium tetrnphenyl borate is decomposed with elcess mercuric chloride; and the excess mercuric ions are titrated complexometrically. Costache ( S A ) reported a rapid, turbidimetric micromethod for the determination of potassium. Sodium tetraphenyl boron is added to 3 ml of water; the resulting white, opalescent. potassium tetraphenyl borate precipitate is compared ivith standards. Sensitivity of the method, for samples containing from 5 t o 15 mg of potassium per liter, is 0.005 mg per liter. SIangelsdorf (15.4) described the theory of difference chromatography and used the method to determine potassium in sea m t e r . Strel’tsova and Xarkman (26.4) outlined a colorimetric method for determininglithiumin mineral waters without separation of other ions. Absorbance of the colored complex 2-(2-hydroxy-lnaphthylazo) benzoic acid IT ith dl-valine in alkaline xater-acetone solution decreases as lithium concentration increases. Only ferric iron and aluminum interfere. Sensitivity of the method is 0.04 pg of lithium per ml. Strel’tsova and Markman (24d) also developed a n indirect spectrophotometric method for the determination of lithium in highly mineralized waters. I n their method, lithium chloride is extracted in acetone. Lithium is then photometrically determined in solutions of 1-(0-carboxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol a t 540 nip. Uesugi and l l u r a k a m i (26-4) described a spectrophotometric method to determine lithium in sea water. Dowex50 9 - 8 cation-exchange resin is used to separate lithium from other cations. Lithium on the resin is eluted with 0 . 2 s hydrochloric acid andis then determined spectrophotometrically a t 482 mp in a strongly alkaline solution containing thorin and acetone. Lithium concentrations in the range 0.2 to 1.5 pg per ml can be determined. Higher con-
centrations can be determined at 452 mp without acetone. Kyuregyan and Eksuzyan (ISA) reported arapid, visual, colorimetric method using thorin in t h e determination of lithium. Ceausescu and Wad (2A) described a n indirect method for determining the sum of potassium and sodium in natural waters. The sample is passed through dmberlite IR 120 cation-exchange resin and t h e alkali metals, along with part of the calcium and magnesium, are eluted with 1iY hydrochloric acid. Excess hydrochloric acid is then removed by evaporation. Calcium, magnesium, and chloride are determined, and potassium plus sodium is calculated by difference. Konstantinov, Oshurkova, and Klyuchkin (12A) used a method based on t h e separation of ions in a n electrical field t o determine potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium in natural waters and brines. Culkin and Cox ( 6 A ) described methods for determining sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium in sea water.
HARDNESS, ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Palin (26B) proposed an Eriochrome Black T colorimetric method to determine n a t e r hardness. The reagent is used in tablet form to overcome its instability. At the proper pH, the indicator reacts x i t h calcium and magnesium t o produce a blue to wine-red color t h a t can be measured on a colorimeter. Sarudi (SOB)useda mixedindicator of Eriochrome Black T, phthalein purple, and methyl red in t h e complexometric determination of total hardness. The mixed indicator gives more accurate results t h a n Eriochrome Black T alone. Color change is from red to green. Dukhota and Fedoseev ( 9 B ) described a novel complexometric microdetermination of water hardness. Titrations are inade in t h e presence of a reagent paper t h a t contains a known amount of E D T A per unit paper area. Calcium is titrated in a strongly alkaline solution containing Calcein indicator. Total hardness is titrated using a n ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride buffer a n d Eriochrome Black T indicator. The error is less than 0.07 meq per liter with a 25-ml sample. Zinov’ev (43B) described a method to determine transient and total hardness of v. ater rvith one sample. Transient hardness is determined by adding bromcresol blue and methyl orange indicators to t h e sample and titrating with either 0 . 0 2 5 s hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid t o a green-yellox end point. Total hardness is determined by first buffering t h e solution t o p H 10 with a n ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide solution. Eriochrome Black T is then
added, and t h e solution titrated with 0.025.A’ Trilon B to a yellow end point. Accuracy is approximately 2=2% for standard samples containing 0.5 t o 2.0 and 0.8 to 4.0 meq per liter transient and total hardness, respectively. Schiavone and Passerini ( S I B ) compared t h e complexometric method of Katz and Navone ( 2 I B ) ,a simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium, with the potassium permanganate titration method for calcium and the gravimetric method for magnesium. They reported t h a t of the two methods the Katz and Savone method is easier, cheaper, and faster. Toei and Kobatake (39B) described a simple procedure for the successive chelatometric titration of calcium and magnesium in natural waters, with 3’,3”-bis(2-hydroxy-3-carboxynaphthaleneazo)phenolphthalein as indicator. At p H 10, the color of the reagent is red-violet and of t h e chelate is blue; whereas, above p H 12 the colors are blue-violet and red, respectively. Calcium is titrated a t p H 13 and t h e color change is from red t o blue-violet. The solution is then adjusted to p H 10 and magnesium is titrated. T h e color change is from blue to red-violet. Results compare favorably with those obtained by other methods. A consecutive chelatometric titration method for determining calcium plus