Edgar Bright Wilson, Jr. - The Journal of Physical Chemistry (ACS

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 83, No. 11, 1979

"A research worker in pure science who does not have a t all times more problems he would like to solve than he has time and means to investigate them probably is in the wrong business." ("An Introduction t o Scientific Research", E. Bright Wilson, Jr., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952.)


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Edgar Bright Wilson, Jr. Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry Harvard University This brief appreciation of Bright Wilson is a very special pleasure to write because we have been close friends for nearly a chemist's lifetime in the confines of this Department and elsewhere. Bright and I probably first met more than 50 years ago when he was an undergraduate at Princeton and came to consult with his faculty advisor, Dr. William T. Richards. At that time Bill Richards and I shared a laboratory-cum-office in a rather decrepit Princeton chemistry building. Bill was so much impressed by his young tutee that he took Bright along for 2 summers of research as a guest of the Alfred L. Loomis Laboratory. It occupied a fabulous mansion in the never-never land of Tuxedo Park, N.Y., where the living-in scientist guests were served rneals supervised by the youngest son of a near-royal English duke. There Bright witnessed the experimental wizardry of the senior guest, Professor Robert W. Wood, and also his fits of temper induced by unheeding his own spectrographic evidence for what therefore became known as the Raman rather than the Wood effect. From Princeton, with a master's degree and several completed experimental papers under his belt, Bright proceeded in 1931 to the California Institute of Technology. It was then the undisputed American hub of what was becoming recognized as chemical physics, led and inspired1 by the youthful Linus Pauling. Bright undertook research with Pauling and also served as teaching assistant for his quantum mechanics course. The exemplary lecture notes taken by Bright were the foundation of the "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics", by Pauling and Wilson, published in 1935. For over a quarter century this book was must reading for a host of physical chemists; indeed, the original edition is still in print and continues to outsell some other texts which have borrowed liberally from it. Bright completed his Ph.D. in 2 years. His thesis, which dealt chiefly with an approximate wave function for the lithium atom, was first viewed with misgivings by some Cal Tech faculty members because their Chemistry Department had a rule, not rescinded until some years later, that required every 1'h.D. thesis to include experimental work. l'auling had Bright honor this rule by measuring the magnetic susceptibilities of several nitroso compounds. Regrettably, Bright's results disproved a pet theory of his mentor During the following year as a postdoctoral Research Fellow a t Cal Tech, Bright devoted his research efforts entirely to a new and recondite domain of theoretical chemistry. He produced several pioneering papers treating the applications of group theory and symmetry analysis to the interpretation of molecular spectra. Among these papers were landmark studies of the vibrational modes of benzene and the nuclear spin statistics imposed by the Pauli principle. The quality of his work won Bright election in 1934 to the Society of Fellows a t Harvard a:, one of a half-dozen Junior Fellows chosen annually for a 3-year term. The Society had been founded about a year earlier by A. Lawrence Lowell, then President of Harvard, stimulated by his close friend L. J. Henderson, Professor of Biochemistry, urbane Boston Brahmin and great admirer of Pareto's elitist sociology. As the first chairman of the Senior I'ellows of the Society, Henderson dedicated much

