Letter Cite This: J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 2733−2738
pubs.acs.org/JPCL
Dual Emission through Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Room-Temperature Phosphorescence, and Their Thermal Enhancement via Solid-State Structural Change in a CarbazoleQuinoline Conjugate Indranil Bhattacharjee, Nirmalya Acharya, Harsh Bhatia, and Debdas Ray* Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India S Supporting Information *
ABSTRACT: The emergence of single-component organic dual light emitters holds great promise for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) and biological detection due to the involvement of broad emission covering visible spectrum. Here we show experimental studies on dual emission of carbazole-quinoline conjugate (CQ) that exhibits both thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) via reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) from the higher-lying triplet state (T2) to the singlet state (S1) and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from the lowest triplet state (T1) due to low energy gap between T2 and S1, and energetic proximity of T1 with T2. We found in thermal effect that the intensity of the dual features is enhanced with increasing temperatures up to 100 °C, which can be explained by a thermal-induced structural change (TISC) mechanism that compensates the emission losses due to nonradiative transitions at elevated temperatures. This property, in addition to its enhanced TADF and phosphorescence decay rates (∼107 s−1and 101 s−1) at 100 °C, would have great promise for high-efficiency LEDs.
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from the triplet state through strong spin−orbit coupling (SOC),8,14 have attracted increasing attention over the past decades due to their potential applications in OLEDs,15,16 bioimaging,17 and advanced security imaging.18 Since metal-free organic materials have typically slow intersystem crossing (ISC) from the S1 to the triplet manifold (Tn), and radiative decay rates (104 s−1) © 2018 American Chemical Society
Received: March 27, 2018 Accepted: May 7, 2018 Published: May 7, 2018 2733
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00937 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 2733−2738
Letter
The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
photophysics without having a well-defined structure−property correlation. The major issue that limits such correlation is the lack of proper structural design and understanding of the origin of dual emission and their emission enhancement at elevated temperatures. It is imperative to design new organic systems, which would address these limitations. Here, we demonstrate four carbazole-quinoline-based donor−acceptor (D−A) molecular systems, CQ, CQ-Me, CQ-OMe, and CQ-CN (Figure 1b) in which carbazole is covalently attached to the C8 position of the 2,4-aryl substituted quinoline framework (aryl = −Ph, −PhOMe, −PhMe, and −PhCN) via a C−N bond. Inspired by the studies for the TADF that originates via rISC from the T1 to S1 state,29−32 we hypothesized that the torsion between the donor and acceptor would play a crucial role to facilitate rISC from T2 to S1 state, thereby allowing RTP from T1 state. Our experimental studies revealed that only CQ in the solid state exhibits both TADF through rISC from T2 to S1 and RTP feature due to radiative decay of the T1 state. The theoretical calculation at the BLYP/6-31G(d) level of theory33,34 further shows that both T2 and S1 states are localized on quinolinyl fragment, while the carbazolyl ring contributes to T1, thus causing TADF from T2 to S1 and efficient RTP from T1. We also demonstrate that the CQ shows emission enhancement of dual features with increasing temperatures up to 100 °C. The CQ has the unprecedented ability to compensate the emission
Figure 1. (a) Jablonski diagram for dual emission via TADF and phosphorescence in the proposed molecular design. (b) Molecular structures of the carbazole-quinoline conjugates.
Figure 2. (a) UV−visible (vis) and steady-state emission spectra in solvents of disparate polarity. (b) Excited state decays at ambient and deoxygenated conditions in toluene. (c) Steady state photoluminescence and phosphorescence spectra in solid state at ambient condition. (d) Excited state decay transients spectra measured at temperatures from 77 to 300 K. 2734
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00937 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 2733−2738
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
Figure 3. Steady-state PL (a) of CQ and (b) phosphorescence spectra upon heating from 25 to 100 °C. (c) Quantum yields of emission upon heating. (d) Rate constants upon heating. Error bar represents the maximum deviation over three independent measurements. (e) Phosphorescence intensity and lifetime cycles upon heating and cooling. (f) Temperature-dependent XRD pattern upon heating from 25° to 100 °C.