magnesium, manganese, and zinc in acid mine drainage was proposed by Yotsuyanagi et al. (42B). The titration is based on a new principle of selective demasking of cyano-manganese complex with ascorbic acid. Potassium cyanide, triethanolamine, and ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide buffer are added t o a sample. -it this point manganese, zinc, and other metals are masked and the sum of calcium and magnesium is determined by titration with EDTA. Thymolphthalein complexon indicator is used. X known excess of E D T A and ascorbic acid are added, and the solution is heated to 60-70 “C for 5 to 10 minutes. This treatment demasks the manganese and combines it with EDTA. The remaining E D T A is back-titrated with magnesium sulfate and the manganese concentration is calculated. Finally, zinc is titrated with E D T A after demasking with formaldehyde. Aluminum and iron interfere and must be removed in advance. Szabo (S5B) described a n E D T A titration procedure for determining calcium and magnesium in sea water. The sum of calcium, magnesium, and strontium is first determined and then t h e sum of calcium and strontium. Magnesium is calculated by difference. Calcium is determined after strontium is calculated from the average strontiumto-chlorinity ratio. Khristova and Krushevska (2SB) determined calcium and magnesium by E D T A titration and
strontium spectrographically after chromatographic separation of the metals m-ith ammonium sulfate. Dowex 50WX10 cation-exchange resin is used. Ceausescu, Pirvu, and Pirvu (7B) used E D T A as a conductometric reagent for titrating calcium, magnesium, and barium chlorides. Straight-line graphs are produced Iyith the slopes increasing in the order calcium < magnesium < barium. The method is quantitative and can be applied t o the determination of calcium and magnesium in water. Fadrus and N a l y ( I S B ) stated that a fluorexon-thymolphthalexon mixed indicator gives a sharp end point for determining calcium in water with Complexon I11 as the titrant. Bauman (SB) reported t h a t a sharp color change from violet t o gray is obtained in the complexometric titration of calcium when a 5 : 2 mixture of fluorexon and murexide is used as indicator. Fleet, Soe-Win, and West ( 1 4 4 described a rapid, T-isual, complexometric titration method for determining calcium in natural n aters. The method differs from the standard procedure in which magnesium is precipitated, and coprecipitation of some calcium can occur. I n the proposed method, zinc-EGT.1 complex is added to the sample, and the zinc liberated in the calcium replacement reaction is titrated with E G T X after the magnesium is selectively masked with fluoride ion. Tsunogai, Sishimura, and S a k a y a (40B) proposed a titrimetric method for the determination of calcium in the presence of large amounts of magnesium. Calcium is extracted into a small volume of organic solvent as its glyoxalbis(2hydroxyanil) complex, and the calcium titrated with ethylene glycol bis(2-I-’,S’-tetraaminoethyl ether)-.\-, LY, acetic acid. The method has been applied to the determination of calcium insea water with anerrorless than0.1%. Ganchev, ~~asileva-Alehsandrova, and Aleksandrov (16B) described a n extractive titration method to determine between l and 12 pg of calcium per ml in mineral waters. The calcium is precipitated I{ ith lithium picrolonate, and the excess lithium picrolonate titrated with methylene blue in the presence of chloroform. Methylene blue picrolonate is soluble in chloroform and a t the equivalence point thc water becomes blue because of excess methylene blue, Magnesium does not interfere. Palyi (27B) developed a complexometric method for the quantitative determination of magnesium in the presence of the luminescent indicator luminol. Fresenius and Schneider ( l 5 B ) used atomic absorption to study the effect of phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate on the determination of magnesium in mineral waters. They compared grarimetric, complexometric, and atomic absorption methodson 51 samples. Fifty VOL. 41, NO. 5, APRIL 1969
325 R
per cent of the results agreed within less than 0.1 meq per kg. Sulfate and phosphate interfered. S i t r a t e had no effect on the determination. Bentley and Lee (4B) reported t h a t t h e determination of calcium in natural waters by atomic absorption is highly dependent on pH. Only in the p H range of 1.S to 3.8 are results consistent. lliyanaga (Z4B) reported t h a t the application of atomic absorption to the determination of calcium and magnesiumin hot springs gave extraordinarily small values and was, therefore, concluded to be inadequate unless the interfering substances, such as silicic acid, are eliminated in advance. Sereda et al. (SbB) described a flame photometric method for determining strontium and calcium in river and lake water. I n air-acetylene flame is used. The wavelength for strontium is 460.7 mp and 422.7 mp for calcium. The sensitivity of the determination is 0.1 mg of strontium or calcium per liter. Strafelda and Stastny (34B)described a continuous, indirect, polarographic determination of water hardness based on the reaction of calcium and magnesium ions with compleson. and a laboratory analyzer for this purpose. Traces of iron and copper interfere. Souliotis, Belkas, and Grimanis (SSB) used neutron activation followed by gamma-spectrometry and beta-coincidence counting to determine magnesium, strontium, and nickel in lake-water samples. Thompson (S7B) and Thompson and Ross (S8B) used magnesium- and calcium-selective electrodes to measure the percentage of ionized magnesium and calcium in standard International Association of Physical Oceanography sea water. They found 90% of the magnesium and 84y0 of