effort to bringing to Harvard the spirit and the mores of a Senior Common Room of the ancient English colleges. The concept included Monday evening dinners which the Junior Fellows were expected to attend, about the only formal requirement of their Fellowship. Gourmet meals served with choice vintage wines provided the backdrop to lofty conversations presided over by Henderson. 'The ritual did overwhelm some Junior Fellows and occasionally even a distinguished guest with slightly plebeian origins. However, thanks either to the intercourse in the Society or the skillful selection of candidates, these Fellowsl~ips have generated over the years a remarkably successful and intellectually productive alumni group, and Bright Wilson is there with the best. In the Society as in later life Bright remained quite uncorrupted by elitism, perhaps due to his heritage as a Southern gentleman. He was born in Gallatin, in the midst of the beautiful rolling meadows, groves, and fields of Tennessee. His father, E. B. Wilson, practiced law there in his youth, was a successful member of the State legislature, and married Alma Lackey of a well-established local landed family. Soon thereafter the young couple moved to New York where Wilson p6re engaged in the practice of corporate law and later also became active in Washington politics. But the family maintained close association with their relatives in Tennessee and returned there for vacations and for important events such as the birth of Bright in 1908. The family lived in Yonkers, where Bright attended local schools until he entered the L,awrenceville Preparatory Academy and then went on to Princeton. Bright developed scientific interests at an early age, carried out chemical experiments at home, built radio receivers, and obtained a radio amateur licence in his early teens. These interests were seemingly self-generated, without obvious influence from his forebears other than tolerant encouragement. On occasion Bright has described his excitement when as a high school boy he discovered in the town library the classic thermodynamic text of Llewis and Randall. This book first revealed to him the scope and beauty of science, which he has pursued ever since. The 3 years of Bright's Junior Fellowship were very fruitful, as he developed quantitative treatments of the dynamics of molecular motions and carried further his work on symmetry analysis. The Harvard Chemistry Department secured his services as an Assistant Professor in 1936 and in response to his outstanding performance promoted Bright to an Associate Professorship with tenure only 3 years later at the early age of 30. He took over the teaching of the undergraduate course in physical chemistry and also gave courses on quantum mechanics and other theoretical topics for advanced graduate students. In those years Bright also launched his first ambitious experimental program. With Harold Gershinowitx he constructed an automatic infrared spectrometer which his students used to measure vibrational absorption spectra of a number of theoretically important molecules. These included quite a few hydrocarbons which my research group, working on the heats of hydrogenation, was able to provide in a state of purity unusual in those days. In concert with his theoretical work, these spectroscopic studies enabled Bright to publish in a span of only 7 years

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some 15 papers by himself, eight more with collaborators, and ten others by his co-workers alone. He thus initiated an unusual and generous custom, which encouraged the initiative of his collaborators; Bright would put his name on a paper from his laboratory only when he felt his own contribution to be a major one. This intense scholarly activity was interrupted by World War 11. After the formation of the National Defense Research Committee in the summer of 1940, it was easy to interest Bright in military work on explosives. With several students he undertook the study of shock waves in water using initially just blasting caps suspended in a large water tank which he had installed in the Gibbs Memorial Laboratory, built in another era for Professor T. W. Richards. Bright's progress was handicapped by the lack of suitable pressure sensors, so he had to develop these and the requisite electronics virtually from scratch. He also directed efforts to develop piezoelectric pressure gauges for shocks in air, especially after his visit to England in the summer of 1941. For these shocks small scale explosions were regularly set off across the Charles River from Cambridge in the open fields near the Harvard School of Business Administration. Such makeshift arrangements fortunately became unnecessary in 1942 when the Underwater Explosives Research Laboratory (UERL) of NDRC, hosted by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, was organized. Under Bright's vigorous leadership the new project grew rapidly and work on larger-scale experimental explosions in air and underwater proliferated. In the early stage of the NDRC existence many representatives of the military services (as well as of explosives industry) had attitudes toward our work ranging from benign neglect to outright antagonism. Bright succeeded sooner than the rest of us in establishing good working relations with the Navy Bureau of Ordinance. They began to realize that UERL developed unique techniques for measuring the performance of explosives underwater. The continued decimation of allied shipping by Nazi U-boats then led to increasing demands on UERL to evaluate the performance of depth charges and other antisubmarine munitions. This meant testing in deep waters, miles away from shores, and so the laboratory acquired an old fishing schooner, the "Reliance". She was outfitted as a floating laboratory to record the electronic signals from large recoverable rigs towed behind the vessel. These rigs held the explosive charge and sensors deep underwater a t predetermined distances many meters apart. The tests had to be in winter as well as summer and the scientific members of UERL had to become tough mariners. Even Bright's gentleness seemed to depart at times. A story went the rounds that one day a t sea Bright saw a novice test crew member connecting an ohmmeter as if to test the continuity of the hair-fine bridge wire of the electric detonator already inserted in the 500-lb. depth charge hanging overboard. With seconds at his disposal before the lethal bang, Bright in one smooth motion reached for an oar and laid flat that innocent beginner. This writer can personnally verify the contention that Bright took quite a pleasure in escorting visiting dignitaries on the "Reliance" into open water, in the foulest weather, to demonstrate this or that new twist in test technology while his cold and drenched audience wallowed in choppy seas. During the 5 years of war work, Bright made many significant contributions, both practical and theoretical, and gathered a strong and dedicated group of collaborators with many of whom he has maintained close relations. The harmonious symbiosis of the UERL and its host, the

