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C: Surfaces, Interfaces, Porous Materials, and Catalysis
Dynamics of a Water Nanodrop Through a Holey Graphene Matrix: Role of Surface Functionalization, Capillarity, and Applied Forcing Yanbin Wang, Shayandev Sinha, Kunal Ahuja, Parth Desai, Jiaqi Dai, Liangbing Hu, and Siddhartha Das J. Phys. Chem. C, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01749 • Publication Date (Web): 22 May 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 22, 2018
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry
Dynamics of a Water Nanodrop Through a Holey Graphene Matrix: Role of Surface Functionalization, Capillarity, and Applied Forcing
Yanbin Wang1, Shayandev Sinha1, Kunal Ahuja1, Parth Rakesh Desai1, Jiaqi Dai,2 Liangbing Hu2 and Siddhartha Das1* 1
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Email:
[email protected] 1
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Abstract Nanoporous graphene has emerged as an excellent material for desalination and water purification. Holey graphene is a special form of nanoporous graphene, where multilayers of nanoporous graphene get arranged in spatially separated stacks. In this paper, we employ Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to unravel the dynamics of a water drop in presence of an applied force F in such holey graphene architecture (HGA), which is characterized by the presence of either hydrophilic functionalization (HIF) or hydrophobic functionalization (HOF) of the edges of the holes. For realistic values of F, the consideration of water drop makes the capillary effects important, which in turn interplays with the wettability of the surface functionalization to ensure that the HG with the HOF causes both an enhanced flux and an enhanced permeated water volume. We relate these phenomena to the augmented waterhydrophilic-edge attraction that arrests the dewetting of water from the graphene stacks and slows the speed of water flowing past the graphene edges. Finally, we discover a time interval when a quasi-steady flux of water comes out of the HG for either types of functionalization and therefore attempts a Darcy’s Law like description of the water flux only to witness a capillarityinduced breakdown of Darcy’s Law with the flux being proportional to Fα, where αHOF>αHIF>1.
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1. Introduction Nanoporous graphene, where continuous graphene sheets are made discontinuous by the presence of holes created on account of missing of certain C bonds,1 has seen exceedingly growing recent interests in a multitude of applications such as supercapacitors and batteries,2,3 hydrogen production,4,5 water desalination and filtration,6-14 molecular sieving15 water-ethanol separation,16,17 ion selection,18,19 DNA sequencing,20 and many more. Holey graphene (HG) is a particular form of nanostructured graphene where multilayers of nanoporous graphene layers are organized in the form of stacks21-31 and has been employed in several of the above applications that are benefitted by the presence of a large ion-accessible graphene surface area that the HG system offers. However, unlike the case of a single layer of nanoporous graphene, a HG system, possibly for having a thickness much larger than a single layer nanoporous graphene, has never been utilized for membrane-like applications such as water desalination, separation of water from a liquid-liquid mixture, etc. Central to these applications involving water is the manner in which the interplay of an applied force, the capillary effects, and the nature of functionalization of the edges of the graphene holes dictates the water-HG interactions. Recently, the present authors have unveiled several important aspects of the no-force-driven wetting dynamics of a water nanodrop in contact with (a) monolayer and multilayers of supported and unsupported, non-porous graphene layers,32 (b) surfaces with graphene nanopillars,33 and (c) HG without surface functionaliziation.34 There are two key differences between the present study and the much more well-studied case of water dynamics across a nanoporous single or few layers of graphene.6-10 Firstly, the multi-stacks of the HG, containing laterally and vertically separated holes, invoke the wetting effects in a manner that is not possible for a single layer of nanoporous graphene. Secondly, the existing molecular simulation studies for single layer nanoporous
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graphene invariably consider ``bulk" slab of water (in form of a rectangular parallelopiped) in contact with graphene. Consideration of such ``bulk" water does not bring into the picture the appropriate water-graphene wetting interactions, which becomes necessary for the present problem of the multi-stack HG. Here we incorporate such wetting effects by considering the dynamics of a water drop instead of a water slab. In this paper, we employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to probe the force-driven dynamics of a water drop through a HGA. The edges of the holes of the HG are functionalized with either -H termination (we denote it as hydrophobic functionalization or HOF) or -OH termination (we denote it as hydrophilic functionalization or HIF). This functionalization saturates the unsaturation created by the removal of the C atoms during the formation of the holes. We study in detail the dynamics of a water drop through this HGA under different magnitudes of the applied forcing (on the water drop). We consider forces varying from 0.005 to 1 kcal/molÅ. Forces of the order of 0.1 kcal/molÅ and larger are often so large that they enforce such a hastened transport that we fail to single out ant time interval where one can witness a constant time-independent flux (this issue is discussed further later in this section). Therefore, we provide a detailed analysis of the drop dynamics for forces that are significantly smaller. For such forces, the capillary effects become significant given that we are considering a water drop and not a slab of water. Moreover for such forces the dominant influence of capillarity ensures a progressive increase in the flux with an increase in the applied force for HG with both HOF and HIF, while for larger forces the flux saturates and stops increasing with an increase in the force. On the other hand, large attractions between water and the HIF ensure (a) arresting of the dewetting effects enforcing retention of the water molecules within the graphene stacks and (b) slowing down of the transport of the water molecules past the graphene edges (see Fig. 1 a,b). As
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a consequence, the HGA with HOF demonstrates both augmented flux and an augmented volume of the permeated water for most of the force values for forces less than 0.1 kcal/molÅ. Finally, we pinpoint a time interval when the flux of water coming out of the HG with either HOF or HIF is constant. As already indicated, for forces larger than or equal to 0.1 kcal/molÅ, we do not witness any such time interval where the flux is constant. Identification of this time interval where the flux is constant for smaller forces, allows us to attempt a Darcy’s Law like description of the flux for such forces – we witness that capillarity enforces a breakdown of the Darcy’s Law with flux becoming proportional to Fα, where α=1.3 and 1.7 for HG with HIF and HOF, respectively.
2. Materials and Methods Molecular Dynamics Simulations: The water nanodrop trajectories within the HGA are simulated in 2-D setup using the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) software package. The water is modeled using Tip4p/2005 model, while the graphene architecture is constructed by considering each graphene stack to be made up of three graphene layers with specified vertical and lateral separations between the stacks and appropriate functionalization of the graphene edges. Appropriate post-processing of the water trajectories is carried out in order to obtain the different parameters that quantify the process. Extensive details about the problem geometry, simulation, and post-processing are provided in the SI.
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Figure 1: Schematic of the nanodrop dynamics in HGA with different functionalization of the hole. The stack levels L1-L3 are the upper, middle and lower stacks, with each stack consisting of three layers of graphene. Fig. 4 identifies these stacks as well as the lateral interstack separation or ISS (𝛿) and vertical ISS (𝑑) in a 2-D representation. (a,b) Nanodrop dynamics for small forces (F