the calcium to be ionized, which \\-as in fair agreement to the theoretical calculation of 87 and 91%, respectively. Bhavnagary and Krishnasvamy ( 6 B ) found t h a t Tulsion 14, a phenolsulfonic cation-exchange resin, could be used t o separate calcium and magnesium in sea ivater from sodium and potassium. Calcium and magnesium are adsorbed on the resin, whereas sodium and potassium pass through. Gorbenko and Sachko (17B, 18B) described colorimetric methods for determining traces of calcium. The determinations are based on the color reaction of calcium ji-ith either Calcion or glyoxalbis-(2-hydros~-anil). Rehwoldt, Chasen, and Li (28B) used a new analytical reagent, 2-chloro-5-cyano-3, 6-dihydroxybenzoquinone, t o determine calcium in aquaria \rater spectrophotometrically. Results agree well with results found by E D T A titration. The relative precision of the new method was i 1 to 2%. Rehnoldt and Treinen (ZQB) also used 2-chloro-5-cyano-3,6326 R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
dihydroxybenzoquinone to determine calcium by a n indirect polarographic technique. Vorlicek, Fara, and Vydra ( 4 I B ) determined calcium concentrations less than 0.2 pg per ml in water chelometrically by amperometric titration using tn-o polarizable electrodes. Kelley and Fuller (22B) reported a n automated method for a colorimetric determination of magnesium in water and w s t e water. The method is based on the formation of a blue complex. The intensity of the color is directly proportional to the magnesium concentration. The maximum allowable concentrations of interfering ions are given. -1s much as 14 mg of magnesium per liter can be determined without dilution. Elbeih and .ibou-Elnaga (10B) developed a photometric method for determining magnesium in natural waters. Chromotrope 213 dye at p H 12 forms a deep-violet comple.; with magnesium. The complex is stable for more than 2 hours in a glycine-sodium hydroxide buffered medium. The absorbance is measured a t 570 mp. Tolerance limits of other ions are given. Sensitivity of the method is 40 pg per liter. Kanamori and Kitano (2OB) described a spectrophotometric method for determining b e t m e n 0.08 and 1.6 pg of magnesium per liter in natural m t e r s . Magnesium forms a colored complex with thymolphthalein compleson, which s h o m maximum absorption a t 610 mp. As much as 200 pg of barium and 300 pg of strontium do not interfere; but calcium in excess of 20 pg interferes and must be masked titrimetrically with EGT-1. Heavy metals interfere and are also masked with EGTA and triethanolamine. Copper is masked n i t h cyanide. Sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and carbonate do not interfere. Dagnall, Smith, and K e s t ( 8 B ) synthesized S,
tium in sea water. The technique is lengthy and must be followed precisely. Szabo and Joensuu (S6B) outlined a concentration technique employing Doives 5OW cation-exchange resin for the determination of barium in sea water. After ion eschange, barium is precipitated as fluoride, along with calcium and strontium. The barium is then measured spectrographically. -1ndersen and Hume ( I B , ZB) reported strontium and barium analyses of sea water. The concentrations of these elements are simultaneously determined by a combination of ioneschange concentration and flame photometry. Eristavi, Brouchek, and Eristavi ( I f B ,12B) described a method for the determination of beryllium in natural waters. Beryllium, aluminum, and iron hydroxides are coprecipitnted a t pH 8 to 8.5. The concentrate is dissolved in 0.1.1-sulfuric acid. Beryllium is separated by anion exchange and is then determined photocolorimetrically with Beryllon 11. Sensitivity of the method is 2 pg of beryllium per liter. liulikovskaya and Sharykhina (b5B) determined beryllium in underground waters fluorimetrically with morin after i t is concentrated by coprecipitation ivith ferric hydrouide. ALUMINUM, IRON, MANGANESE, CHROMIUM, RUTHENIUM, AND OSMIUM
Donaldson (5C) described a fluorimetric method for the determination of aluminum in n a t u r a l waters. T h e method is based on the fluorescent properties of aluminum-Pontachrome Blue Black R . comples. -4s little as 0.002 ppm of aluminum can be detected. Fluoride and phosphate concentrations greater than 8 ppm interfere. Bathophenanthroline eliminates iron inter.~'-bis(salicylidene)-2,3-diaminobenzo- ference. furan and used i t as a spectrofluorimetric Shull and Guthan (ZSC) outlined a photometric method for the determinareagent for determining 0.002 to 0.1 tion of aluminum in water. The method, ppm magnesium in water. The excitation wavelength is 475 mp and its based on the formation of a red lake fluorescence wavelength is 545 nip. Varibetween aluminum and Eriochrome Cyous agents are used to mask interfering anine R C a t p H 6.0, has a detection ions. limit of 0.006 mg aluminum per liter. Helepo and Romanov ( 19 B ) described Takagi and Iiumai (29C) studied a a direct spectrographic method that bathophenanthroline method for the determination of iron in water. It is determines strontium in sea water. The similar to a previously published methspark source consists of a copper capilod except that in this method the pH is lary-tube electrode fixed by a bent bar holder instead of the lower electrode of adjusted with a p H meter. The iron(I1)-bathophenanthroline complex the spark gap. The lower end of the is stable in iso-amy1 alcohol for more capillary tube is immersed in a 2-ml than 20 hours. Iron concentrations less quartz vessel containing the sample. than 1 ppb are determined with an Capillary forces carry the sample to the error of 5 0 . 4 ppb. From studies of upper part of the electrode n-here it Tetlow and Wilson's (31C) bathophenevaporates and passes into the spark anthroline method for the colorimetric discharge. Boenig (6B)reviewed numerousmethdetermination of iron in high-purity ods for determining strontium and then Ivvater, Pocock (22C) suggested some derived a circular-paper chromatogramodifications. H e also studied the use of tripyridyltriazine reagent, thioglyphic method for determination of stron-