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, induced Bright later to accept election to the governing body of the Institution and he has helped to guide it over the years of expansion of oceanographic exploration and research. On his return to Cambridge after the war's end, Bright resumed teaching and over the years offered quite a few different courses, both undergraduate and graduate. He also became heavily involved in the administrative affairs of our chemistry department, but even such chores did not prevent him from resuming research with great vigor. Within a year he and Jud Wells had resolved a longstanding disagreement between absolute infrared absorption intensity measurements and the contributions of infrared bands to the total molecular polarizability. Their method, which exploited pressure broadening of spectral lines, has since been widely used and has yielded a considerable body of information on the charge distributions within molecules. Impressed by the wartime development of radar, Bright and his students moved into another new research area by building microwave spectrometers for the study of rotational transitions. This led to a major instrumental advance in 1949 when Wilson and Richard Hughes described a novel microwave spectrometer employing Stark effect modulation. Tuning the detector circuitry to the modulation frequency greatly enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio, made the output signal virtually insensitive to random power fluctuations, and enabled the amplifiers to work a t a convenient ratio frequency. The introduction of this modulation, which is now universally used, increased the sensitivity of the spectrometer by more than three orders of magnitude and thereby opened to study large classes of polyatomic molecules other than the strongly absorbing linear rotors and symmetric tops. Armed with this spectrometer, Bright and his research group undertook systematic studies of the rotational spectra of asymmetric rotors and proceeded with detailed determinations of molecular configurations, dipole moments, quadrupole coupling constants, centrifugal distortion, line broadening, and other phenomena. Much of what has now become standard working methodology in spectroscopy is derived from these original investigations. In all of Bright's work, there has been strong coupling between theoretical developments and experiments, with emphasis on providing general methods. This was exemplified by his extension of the same group theory methods he has used for molecular vibrations to treat spin-spin interactions in nuclear magnetic resonance and certain other aspects of molecular dynamics. Bright also devised new methods of calculating approximate eigenvalues and density matrices. The skillful combination of theory and experiment was also essential in his major work on the problem of hindered internal rotation. Bright's interest in this subject was aroused in the late 1930's, stimulated by experiments of my students on thermochemistry of simple hydrocarbons. The Stark effect spectrometer made it possible to determine accurately the height and even the shape of the barriers hindering internal rotation in a large class of molecules, as well as the equilibrium orientation of the rotating groups and other detailed information, such as the barrier heights of individual vibrational states. At the start of this work the spectra of such molecules appeared too complex for analysis, but the theoretical methods introduced by Bright vastly simplified the task. A wealth of structural information was thus obtained which is relevant to the theory of chemical bonding and helpful in conformational analysis. Defying conventional wisdom that major scientific