the phosphorescence decay transient measurement at RT, the phosphorescence spectrum measured at 77 K (Figure S9) shows a FC type characteristic vibrational feature42 of a 3LE state. Taking altogether, we believe that dual emission occurs via TADF and RTP. The most exciting observation is the enhancement of intensity of all the emission bands (Figure 3a) with increasing temperatures from 25 to 100 °C, indicating a substantial reduction of nonradiative transitions by a counter mechanism, which is therefore able to sustain the emission with rising temperature. More importantly, a 3 nm red shift in the position of the peak at 437 nm is detected at 50 °C, while no further change in the peak position was detected above 50 °C, suggesting a structural change that modulates excited state energy levels. The decay transient measurement of λ437 shows a slight increase in lifetimes of the prompt component from 9.48 ns at RT to 9.76 ns at 100 °C and slight decrease of lifetimes of the delayed component from 7.55 μs at RT to 7.33 μs at 100 °C, which is in good agreement with the literature of TADF28 (Figure S10a and Table S3). Likewise, phosphorescence lifetimes of the λ517 decreases slightly from 7.2 ms at RT to 6.95 ms at 100 °C (Figure S10b and Table S3). On the other hand, an 8−10 nm shift is observed in the position of the λ517 toward longer wavelength for temperatures of 50 and 70 °C, while no appreciable change in the peak position was detected from 70 to 100 °C (Figure 3b). Further, these thermally perturbed spectra return to the original positions during cooling, indicating a structural change that is indeed fully retained (Figures S11a, S11b). The efficacy of the spectral change is further observed in the absorption and excitation spectra (Figures S12 and S13). Further crystals of CQ manifest similar efficacy during heating and cooling (Figures S14c,d, and S11c,d), thereby assigning the observed features to the possibility of structural change at elevated temperatures. We
losses due to nonradiative transitions at elevated temperatures by a counter thermal-induced structural change (TISC) mechanism. The target chromophores, CQ, CQ-Me, CQ-OMe, and CQCN were prepared by simple multicomponent condensation reaction35 (Scheme S1). All the conjugates were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and X-ray analysis (see the Supporting Information). We systematically investigated the UV−visible(vis) and photoluminescence (PL) properties in solution and solid state. CQ exhibits two absorption bands at 320 and 375 nm, respectively. The emergence of a hypsochromically shifted absorption band of λ375 with increasing polarity of the solvents confirms the charge transfer (CT) nature of the transition36 (Figure 2a). Likewise, steady-state emission shows positive solvatochromism37 effects and a broad emission feature, suggesting that CQ is less polar in the Franck−Condon (FC) region compared to the S1 minimum from which the emission occurs (Figure 2a). Moreover, the biexponential decay of the emission band in toluene (λem = 441 nm), showing prompt (τPF = 6.8 ns) and delayed components (τDF = 1.5 μs) in the absence of molecular oxygen at RT and monoexponential decay of the λ441 at 77 K in solution confirms a typical TADF dye29−32 (Figure 2b, Figure S8c). On the other hand, the steady state emission in the solid state at ambient conditions shows two emission peaks at 437 nm, and 517 nm, respectively; the later peak is accompanied by a broad shoulder at 545 nm (Figure 2c). The peak at 437 nm is assigned to the TADF character, which is confirmed in the decay transient measurement, showing prompt and delayed components (τPF = 9.48 ns, τDF = 7.55 μs) at RT and a continuous increase of lifetime upon lowering of temperature (300 to 77 K) (Figure 2d). While the intense peak at 517 nm is assigned as a purely RTP feature showing a lifetime of 7.2 ms in 2735
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00937 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 2733−2738
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
Figure 4. Oak Ridge thermal ellipsoid plots (50% probability ellipsoids) of (a) CQ at RT and (b) CQ at 70 °C. The protons are placed in calculated positions. (c) Superimposition of the two X-ray structures (CQ-RT, orange; CQ-70 °C, green). The protons are removed for the sake of clarity.