colic acid for solubilization of iron, and their application to automated analysis with a Technicon AutoAnalyzer. MclClahon ( I 7 C ) reported a modified bathophenanthroline method for the determination of ferrous iron in lake mater. He found t h a t the complex is influenced by hydrochloric acid and exposure of the acidified sample to sunlight. Reproducible results were obtained b u t did not necessarily give a true value of ferrous iron that is free in the lake. Ghosh and Radhakrishnan ( 7 C ) studied the limitations in the o-phenanthroline determination of ferrous iron. They concluded t h a t : (1) absorbance should be measured between 10 and 20 minutes after the addition of reagents; (2) sunlight converts ferric iron to the ferrous state; and (3)fixing of the color in the field will hold only if the sample is free of ferric iron. Nicolson (20C) described a modified o-phenanthroline method for determining less than 200pg of iron. T o determine iron in sea mater, Lopez-Benito (15C) first digested a sample of perchloric acid and then evaporated the sample s l o ~ l yto dryness. S . , hlippon Genshiryoku Kenkyusho (Kenky7i) Hokoku, No. JAERI 1125, 13 pp (1966) (Eng/Jap); CA, 67, 674573’ (1967). (10) Jakovijevic, K., Tehnika, 21, 879-82 (1966); CL4,68, 160212 (1968). (11) J . Amer. Water W o r k s Assoc., 60, 739-42 (1968). (12) Jenkins, D., J . Water Pollution Control Federatzon, 39, 159-80 (1967). (13) Kahn, H. L., Mulford, C. E., Slavin, W., Amer. Chem. SOC., Diu. Water Waste Chem., Preprints 7, 103-7 (1967). (14) Kanamori. S.,Kagaku ,Vo Jikken, 18, 616-21 (1987): C.1. 68. 430618 11968). (15) Lambert, ‘J. L., Advan. Chem., 67, 18-27 !1967). (16) Larionov, G. F., Sveshnikov, G. B., Vestn. Leningrad. Univ., 21, Ser. Geol. Geoar. 4, 134-6 (1966); C A , 67, 36287w (1967). (17) McFarren, E. F., Lishka, R. J., Advan. Chem., 73, 253-64 (1968). (1x1 Xever. G.. Acoua Ind.. 8. 11-22 (1966); Ck, 66, ~ ~ < S O(1967). X ’ (19) Xamiki, H., Bunsr,kz Kagaku, 17, 244-52 (1968); CA, 68, 98447~(1968). (20) Xasu, Y., Bunsekz Kagaku, Shznpo Sosetsu. 1966,117R-23R: CA, 68.72013h (1968). (21) Price, TV. J.. Efluent Water Treat. J., 7,218-24 (1967); C A , 67,252312 (1967). (22) Robertson, 13. E., A x . 4 ~ .CHEM.,40, 1067-72 (1968). (23) Sharmd, S. K., Salt Res. Ind., 3, 58-65 (1966); CA, 66, 108120r (1967). (24) Tierens, E., Ingenic urs 1966, 9-12, 14-20; C A , 66,22057~(1967). \ - -
(25) Weiss, C. M., et al., J . Water Pollution Control Federation, 39, 689-703 119671. (26) I g d . , 40, 897-922 (1968). (27) Wilson, A. L., Efluent Water Treat. J., 6, 75-9 (1966). (28) Ibid., pp 125, 127-9, 131-3, 135-7. (29) Zaleiko. N. S.. Ind. Water Eno.. 4. ‘ 32-5 (1967). I
,
I
Alkali Metals (1A) Ammer,H., Energie, 18,433-7 (1966);
C A , 66, 31909~(1967). (2A) Ceausescu, D., Vlad, L., Rev. Chim.,
17,694-6 (1966); C A , 66,88564h (1967). (3A) Costache, C., Igzena, 15, 233-6 (1966); C A , 66, 687752 (1967). (4A)Covello, M., Ciampa, G., Manne, F., Rend. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat. (SOC.Naz. Sci. Napoli), 1966, 325-34; C A , 69, 51096 (1968). (5A) Culkin, F., Cox, R. .4., Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 13, 789-804 (1966); C A , 66, 108112q (1967). (6A) Enaki, I. G., Gidrobiol. Zh., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 2, 89-95 (1966); C A , 66, 68779d,(1967). (7A) Eristavi, D. I., Dzhincharadze, G. G., Zh. Anal. Khim., 22, 157-9 (1967); C A , 66, 98381k (1967). (8A) Feldman, C., Rains, T. C., ANAL. CHEM.,36, 405-9 (1964). (9A) Folsom. T. R., Sreekumaran, C., Weitz, W,E., Jr., Tennant, D. A., A p p l . Spectrosc., 22, 109-14 (1966). (lOA) Galitsyna, E. I. Kurganova, V. I., Novye Metody Anal. Khim. Sostava Podzemn. Vod., 1967, 110-15; CA. 69, 51142
(1968). (1lA) Hawthorn, D., Ray, pu‘. J., Analyst, 93, 158-65 (1968). (12A) Konstantinov, B. P., Oshurkova, 0. V., Klvuchkin, V. Ya., Zh. Prikl. Khim. 40, 1265-71 (1967); C A , 67, 93856e (1967). (13h) Kyuregyan, A , , Eksuzyan, Ts. O., I z v . Akad. Nauk Arm. SSR, Nauki o Zemle, 19, 100-2 (1966); C A , 65, 1572c (1966). (14A) Loginova, L. G., Galitsyna, E. I., Novye Metody Anal. Khim. Sostava Podzemn. Vod., 1967,100-9; C A , 69, 21823k
(1968). (15A)-ilangelsdorf, P. C., Jr., A N A L . CHEY.,38, 1540-4 (1966). (16A) Motomizu, S., Iwachido, T., Toei, K., Bunseki Kagaku, 17, 23-7 (1968); C A , 68, 98533c (1968). (17A) Murakami, T., Cesugi, K., ibid., 16, 781-5 (1967); C A , 68, 1 6 0 0 4 ~(1968). (18A). Kogina, A. A,, Uch. Zap. Perm. Unto., 141,282-8 (1966) ; CA, 68,119173~ (1968). (19A) Pencheva, E. K.,Compt.Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 19, 377-80 (1966); C A , 65, 11340d (1966). (20A) Riley, J. P., Tongudai, M., Chem. Geol., 1, 291-4 (1966); CA, 66, 108115t (1967). (21A) Sarudi, I., EleEmiszervizsgaZati Kozlem., 12, 268-76 (1966); CA, 66, 687802 (1967). (22A) Sereda, G. A., Bobovnikova, Ts. I., Egorov, V. V., Zhigalovskaya, T. N., Makhon’ko, E. P., Gidrokhim. Mater., 43, 24-30 (1967); CA, 68, 53159u(1968). (23A) Sereda, G. A., Bobovnikova, Ts. I., Zhigalovskaya, T. N., Egorov, V. V., Riakhon’ko, E. P., ibid., 41, 6-15 (1966); C A , 66, 983803’ (1967). (24A) Strel’tsova, S. A., Markham, A. L., Tr. Tashkent. Politekh. Inst., 1964,77-85 (Pub. 1967); CA, 69, 38668m (1968). (25A) Ibid., Uzb. Khim. Zh., 11, 13-16 (1967); CA, 66, 108123~(1,967). (26A) Uesugi, K., Murakami, T., Bunseki Kagaku, 15,482-7 (1966); CA, 65,13405g (1966).
