an R. B., Chem. Eng. Progr. 56, No. 4, 44 (1960). (20) Hall, G. D., Polderman, L. D., Zbid., 56, No. 10, 52 (1960). (21) Hardouin, M. S., Ginie chim. 83, No. 2, 41 (1960). (22) Hikita, H., Chem. Eng. (Japan) 24, 9 (1960). (23) Hikita, H., Kataoka. T., Nakanishi, N.,Zbid., 24, 2 (1960). (24) Hikita, H., Ono, Y , Zbid., 23, 808 (1959). (25) Hilliard, A. J., Brit. Chem. Eng. 5 , 174-8 (1960). (26) Hwa, C. S.,Beckmann, R. B., A.Z.Ch.E. Journal 6 , 359 (1960). (27) Hyman, D., Bogaerde, J. M . van den, IND.ENC.CHEM.52, 751 (1960). (28) King R. W., Fielding, J. C., Trans.
Znst. Chem. Engrs. (London) 38, 71 (1960). (29) Leva, Max, Chem. Eng. 67, No. 21, 263 (1960). (30) Manogue, W. H., Pigford, R. L., A.Z.Ch.E. Journal 6, 494 (1960). (31) Melichar, B., Brit. Chem. Eng. 5, 723 (1960). (32) Miyauchi, Terukatsu, Chem. Eng. (Jafian) 24, 434 (1960). (33) Molyneux, J., Brit. Chem. Eng. 4, 40 (1959). (34) Onda, K., Okamoto, T., Honda, H., Chem. Eng. (Japan) 24, 490 (1960). (35) Piester, L. W., Chem. Eng. Progr. 56, 1, 64 (1960). (36 Shulman, H . L., Robinson, R. G., .I.Ch.E. Journal 6, 469 (1960). (37) .Siemes, W., Borchers, E., Chem. Eng. SGZ.12, 77-87 (1960).
4”.
a I N T H E WORKS Coolant Purification and pH Control for Nuclear Reactors
T. F. Demmitt General Electric Co., Richland, Wash. High temperature, water-cooled nuclear reactors may require low pH recirculating water, to suit the materials of construction and the operating conditions. Ion exchange resins were used in tests to maintain coolant purity and minimize coolant borne activity. The results are of major interest in aluminum systems
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(38) Sonntag, G., Chem.-Zngr.-Tech. 32, 317 (1960). (39) Teller, A. J., Chem. Eng. 67, No. 14, 111-24 (1960). (40) Timson, W. J.. Dunn, C. G., IND. ENC.CHEM.52, 799 (1960). (41) Tow, D. J., Brit. Chem. Eng. 5 , 191-3, 256-9 (1960). (42) Turner, G. A , Hewitt, G. F., Trans. Znst. Chem. Engrs. (London) 37, 329-34 (1959). (43) Valentin, F. H. H., Brit. Chem. Eng. 5, 633 (1960). (44) Venkataraman, G., Laddha, G. S., A.Z.Ch.E. Journal 6, 355 (1960). (45) Whitt, F. R., Brit. Chsrn. Eng. 6, 179-82 (1960). (46) Yoshida, F., Ikeda, A., others, IND. ENG.CHEM.52, 435 (1960).
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Reducing Tungsten Oxides
L. G. Austin Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. Previous experimental data on the kinetics of hydrogen reduction of tungsten oxides are re-examined. It is found thatthe over-all rate is controlled by the areas of the phase boundaries present. Rate constants and activation energies are given for each oxide
Stabilizing liquid-liquid Dispersions b y Agitation Recovering Sodium Silicofluoride from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid Sydney Atkin and Enrico Pelitti Chemical Construction Corp., New York, N.
Y.
A. P. Vila and John Hegedus American Cyanamid Co., Brewster, Fla.
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A continuous process has been developed for recovering fluoride from wet process acid, by precipitation with sodium carbonate. Over 75% of the fluoride is removed. Optimum conditions are outlined. In addition to by-product recovery, fume problems are reduced and effluent treating costs are lowered
J. M. Church and Reuel Shinnar Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Mixtures of molten wax in dilute aqueous solutions of protective colloids were used to determine the factors controlling stability of dispersions. A possible mechanism is suggested, and a method for predicting the approximate conditions required for stabilization is developed
Alkylation-An
I/EC Unit Processes Review
L. F. Albright and R. N. Shreve Purdue University, Purdue, Ind. Commercial production of aluminum alkyls, expected to find large-scale use as polymerization catalysts, pyrophoric fuels for ram jets, and intermediates, i s now a reality. Open discussions have revealed considerable divergence of opinion on the true effects of operating variables on alkylation reactions
Concentrution Control b y Electrochemical Methods
M. E. Findley Auburn University, Auburn, Ala. I f concentration can be determined by simple titration, the process can be controlled by pH or Redox potentials. The sample is approximately titrated with a solution containing a buffer, and the difference between actual and expected measurements actuates a controller. The control loop is simpler than direct titration equipment, and sampling dead time is reduced
Theory of Centrifugation Charles M. Ambler The Sharples Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa. The laws controlling particle movement are applied to centrifugation processes. Theory underlying the operation of gas centrifuges, ultracentrifuges, and centrifugal filters is explained, as well as the basis for more standard industrial equipment VOL. 53, NO. 5
MAY 1961
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I / E C IN T H E W O R K S . .