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 83, No. 11, 1979 7A

contributions come mainly from youngsters, Bright, in his late 50'3, undertook a new and fruitful line of work on the dynamics of energy transfer in molecular collisions. This was done by a microwave double resonance technique in which high microwave power of one frequency is used to pump molecules into the upper state of a rotational transition and the microwave absorption intensity of other transitions is simultarceously observed. Bright showed that modulation of the purnping power can provide a time scale by which the effects of successive collisions can be separated from those of single collisions. This account of Bright's scientifnc odyssey bypassed another important period of public service. In 1952, at the height of the Cold War, when our scientific community (with very few exceptions) believed implicitly the official Washington assessment of the causes and prospects of our conflict with lhe Soviet Union, Bright was persuaded to become the research director of th~eWeapons Systems Evalua1,ion G~moup(WSEG) attached to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. This group was faltering at the time and only the heroic efforts of Bright changed it into an adequately functioning organization. Meanwhile Bright experienced at first-hand the subtleties of politics played a t the level off the Joint Chiefs of Staff. With the inauguration of President Eisenhower arrived a new Secretary of Defense, "Engine Charlie" Wilson, remembered now mostly for imrnortal pronouncements such as "what is good for General Motors is good for the Country" and "scientific research is here to find out why grass is green". With Engine Charlie's views in the ascendant, Bright not surprisingly began to feel entirely out of place and returned to Harvard in the fall of 1953. In fact, his experience in WSEG may have had an almost traumatic effect on Bright, because for some years he stayed clear of all involvement in national affairs. Si~ncethe mid-sixties, however, he has again given freely of his time and thought to assignments in Washington when the tasks were such that in his judgement he could make a contribution. The selection of Elright for the WSEG post was undoubtedly influenced by publication in 1952 of his "Introduction to Scientific Research". This book is rigorous and effective in applying methods of operational research to laboratory work, yet also uncommonly lucid and seeiningly elementary by virtue of its detailed practical advice and whimsical illustrative stories. Three years later Bright brought out a scholarly and encyclopedic work entitled "Molecular Vibrations". He and his co-authors, J. C. Decius and P. C. Cross, had labored on this book for several years and it was very well received by molecular spectroscopists. Indeed, a recent review article presents a graph showing the growth with time in the number of published research papers which employ Bright's "F-G matrix method" for analysis of normal modes of vibration. There are now several thousand such papers and the exponential growth rate since publication of the book in fact exceeds by a factor of 3 that for the general scientific literature. Along with his intense professional activities, Bright has enjoyed a vigorous and happy family life. He married Emily Buckingham in 1935 and they had three children, Kenneth, David, and Nina. The family was devoted to

outdoor sports, especially skiing, hiking, and canoeing in folding canvas boats. Emily taught physics at Wellesley for several years. In early 1954 she died from a sudden illness but left with Bright a remarkable legacy in their children. Kenneth is now a professor of physics and David a professor of biochemistry, both at Cornell, and Nina has a Ph.D. in economics and is chief of the planning divifsion of the Federal Communications Commission in Washington. Bright had the unique pleasure of welcoming his son Kenneth's election to the Society of Fellows, and more recently to the National Academy of Sciences. Over the years Bright and I have shared in many ventures. Among them is one involving Dr. Th6rBse Bremer, although in that case my collaboration was passive and unwitting. Dr. Bremer came to Harvard as a postdoctoral research fellow in my group. Her home was in Brussels, where her father was a professor of physiology, and she had already done excellent research in photochemistry which had won her a Belgian fellowship. She had started a research project in the Gibbs Laboratory before I left on a sabbatical in February 1955. Soon there was a burst of joint social activities between the Wilson group and mine. Even now, former research students continue to pass on tales from that period about memorable canoe parties and so on. Before long Bright and Th6rGse were married, and it has been a pleasure to witness over the years how her vivacity and wit have kept Bright constantly on his toes and yet let him preserve his quiet dignity. They have three children, now college undergraduates: Anne and Paul, both at Princeton, and Steven, at Harvard. These young people show a notable enterprise and taste for adventure, which has perhaps been enhanced by the summers the family enjoys at a cottage Bright and Th6rBse built on Deer Isle in Maine. For instance, Anne has already gone on two biological expeditions into South American jungles. After a decade devoted to motherhood, Th6rBse returned to science and has to her credit very original research in photochemistry, including important work on the mechanism of dioxethane chemiluminescence. Indeed, last summer the Wilsons traveled to Brazil for a meeting at which Th6rBse was the invited speaker and Bright the usual conference spouse. Bright has just joined us septuagenarians and will undoubtedly raise the average performance level of this group, because there are no signs as yet that his scientific vigor has abated. But already the roster of his coritributions is most impressive, even to one like me who is not qualified to assess the subtlety of his work in theory. He has trained nearly 90 Ph.D.'s and had some 60 postdoctoral fellows. He has published some 130 papers, about 70 of them without coauthors, and his collaborators have independently published from his laboratory about 230 papers. These Wilson alumni have now spread over the world and about 80 of them are active in academic institutions, a real flood of scientific progeny, who cherish their good luck in having worked with Bright. And so do we, his colleagues and friends. George B. Kistiakowsky February, 1979