(27A) White, J. SI.,Wingo, J. G., Alligood, L. M., Cooper, G. R., Gutridge, J., Hvdaker. W.. Benack. R. T.. Denina. J.“W., Taylor, F. B.; J . Amer. Dia: ASSOC., 50, 32-6 (1967). Hardness, Alkaline Earth Metals (1B) Andersen, N. R., Hume, D. N., Advan. Chem., 73, 296-307 (1968). (2B) Anderson, 5 . R., Hume, D. N., Anal. Chim. Acta, 40, 207-20 (1968). (3B) Bauman, A., Arhiv Hig. Rada Toksikol., 18, 155-8 (1967); CA, 69, 8012a
(1968). (4B) Bentley, E. M.,Lee, G. F., Enwiron. Sci. Technol., 1, 721-4 (1967). (5B) Rhavnagary, I€. hl., Krishnaswamy, N., Indian J . Technol., 5, 170 (1967); CA, 67, 571703 (1967). (6B) Boenig, G., Omagiu Raluca Ripan, 1966,157-61; CA, 68,184102 (1968). (7B) Ceausescu, D., Pirvu, F., Pirvu, I.,
Proc. Conj. Appl. Phys.-Chem. Methods Chem. Anal., Budapest, 1,314-23 (1966); C A , 68, 119087~(196b). (8B) Dagnall, R. M., Smith, R., West, T. S., Analyst, 92,20-6 (1967). (9R) Dukhota, V. A., Fedoseev, P. N., Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Tekhnol. Legk. Prom., 1967, 63-6; C A , 67, 1112852
(1967).
ilOB\ Elbeih. I. I. >I.. Xbou-Elnatza. M. ~, A , , Chemist-Analyst,’56, 18, 22 (r967).
(11B) Eristavi, E. I., Brouchek, F. I., Eristavi, 1’. D., Tr. Gruz. Politekh. Inst., 3, 41-5 (1966); C A , 68, 60572 (1968). (12B) Eristavi. E. I., Brouchek, F. I., Eristavi. V. D.. Bul. Inst. Politeh. l a d : 13,201-6 (1967); C A , 69,38665h (1968): (13B) Fadrus, H., Maly, J., Vodni Hospodarstvi, 16,339 (1966);C A , 66,22061k
- -. .
11467’1 , , . I
(14B) Fleet, B., Soe-R7in, West, T. S., Talanta, 15, 333-7 (1068). (15B) Fresenius, W.,Schneider, W., Z. Anal. Chem., 223, 181-2 (1966); C A , 66, 49154e (1967). (16B) Ganchev, N., Vasileva-Aleksandrova, P., Aleksandrov, A., Nauch. Tr. Vissh. Pedagog. Inst. Ploudiva,Mat., Fiz., Khim., Biol., 4, 107-11 (1966); C A , 67, 25315c (1967). 117B) Gorbenko. F. P.. Sachko. V. V.. ’ Gidrokhim. Mater., 41,’24-7 (1966); CAI 66, 79451s (1967). (18B) Gorbenko, F. P., Sachko, V. V., Tr.
Vses. Na’uch.-Issled. Inst. Khim. Reaktivov Osobo Chist. Khim. Veshchestv, 26, 253-6 (1964); CA, 66,91332m (1967). (19B) Helepo, B. A., Romanov, V. I., Tr. Morsk. Gidrojiz. Inst., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 36, 26-30 (1966); C A , 65, 16677d
(1966).
(20B) Iianamori, N., Kitano, Y.. J . Earth Sci. Nagoya Univ., 14, 1-9 (1966); CA,
68. 7210911 11968).