I/EC M A Y 1961, Volume 53, No. 5
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Design of Centrifugation Equipment
APPLIED JOURNALS, ACS
F. E, Sullivan and R. A. E r i k s o n T h e De L a v a 1 Separator Co., P o u g h k e e p s i e , N. Y.
1 155 Sixteenth St., N.W. Washington 6, D. C. Direcfor o f Publications, C. B. Larrabee Ediforial Direcfor, Richard L. Kenyon Assistanf to fhe Director o f Publications, Joseph H. Kuney Assistant fo the Editorial Direcfor, Rodney N. Hader Director o f Editorial Research, Robert F. G ~ u l d
The development and design of the continuous disk centrifuge is discussed. In addition to adequate clarifying efficiency, the bowl designer must consider the corrosion resistance of the materials of construction, the stresses caused by high speed rotation, bowl stability and balancing, and power requirements
Applications of Centrifugation Equipment INDUSTRlAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
J. C. Smith Cornell U n i v e r s i t y , Ithaca, N. Y.
Editor, W i l l H. Shearon, Jr.
Recent developments i n design of centrifugal separators have greatly extended their range of application. The significant features of separation equipment design and operation for many types of applications are outlined
EDITORIAL HEADQUARTERS WASHINGTON 6, D. C. 1 1 55 Sixteenth St., N.W. Phone REpublic 7-3337 Teletype W A 23 Associafe Editors: W i l l i a m H. Gay, Eugenia Keller Assistant Editors: Joe H. Oiin, Joe B. Pullen, Elspeth W. Mainland Manuscript Deparfment Associafe Editors: Stella Anderson, Head, Katherine 1. Biggr, Reviewing, Ruth Reynard, Editing, Ruth M. H o w o r t h Layout and Production Joseph Jacobs, Art Director; M e l v i n B. Buckner (Art); Leroy Corcoran (Layout) Editorial Reference: Barbara A. Gallagher
Synthesis of 6-terf-Butyl 2,4-Xylenol
B. Hotelling, and M. B. Neuworth C o n s o l i d a t i o n Coal Co., Library, Pa. E. P. Previc, E.
ortho-Cresol is the starting material for a two-step process producing this new gasoline antioxidant. Economics are promising, and over-all yields of about 94% are reported
BRANCH EDITORIAL OFFICES CHICAGO 1, ILL. Room 926,36 Soufh Wabash Ave. Teletype CG 725 Phone STate 2-5148 Associate Editor in Charge: A r l h u r Poulos Assistant Edifor: Donaid Soisson Editorial Assistant: William M. Kunkel, Jr. HOUSTON 2, TEX. 718 Melrose Bldg. Teletype H O 72 Phone FAirfax 3-7107 Associate €ditor in Charge: Brwce F. Greek NEW YORK 16, N. Y. 2 Park Ave. Teletype NY 1-4726 Phone ORegon 9-1646 Associate Editor in Charge: William Q. Hull Senior Associate Editor: Walter S. Fedor Associate Editor: D. G r a y Weaver S A N FRANCISCO 4, CALIF. 703 Mechanics’ Institute Bldg., 57 Posf SI. Telelype SF 549 Phone EXbreok 2-2895 Associate Editor in Charge: Richard 0. N e w h a l l Assisfant Editor: Richard T. M i f c h EASTON, PA. 20th a n d Norfhampfon SCs. Teletype ESTN Pa 7048 Phone Blackburn 8.91 1 1 Associate Editor: Charlotte C. Sayre Editorial Assistanfs: Eiizabelh R. Rufe, Barbara A. Conover EUROPEAN OFFICE Bush House, A l d w y c h , London Cable JIECHEM Phone Temple Bar 3605 Associate Editor in Charge: D a v i d E. Gushee Assistanf Editor: Brendan F. Somerville Contributing Editors: H. Carl Bauman, James 6. Weaver, W. S. Connor, P. H. Stirling Advisory Board: R. 1. Baleman, A. S. Brunjes, Frank Chrencik, D a v i d M. Clark, Joseph C. Elgin, Sam S. Emison, E. J. Fox, Vladimir Haensel, George A. Harrington, Rafael Katsen, Joseph H. Koffolt, Donna Price, C. M. Sliepcevich, C. E. Sfevenson, George Thodos
lllf ARCH V
Advertising Management REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORP. (For Branch Offices see list of advertisers)
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INDUSTRIAL
AND ENGINEERING
CHEMISTRY
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Reduction of Tho2 by Aluminum D. 0. R a l e i g h A t o m i c s International, Canoga P a r k , Calif. Thorium-aluminum alloys for use in breeder reactors are prepared by direct reduction of thorium oxide with aluminum. Optimum reduction conditions are given. Sodium is produced a s a by-product
Thermosetting Compositions from Acrylamide lnterpolymers and Formaldehyde R. M. C h r i s t e n s o n and D. P. Hart P i t t s b u r g h P l a t e G l a s s Co., Springdale, P a . Methods of preparation of many resins of this broad group are given, and their properties described
Csafings Based on Acrylarnide Interpolymers H. A. Vogel and H. G. B i t t l e P i t t s b u r g h P l a t e G l a s s Co., Springdale, Pa. These resins can be used both as the sole resinous binder, and in combination with other resins. Coatings may be applied by all standard industrial techniques, and can be modified to suit the end use
Acrylic Coatings Cross-Linked with Amino Resins
J. C. P e t r o p o u l o s , C h a r l e s F r a z i e r , and L. E. Cadwell American Cyanamid Co., Stamford Conn. Many thermosetting coating resins of this type have been prepared. Properties are compared with conventional industrial materials, and are correlated on the basis of chemical composition and structure