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Biographical Notes Born in Gallatin, Tennessee, December 18, 1908. B.S., Princeton University, 1930; A.M., 1931; Ph.D. (Physical Chemistry), California Institute of Technology, 1933; M.A. Harvard, 1936; D. Hon. Caus., University of Brussels, 1975; D.Sc., Dickinson College, 1976; D. Hon. Caus., University of Bologna, 1976. Teaching Fellow in Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, 1931-1933, Fellow, 19331934; Junior Fellow, Society of Fellows, Harvard, 19341936; Assistant Professor of Chemistry, 1936-1939; Associate Professor, 1939-1946; Professor, 1947-1948; Theodore William Richards Professor, 1947 to present. Research Director, Underwater Explosives Research Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., 1942-1944. Chief, Division 2, National Defense Research Committee, 1944-1946. Guggenheim Fellow and Fulbright Grantee, Oxford, England, 1949-1950. Carothers Research Professor, 1951-1952. Research Director and Deputy Director, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Department of Defense, 1952-1953. Guggenheim Fellow, Brussels, Belgium, 1970-1971. Member Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council. Member Corporation, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

American Chemical Society Award in Pure Chemistry, 1937. Medal for Merit (U.S. Government), 1948. Debye Award in Physical Chemistry, 1962. James Flack Norris Award in Teaching of Chemistry (Northeastern Section, ACS), 1966. Alumni Distinguished Service Award, California Institute of Technology, 1966. G. N. Lewis Award (California Section, ACS), 1969. Pauling Award (Oregon and Puget Sound Section, ACS), 1972. Rumford Medal (American Academy of Arts and Sciences), 1973. National Medal of Science, 1975. Antonio Feltrinelli Award (Rome, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei), 1976. Monie A. Ferst Award of Sigma Xi, 1977. Pittsburgh Spectroscopy Award, 1977. Earl A. Plyler Award (American Physical Society), 1978. Theodore William Richards Medal (Northeastern Section, ACS), 1978. Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry, 1978. Member of National Academy of Sciences, American Chemical Society, American Philosophical Society, Fellow of American Physical Society, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, Operations Research Society of America, Phi Lambda Upsilon, Society for Applied Spectroscopy.

Research Students and Associates of E. B. Wilson, Jr. Doctoral Students in Chemistry and Chemical Physics 1941 A. Judson Wells 1942 Herman D. Noether

1953 Raymond C. Ferguson Daniel Kivelson Janet Hawkins Meal

1943 Arnold B. Arons William E. Gordon Donald F. Hornig Paul M. Marcus Thomas P. Wilson

1954 Harlan C. Meal

1944 Walter F. Edge11 Caro W. Lippman, Jr.

1956 Ralph W. Kilb

1945 Oliver A. Schaeffer 1947 Gene B. Carpenter John C. Decius Alan M. Thorndike 1948 John K. Bragg Walter E. Brown Sidney Golden Richard H. Hughes Walter L. Hyde Robert Karplus William E. Keller 1949 Jocob H. Goldstein Kenneth B. McAfee, Jr. 1960 Donald H. Baird C. Daniel Cornwell J. Kenneth O'Loane William S. Richardson David '2. Robinson Marshall H. Sirvetz Arthur A. Westenberg 1952 George R. Bird David R. Lide, Jr. Norbert Muller

1955 Robert J. Kurland Chun C. Lin Robert E. Naylor, Jr.

1957 Victor W. Laurie Jerome D. Swalen William J. Tabor Peter H. Verdier 1958 Dudley R. Herschbach 1959 John A. Howe Lawrence C. Krisher Martin L. Sage Seymour Siege1 1960 William B. Dixon