(21B) Katz, H., Navone, R., J . Amer. Water Works Assoc., 56, 121-3 (1964). (22B) Kelley, P. R., Fuller, F. D., Technicon Symp., Znd, hT.Y.London, 1965,
266-9 (Pub. 19661. (23B) Khristova, R . , Krushevska, A., Anal. Chim. Acta, 36, 392-8 (1966). 1248 I Miyanaga, T., Fukushima-KenEisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, 1966,123-6; C A , 69, 12843q (1968). (25B) Mulikovskaya, E. P., Sharykhina, I. N., Novye Metody Analiza Khim. Sostava Podzenm. Vod., 1967,65-71; CA, 69, 51122 (1968). (26B) Palin, A. T., Water Eng., 71, 109-10 (1967). (27B) Palyi, G., Magy, Kem. Foly.. 73, 320-2 (1967); C A , 67, 93854~(1967). (28B) Rehwoldt, R. E., Chasen, B. L., Li, ,J. B., ANAL.CHEM.,38, 1018-,19 (1966). (29B) Rehwoldt, R. E., Treinen, >I., Chemist-Analyst,56, 102 (1967). VOL. 41, NO. 5, APRIL 1969
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(IC, Akaiws. H., Kawamoto, H., Anal. Chzm. Acta. 40, 407-12 (1968). (2C) Rhatnagar, R. 11..Roy, A. K., Technology (Sindri), 3, 131-4 (1966); CA,
67, 253339 (1967). (3C) Borgioli. N., Borgioli, A,, Rass. Chim., 18,162-5 (1966)iCA,66,1187lie (1967). (4C) Dixon, B. I T ., Slowey, J. F., Hood, D. W., BEC Accession No. 43086, Rept. Yo. TID-23295, 22 pp (1966); CA, 66, 118724e (1967). (5C) Donaldson, D. E., U.S. Geol. Suru., Profess. Paper, 550-D, 258-61 (1966). (6C) Fukai, R.. Nature, 213, 901 (1967). (7C) Ghosh. A. R., Radhakrishnan, I. I., J . Inst. Chem. (India),39,168-72 (1967); CA, 68, 62539v (1968). (8C) Guenther, G., Fortschr. Wasserchem. Ihrer Grenzgeb., 5 , 305-12 (1967); CA, 68, 1601% (1968). (9C) Hammerton, C., Proc. SOC.Water Treat Ezam., 16, 293-5 (1967). (10C) Henriksen, A., Analyst, 91, 647-51 (1966). f l l C ) Joyner. T.. Finley, J. S., At. Absorption AVeLcaletter,5, 4-7 (1966). 112C) Kanie, T., A\ragoyashi Kogyo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, 35, 6-9 (1966); PA 69. 4.5043~11968). 113C) Kekpf, T., Z. Anal. Chem., 231, 200-3 (19671; CA, 67, 1112922 (1967). (14C) Lima, F. IT., Silva, C. ?.I.. J . Radioanal. Chem., 1, 147-52 (1968); C A , 68, 107i97w (1968). (132) Lopez-Benito, hI.>Invest. Pesq., 13, 17-31 (1967); CA, 67, 5600p (1967). (16C) LIautner, G., Khig. Zdraveopazvane, 10. 194-201 11967): CA. 67. 9 3 8 2 7 ~ 11967). (17C) XlcMahon, J. W., Limnol. Oceanogr., 12, 437-42 (1967). (18C) Midgett, 11. R., Fishman, 11. J., d f . Absorpfion Newsletter, 6, 128-31 (1967). (19C) Mizumwa, F., Umino, T., Sakai, K., Bztnseki Kagnku, 16, 1373-6 (1967); CA, 68, 625642 (19G8). 354 R
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(1D) Afghan, B. K., Ryan, D. E., Anal. Chim. Acta, 41, 167~70(1968). (2D) Benford, K., Gilbert, >I.) Jenkins, S. H., Water Res.. 1, 695-715 (1967). (3D) Bertru, G., Bull. SOC.Sci. Bretagne, 42, 61-5 (1967); CA, 69, 5 1 1 5 ~(1968). (4D) Brooks, R. R., Presley, B. J., Kaplan, I. R., Anal. Chim. Acta, 38,321-6 (1967). (5D) Capelle, R.. Chim. Anal. (Paris),48, 498-504 (1966); CA, 66, 31891h (1967). (6D) Dawes, C. A., Tetlow, J. A., Technicon Symp. dnd, N.Y. London, 1965, 232-6 (Pub. 1966). (7D) Devaleriola, 11.,Nangniot, P . , Talanta, 15, 759-61 (1968). (8D) Doshi, G. R., Indian J . Chem., 5, 580-1 (1967); CA, 68, 89785j (1968). (9D) Fel’dman, 11.B., Nakhshina, E. P., Gidrobiol. Zh., Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, 3, 86-8 (1967); CA, 67, 93860b (1967). (10D) Fishman, hI. J., Midgett, ?VI. R., Advan. Chem., 73, 230-5 (1968). (11D) Forster, W.O., Zeitlin, H., Limnol. Oceanoar.. 12. 359-61 (1967). (12D) Fikai, R., Huynh-Ngoc, L., Vas, D., Nature, 211, 726-7 (1966). (13D) Hanya, T., Saka, K., Suishitsu Odaky Kenkyu, 4 , 7 6 4 7 (1967); CA, 69,
218208 (1968). (14D) Hluchan, E., )layer, J., Abel, E., Fortschr. Wasserchem. Ihrer Grenzgeb, 2,
248-52 (1965); CA. 68, 16003t (1968). (15D) Knight, A. G., Proc. SOC.Water Treat. Ezam.. 15. 159-60 (1966). (16D) Krishnamookhy. T. PVI., Viswanathan, R., Indian J . Chem., 6, 169-70 11968); CA, 69, 3866ik (1968). ( l i D ) Lai, R.1. G., Goya, H. A., U.S., Clearinghouse Fed. Sn’. Tech. Inform.,
AD 648485, avail. CFSTI, 20 pp (1966) ; CA. 68, 15986d (1968). (18D) Leddicotte, G. W.,AEC Accession KO. 33248, Rept. No. AED-CONF-65347-2. avail. Gmelin., 17 .. DW (1966): CA, 66,6 8 7 7 8 ~(1967).
(1968). Silver, Gold, and Mercury (1E) Abdullaev, A. A,, Gureev, E. S., Grakhov, V. A , , Zhuk, L. I., Zakhidov, A. Sh., Izv. Akad. Nauk Uzb. SSR, Ser. Fiz.-Mat. Nauk. 12. 59-61 11968): CA, 69, 12850q (1968). ’ (2E) Abdullaev, A . A., Zakhidov, A. Sh., Grakhov, V. A , , ibid., 11, 66-8 (1967); CA, 68, 159981 (1968) (3E) Brune, D., Jirlow, K., Radiochim. Acta. 8. 161-4 (1967): CA, 68, 119148~ (1968).’ (4E) Dall’Aglio. M., Atti SOC.Toscana Sci.
-Aintwr -...
