Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 525R-582R
Water Analysis Patrick MacCarthy* and Ronald W. Klusman
Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 Steven W. Cowling
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., 7330 South Alton Way, Englewood, Colorado 801 12 James A. Rice
Department of Chemistry, South Dakota State Universiiy, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 Review Contents Inorganic Analysis Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals (and Ammonium Ions) Transition Metals Group 12 Metals Group 13 Elements Group 14 Elements Group 15 Elements Nonmetals Radionuclides Actinide Elements Multiple Metals Anions Gases Miscellaneous Organic Analysis Reviews Regulatory Methods Gas Chromatography Liquid Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Photometry and Spectrophotometry In Situ Sensors for Water Monitoring Biochemical Methods Sampling, Preconcentration, Extraction, and Separation Volatile Organic Compounds Pesticides, Herbicides, and Fungicides Organometallic Compounds 'Surfactants and Detergents Hydrocarbons Dissolved Organic Carbon Other Methods
526R 526R 527R 53313 534R 535R 536R 537R 538R 539R 539R 541R 546R 547R 547R 547R 547R 548R 549R 551R 551R 552R 553R 555R 556R 557R 559R 560R 561R 562R 562R
This is the 26th biennial review dealing with the inorganic and organic analytical chemistry of water. The format of this review is similar to that of the previous review in this series, which was published in Analytical Chemistry in 1993 (1). The references used in preparing this review were compiled by a computer search of Chemical Abstracts covering the period from where the previous review ended (volume 117(23), December 7, 1992) through volume 121(18), October 31, 1994. The references in this review represent a selection of the approximately 4743 citations examined for this period. These citations are the result of the computer search based on a combination of keywords relevant to water chemistry. 0003-2700/95/0367-0525$15.50/0 0 1995 American Chemical Society
A total of 1544 references are cited in this review from the 4743 references that were consulted. Certain criteria are used by the authors in making these choices. In brief, if an abstract is unclear or ambiguous it is generally excluded. If the subject matter appears to be of a routine nature, without the introduction of novel features, it is also likely to be omitted; however, novel combinations of existing techniques may constitute a new contribution and qualify for inclusion in this review. The reader is referred to the Introduction to the 1991 review (2) in this series for a more detailed presentation of these criteria and a more complete discussion of the philosophy and scope of these Water Analysis reviews. For papers describing quantitative determinations, the authors of this review pay particular attention to the inclusion of important analytical data relating to accuracy (e.g., use of standards), precision (standard deviation, coefficient of variation, etc.), number of replicates, limits of detection, sensitivity, linear range or useful range of the technique, sampling rates, selectivity, the nature of interferences, recoveries, sample sizes to which the method is applicable, and so on. Papers are more likely to be cited in this review if data relating to accuracy and precision as well as other operational parameters are provided in the abstract found in Chemical Abstracts.
Certain substances or classes of substances may appear at more than one location in this review. For example, if one is interested in the analysis of nitrogen compounds in water, useful information may be found in several subsections of the Inorganic Analysis section. Ammonium is included in the Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals section because of the chemical similarity of ammonium to the alkali metal ions. Information on NH3 in water is also included in the subsection entitled Ammonia in the Gases section. Additionally, analysis of nitrogen compounds can be found in the Nitrogen Anions section. Analysis of nitrogencontaining compounds may also be found at several locations throughout the Organic Analysis section of this review. For example, subsections entitled Nitrogen-Containing Compounds appear in the sections on Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography and High-PerformanceLiquid Chromatography, and analyses of nitrogencontainingcompounds are also discussed at several other locations such as in the subsections entitled Methods for Triazine Herbicides, Urea-Containing Pesticides, and Carbamates. New developments and trends were more evident in the literature dealing with organic compounds than inorganic species during the compilation of this review. For example, there was a Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 67, No. 72, June 75, 1995 525R
considerable growth in the number of citations dealing with mass spectrometric analyses of organic compounds in general. In particular, the number of publications dealing with particle beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for contaminant analysis, especially pesticides, has grown considerably. There was a noticeable increase in the number of papers dealing with the analysis of pesticides in general. Also evident was a major increase in the number of publications dealing with biochemical methods of analyses and methods for in situ determinations. In contrast, there appeared to be fewer papers dealing with the determination of hydrocarbons compared to previous years. INORGANIC ANALYSIS ALKALI AND ALKALINE-EARTH METALS (AND AMMONIUM IONS)
Barium. The barium concentration was determined in marine biogenic carbonates after a special cleaning procedure to remove detrital Ba ( A I ) . The detrital Ba was removed by alkaline-DTPA, followed by the determination of Ba by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A precision of f 2 to f 3 % could be attained. A new class of ionophores of the binaphthyl polyether group was used to construct a Ba ion-selective electrode (A2). The ionophore was incorporated into an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The electrode response was linear in the range of (0.1-3) x M with a slope of 30 mV per decade. The electrode could be used in a pH range of 1.6-8.1, and there was negligible interference from most mono- and divalent cations. A tungsten coil was used as an electrothermal atomizer for the determination of Ba in water by atomic absorption spectrometry (43). Ba in the 10-25Gpg range could be determined in a 1GpL sample, with a relative standard deviation of go%recoveries of pesticides was reported (X28). Two SPE columns, a RP and an anion-exchange column, were connected in series for the simultaneous extraction of three triazines, a substituted amide, an organophosphate, and a benzoic acid derivative from water samples (X27). Gas Chromatography. Large-volume CGC methods were reported for the determination of pesticide concentrations in water samples (X29, X 3 0 ) . Both methods report detection limits of -1 pg/L in sample sizes of ~ 5 mL. 0 GC methods were reported for the quantitation of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides (X31, X 3 8 ) , urea herbicides (X33), and substituted anilines from the degradation of phenylurea herbicides (X32),sulfonylurea herbicides (X34, X 3 5 ) , methamidophos and buminafos (X36), and atrazine and simazine in estuarine waters (X37). The detection limits of these methods were all