observed that the quantum yields of total emission (ΦE) and phosphorescence (ΦP) increases monotonically with increasing temperatures, leading to a 2-fold increment (53.88%) of ΦE at 100 °C when compared to the absolute value of 26.2% at RT (Figure 3c, Table S4). In addition, a slight increase of quantum yields of the prompt fluorescence (ΦPF), and the triplet (ΦT) is observed, while a slight reduction of delayed fluorescence (ΦDF) is also seen. The results shown in Figure 3d clearly demonstrate the effects of temperature on rate constants (Table S5), showing a noticeable decrease in the rate constant of rISC (krISC) due to increasing temperature from 25 to 100 °C, while nonradiative rate constant of prompt fluorescence (knrPF) and radiative rate constant of phosphorescence (krP) increase appreciably with a small increment in the nonradiative phosphorescence rate constant (knrP). To test the thermal reversibility of the RTP emission, we conducted four switching cycles by recording the PL measurement at 100 °C using the same excitation, followed by thermal relaxation at 25 °C (Figure 3e and Figure S15). This measurement shows that the phosphorescence feature is regenerated through subsequent heating and cooling. Ensuring high-thermal stability of the sample, we also tested the thermal stability of the RTP feature with time at a fixed temperature of 100 °C (Figure S16). These heating and cooling cycles do not lead to an appreciable change in intensity or lifetimes, which allows us to ensure that the RTP spectra are stable under the given experimental conditions. To elaborate upon our molecular understanding of structural changes associated with the PL, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-dependent PXRD measurements were performed (Figure S17). DSC analysis shows that the phase transformations occur at Tα−β = 54 °C and Tβ−γ = 90 °C, which transform back to the original phases upon cooling. High-temperature PXRD analysis at 50 °C shows that a new set of Bragg peaks appear at 23.26°, 23.7°, and 28.22° (Figure 3f and Figure S18). Interestingly, these peaks disappear for the temperatures of 70, 80 and 90 °C, while reappear again for further increase in temperature at 100 °C. These features in the Bragg peaks conclusively identify that a structural change has occurred at elevated temperatures. Unequivocal evidence of conformational change was based on the single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis (Figure 4). The X-ray data of CQ was collected at RT as well as 70 °C (Supporting Information). SCXRD analysis of CQ at RT showed that the carbazolyl and phenyl rings attached to C8 and
C4 atoms of quinolinyl ring are deviated from planarity, and the corresponding torsions are found to be 55.7(3)° and −127.4(3)° when viewed along the C(11A)−N(2)−C(8)− C(9) atoms and C(3)−C(4)−C(17)−C(18) atoms, respectively (Figure 4a and Figure S19). In addition, the phenyl ring attached to the C2 position of the quinolinyl moiety is slightly deviated (−2.9(4)°) when viewed along the atoms of N1−C2− C23−C28. Interestingly, these angles were tweaked upon heating to 105.4(2)°, 50.7(2)°, and 2.9(2)° respectively, when viewed along the same atoms in CQ (Figure 4b and Figure S20). Comparison of the SCXRD data of CQ at RT and 70 °C shows substantial differences in their torsions (Figure 4c and Tables S6, S7), which substantiate our previous arguments for the TISC mechanism, which compensates emission losses due to nonradiative transitions at elevated temperatures. To prove the mechanism of the observed PL feature of CQ, DFT and TD- DFT38 calculations were performed in GAUSSIAN 09 D.0139 at the BLYP/6-31G(d) level of theory (see the Supporting Information). The calculated energy levels of S1, T1, and T2 states for the CQ crystal were assigned to be 1 ππ*(CT), 3ππ*(LE), and 3ππ*(LE), respectively (Figure 5, Table S8). Comparison of the inverse solvent polarity effect of the λ375 and theoretical calculation suggest that S1 is of π−π* character with CT nature. The calculations also suggest that the
Figure 5. Isosurfaces of S0 (lower left image), S1 (upper left image), T2 (upper right image), and T1 (lower right image) of CQ calculated at the BLYP/6-31G(d) level; energy levels of CQ. 2736
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00937 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 2733−2738