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73,577-95 (i967y; CA. 68,6059b (1968). (5E) Dall’Aglio, M., Gragnani, R., ibid., 73, 553-76 (1967); CA, 68,6060~(1968). (6Ej ]?ill, 11.,S,> c‘.S. At. Energy Comm. 1-1572. avail. DeD. mn; CFSTI, 14 _ pp . (1967). (7E) Kosareva, V G., Ter-Stepanyants, V G., Novye Xetody Analiza Khim. Sostava Podzemn. Vod., 1967, 51-4; CA, 69, 5124c (1968). (8E) Leushina. I. K., Galkina, L. L., Vop. Miner. Geokhim. Tekhnol. Miner. Syr’ya, 1966, 148-52; CA. 68, 160162 (1968). (9E) Ozerova, N. L., Volkova. 2. G., Novye Metody Analiza Khim. Sostava Podzemm. Vod., 1967, 38-43; CA, 69,
1 2 8 4 9 ~(1968). (10E) Shin, A. A., Uch Zap. Karagand. Med. Inst.. 3, 9-10 (1966); CA. 67, 93857f (1967). (11E) Sokolov, I. Yu., Shchegoleva, V. D., Novye Metody Analiza Khim. Sostava Podzemn. Vod.. 1967, 47-51: CA, 69,
5118d (1968). (12E) West, F. K.. West, P. W., Iddings, F. A,, ANAL.CHEM.,38, 1566-70 (1966). (13E) West, F. K., \Test, P. IT., Iddings, F. A., A n d . C h ~ m .Acta, 37, 112-21 (1967).
(14E) West, F. K., West, P. W.,Ramakrishna, T. V., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1, 717-20 (1967).
(6G) Utsumi, S., Isozaki, A,, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 88, 545-9 (1967); CA, 67, 36292u (1967).
Vanadium, Tantalum, Zirconium, Tungsten, Molybdenum, Scandium, Uranium, and Rare Earths (1F) Berdnikov, A. I., Gig. Sanit., 32,57-9 (1967); CA, 68, 53157s (1968). (2F) Butler, L. R. P., hfathews, P. M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 36, 319-27 (1966). (3F) Chan, K. M.,Riley, J. P., ibid., pp 220-9. (4F) Ibid., 39, 103-13 (1967). (5F) Chau, Y., Wong, P., Talanta, 15, 867-70 (1968). (6F) Fishman, 31. J., hlallory, E. C., Jr., J . U'ater Pollution Control Federation, 40, R67-R71 (1968). (7F) Guenther, G., Wasserwirtsch.-Wassertech.. 15. 75-7 11965): CA., 66.88574m , , 11967).' ' (8Fj Hedges, D. H., Hood, D. K . j AEC Accession No. 43088, Rept. No. TID23295, avail. Dep. mn; CFSTI, 8 pp (1966). (9F) Hoegdahl, 0. T., Melsom, S., Bowen V. T., Advan. Chem., 73, 308-25 (1968). ilOF) Ishibashi. hl.. Fuiinaea. T.. Kuwamoto, T., Ogino,' Y.," NGpon 'Kagaku Zasshi, 88,73-6 (1967); CA, 66,108131~ (1967). (11F) Kopylova, M. M., Kharlamova, A. V., Novye Metody Analiza Khim. Sostava Podzemn. Vod., 1967, 30-6; CA, 68, 62531m (1968). (12F) Nevoral, V., Okac, A., Cesk. Farm., 15,229-31 (1966); CA, 65,18329f (1966). (13F) Onuma, N., Onsen Kogakkaishi, 1967, 133-41; CA, 69, 5 0 9 8 ~(1968). (14F) Ozerova, N. V., Sidorova, L. A., Novye Metody Analiza Khim. Sostava Podzemn. Vod., 1967, 54-9; CA, 68, 72131v (1968). (l5F) Pets, L. I., Miller, A. D., Tr. Tallin. Politekh. Inst., SeT. A, 236, 13-18 (1966); CA, 67, 14695a (1967). (16Fj Ibid., 238, 133-46 (1966): CA, 67, 14696b (1967): (1iF) Polykovskaya, N. A., Gig. Sanit., 32. 50-2 11967): CA. 66. 884791' (1967). (18Fj Riley, J. P:,'Taylor, D., Ankl.~Chim. Acta, 41, 175-8 (1968). (13F) Roslyakov, V. S., Ezhova, hl. P., Radiokhimiwa, 8, 360-2 (1966); CA. 65. 13406a (1966). ' (20F) Shigematsu, T., Tabushi, M., Aoki, T.. Fuiino. 0..Nishikawa. Y.. Goda. S.. Bull. inst Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ., 45; 307-17 (1967); CA, 68, 98528e (1968). (21F) Sulcek, Z., Povondra, P., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 32, 3140-8 (1967); CA, 68, 6061ur (1968). (22F) Upor, E., Gorbicz, L.. Jurcsik, I., Csovari, M.,Hidrol. Kozl., 45, 569-74 (1965); CA, 67, 93859h (1967). (23F) Kilson, A. hl., ANAL.CHEM.,38, 1784-6 (1966).
Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide
~
Boron and Selenium (IG) Gagliardi, E., Wolf, E., Mikrochim. Acta. 1968. 140-7. (2G) Gassaday, J. D., Int. J . Oceanol. Limnol., 1, 85-90 (1967). (3G) Gitsova, S.,Khig. Zdraveopazvane, 9, 597-603 (1966); CA. 67, 571832 (1967). (4Gj Lushnikov, V. V., Kondrat'eva, E. N., h'ovye Metody Analiza Khim. Sostava Podzemn. Vod., 1967, 84-8; CA, 69, 5123b (1968). (5G) Sidel'nikova, V. D., Leont'eva, -4. A., Metody Khim. Anal. Khim. Sostav Miner., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Inst. Geol. Rud. Mestorozhd., Petrogr., Mineral. Geokhim., 1967, 101-4; CA, 68, 72076s (1968).
(1H) Babkin, M. P., Lab. Deb, 1967,42930; CA, 67, 67459h (1967). (2H) Brainina, Kh. Z., Sapozhnikova, E. Ya., Zh. Anal. Khim., 21,1342-7 (1966); CA, 66, 34598d (1967). (3H) Burke, J. D., Clough, C. E., Virginia J . Sci., 17, 164-70 (1966). (4H) Rystritskii, A. L., Aleskovskii, V. B., Vodopodgotovka, Vod. Rezhim Khimkontrol. Parosilovykh Ustanovkakh, SB. Statei, 2, 163-7 (1966); CA, 68, 1 6 0 0 6 ~ (19681. \ - - - - I -
(5H) Dimitrov, C., Nauch. Tr. Vissh. Pedagog. Inst. Plovdiv, Mat., Fiz., Khim.; Biol., 4, 141-6 (1966); CA, 67, 14748~ (1967). (6H) Dunton, P. J., Appl. Spectrosc., 22, 99-100 (1968). (7H) Fujinaga, T., Takagi, O., Nippon Kagaku Zassha, 87, 142-3 (1966); CA,
,
,----,.
64 1 m 7 i h (1 ~fifi'i _ - - . - . I
(8H) .Hahn, F. L., Anal. Chim. Acta, 38, . ~~578-9 (1967).
(9H) Karyakin, A. V., Babicheva, G. G., Zh. Anal. Khim., 23,789-91 (1968); CA, 69, 38666j (1968). (IOH) Klehr, E. H., Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., 46, 112-15 (1966); CA, 67, 3 6 2 9 4 ~ (1967). (11H) Klein, T., Wasser, Luft Betr., 11, 345-8, 353 (1967); CA, 68, 15995f (1968). --, (12H) Kovalenko, P. N., Bagdasarov, K. N., Evstifeev, hf. ?*I.,Konochkin, R. G., Elektrokhim. Opt. Metodu Anal. Stochnykh Vod Elekirolit., 1967, 93-105; CA, 69, 21815~'(1968). 113H'i hlaeazzu. G.. Atti. SOC.Peloritana Scl. FiL Mat. Natur., 12, 689-702 (1966); CA, 68, 89794m (1968). (14H) Mitchell, C. G., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper, 1822,77-83 (1966). (l5H) Mivanaga, T., Fukushima-Ken Eisei Kenkyuaho Kenkyu Hokoku, 1966, 73-7: CA. 69. 12844r (1968). (16H) Nagatsuka,' S., Suzuki, H., Nakajima, K., Kobayashi, M., Radioisotopes (Tokyo), 16, 504-8 (1967); CA, 68, 53153n (1968). ( l i H ) O'Brien, J., Fiore, J., Tech. Eau (Brussels), 244, 29-33 (1967); CA, 67, 67422r 11967). (18H) Podberezskaya, N. K., Shilenko, E. A., Zavodsk. Lab., 32, 918-19 (1966); CA, 65, 16680e (1966). (19H) Rygaert, J., Beaudet, C., Kerntechnik, 10.92-7 (1968) (Ena/Gerj : CA., 69., 5111w 11968). (20H) Rygaert, J., Clauss, A., Beaudet, C., AEC Accession No. 43063, Rept. No. EUR-2990f, avail. Dep. mn, 16pp (1966) (Fr); CA, 66, 88565j (1967). (21H) Shveikina, R. V., Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 10, 12889 (1967); CA, 69, 12851r (1968). (22H) Shveikina, R. V., Chernavina, M. S., Zh. Prikl. Khim., 39, 2362-3 (1966); C A . 66. l395Or - - - - - - (1967). , (23Hj Soos, P., Rev. Med. (Targu-Mures) 13, 145-9 (1967); CA, 68, 6058a (1968). (24Hj Stancheva, M., Khim. Ind. (Sofia). 39,112-14 (1967);CA, 68,33048d (1968). (26H) Stepanov, A. V., Fridman, P. A., Ioff, T. V., Inform. Sb. Tsent. Nauch.Issled. Inst. Morsk. Flota, 1966, 85-91; CA, 69, 21818n (1968). (26H) Tataev, 0. A., Bezhaev, hl. S.,Sb. Nauch. Soobshch., Dagestan. Univ., Kafedra Khim., 1967, 79-82; CA, 69, 21821h ( 1968). (27H) Vlasova, Z. S., hfolodtsov, V. A,, Pochvovedenie, 1966, 71-2; CA, 65, 12850c (1966). \ - -
~
I
\ - - -
Fluoride
(15) Babcock, R. H., Johnson, K. A., J. Amer. Water Works ASSOC.,60, 953-61 (1968). (25) Backer Dirks, O., Cox, F. H., Caries Res., 1, 295-8 (1967); CAI 69, 12847u 11968). (35) Ballczo, H., Mikrochim. Acta, 1,1968, 205-11; CA, 68, 56343k (1968). (45) Bock, R., Semmler, H. J., Z. Anal. Chem., 230, 161-84 (1967); CA, 67, 96585b (1967). (5J) Frant, M. S., Ross, J. W., Jr., ANAL. CHEM.,40, 1169-71 (1968). (6J) Grasso, A., Jervolino, P., Bosco, G., Nuovi Ann. Ig. Microbiol., 17, 141-53 (1966); CAI 66, 491498 (1967). (75) Ibid., 252-63 (1966); CA, 67, 36296~ \ - - - - ,
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114fi71 , I
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VOL, 41, NO. 5, APRIL 1969
359 R
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PCBLICATIOW authorized by Director, U.S.Geological Survey.