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters isosurface of T1 (3ππ*) is localized on carbazole ring, while the corresponding isosurfaces of S1 (1ππ*(CT)) and T2 (3ππ*) states, which are quite similar, are delocalized over the quinolinyl ring and its phenyl substituent at C2 position, respectively, thereby enabling efficient ISC and rISC processes via 1CT → 3LE/3LE → 1CT transition8 as T2 (3ππ*) lies just above the S1 (1ππ*(CT)) state (ΔES1‑T2 = 0.144 eV). Moreover, we observed that the calculated energy level of T1 (3ππ*) falls below the T2 (3ππ*) state (ΔET1‑T2 = 0.507 eV), suggesting an additional phosphorescence channel operating from 3LE (3ππ*). The small values of ΔET1‑T2 and ΔES1‑T1 (0.366 eV) therefore, play a pivotal role in populating lower lying T1 (3ππ*), which might occur predominantly through internal conversion from the T2 (3ππ*) and/or ISC from S1 (Figure 1). Our results demonstrate that the torsion between the carbazolyl ring and quinolinyl moiety plays a crucial role and sets a benchmark for such intriguing photophysics. To test our hypothesis we synthesized CQ-Me, CQ-OMe, and CQ-CN (see the Supporting Information), in which the phenyl rings at the C2 and C4 positions of quinolinyl moiety are substituted by methyl, methoxy, and nitrile groups inducing electronic and steric effects. SCXRD analysis of CQ-Me and CQ-CN identifies a significant difference in their torsions associated with the phenyl at C4 position and carbazolyl rings at the C8 position when we compare the data with that of CQ. Computational analysis shows that these substitutions drastically increase the energy gap between the S1 and T2 (Table S10), which eliminates the possibility of dual emission features through TADF that originates from rISC from T2 to S1, and RTP from T1. However, the spectroscopic measurements show that all three compounds (CQ-Me, CQ-OMe, and CQ-CN) show prompt fluorescence features via radiative decay of S1 (Figure S23 and Table S9) and quenching of their emission with increasing temperatures. These results indicate that the CQ is a rare one that can retain the prerequisite of low energy gap between the S1 and T2 states (ΔES1‑T2) along with the close proximity of T1 with the later (ΔET1‑T2), and exhibit two independent emission channels through TADF and RTP even at 100 °C. In summary, we have demonstrated an unique organic conjugate showing dual emission via RTP and TADF, and its emission enhancement at elevated temperatures. Spectroscopic measurements tracking TISC, which therefore highlights the predominant role of torsion between the donor and acceptor, provide unequivocal evidence for TEPL, particularly, phosphorescence with increasing temperatures. Compared to traditional molecular systems, this design principle seems to be the most predominant one for high-efficiency LEDs because the conjugate provides stable PL generating capability when tested under repeated heating and cooling cycles.
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ature-dependent quantum yields and rate parameters, and computational details (PDF) CQ.cif (CIF) CQ-70.cif (CIF) CQ-CN.cif (CIF) CQ-Me.cif (CIF)
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*E-mail:
[email protected]. ORCID
Debdas Ray: 0000-0002-6169-8823 Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper is dedicated to Prof. Parimal K. Bharadwaj on the occasion of his 65th birthday. D.R. is grateful to the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) (File No: SB/EMEQ004/2014 & YSS/2014/000923), DST, and Shiv Nadar University (SNU) for generous support. I.B., H.B., and N.A. thank SNU for fellowship. We thankfully acknowledge the use of the MAGUS supercomputing system at SNU.
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ASSOCIATED CONTENT
S Supporting Information *
The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00937. Experimental procedures, NMR spectra of key compounds, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, UV-vis absorption spectra, steady-state emission and excitation spectra, temperature-dependent absorption and emission, time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) measurement, phosphorescence measurement, temper2737
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