1965 Ellen I. Saegebarth R. Claude Woods 1966 Jose M. Riveros Avigdor M. Ronn 1967 Shirley Seung Hui Philip J . Jennings Joseph F. Martins William H. Miller William P. Reinhardt Frank A. Weinhold 1969 Raymond G. Azrak Paul E. Larson Carey M. Rosenthal 1971 Jonathan B. Cohen Don G. Scroggin Frank J. Wodarczyk 1972 Ira D. Warren 1973 Michael J . Fuller Wayne E. Steinmetz

1961 Robert A. Beaudet Alan S. Esbitt Bernard Kirtman Theodore N. Sarachman

1975 Stephen L. Coy Walter F. Rowe

1962 Samuel S. Butcher William H. Kirchhoff Ira N. Levine

1977 Steven J. Borchert

1963 Patrick T. Cahill 1964 Michael R. Emptage George W. Flynn Robert L. Kuczkowski

1976 E. Melvin Bellott, Jr.

1978 Steven L. Baughcum Richard C. Hom 1979 Nigel D. Sanders Mark J . Burns (expected)


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Postdoctoral Fellows, Faculty Guests, Master's and Undergraduate Students 1934-194.5 William H. Avery Stuart R. Brinkley Bryce I,. Crawford John T. Edsall* R. Fonteyne Harold Gershinowitz John B. Howard$ Robert C. Jones1 Lois Joyce§ William D. Kennedy John W. Linviett Duncan P. M[acDougall* J. Carrel1 Morris* Lucy Pickett* Donna Price Eugene J . Rosenbaum Fred S.titt 1946-1955 Delia Simpson Agar Harry 12. Allen, Jr. Ben P. Dailey Robert M. Fristrom Herbert Gutowskyt Ralph S.Halford* Gerald W. Ludwig: David E. Mann John M. Mays Douglas J, Millen Girard L. Ordwayt Willis ID. Perkinsi P. Raymond Ryasoni Rodman Sharps Williarn Wellner, Jr.

1966-1975

1956-1965 James C. Baird, Jr. James L. Boggs Keith S. Buckton A. Peter Cox Robert F. Curl, Jr. Marlin D. Harmony Eizi Hirota Robert H. Jackson George H. Kweis Donald H. Levy§ Andrew McLachlan Jeremy I. Musher Borge Nygaard Lise Nygaard Noel L. Owen Louis Pierce George W. Rathjens, Jr. John S. Rigden Lionel Salem Richard H. Schwendeman Kenneth M. Sinnott Judith Lieberman Slosst George Thomaes Ravi Varma Andrzej Witkowski John L. Wood

Millard H. Alexander Wendell V. F. Brooks* Ronald L. Christensent David J. Finnegan Robert G. Ford Georges Graner Gulzari Malli* Rolf Meyer Charles R. Parentt Herbert M. Pickett C. Richard Quade* Milan Randic* Robert Rouse David Schmalzt Otto L. Stiefvater Richard D. Suenram Howard B. Tarkos Clarence H. Thomas Debbie F.-T. Tuan Pearl S. C. Wang Rosemarie Yevichs

Jose L. Alonso Walther Caminati Richard W. Duerst* James C. Ellenbogen Charles W. Gillies Peter N. Kaost Claudine LeFevre: Paul H. Turner Warren Warrens

* Faculty guest. Doctoral student with another faculty member or department, Master's student, 5 Undergraduate research student. Some of E.B.W.'s doctoral students also worked with him in other capacities but their names are not repeated in this list. Publications of E. Bright Wilso:n,Jr.

"Introductiom to Quantum Mechanics, with Applications to Chemistrv" (with Linus Paulin~),McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.,-1935. "An Introduction to Scientific Research", McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1952. "Molecular Vibrations: The Theory of Infrared and Raman Vibrational Spectra" (with P. C. Cross and J. C. Decius), McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1955.

"A Sirr~pleContinuous Reading Method of Electrometric Titration with Bimetallic Electrodes" (with N. H. Furnnan), e l . Am. Chem. Soc., 50, 277 (1928). "The Dielectric Polarization of Liquids. IV. The Dependence of Molar Refraction upon Concentration in Mixtures" (with C. P. Smyth and E. W. Engel), J. Am. Chern. Soc., 51, 1736 (1929). "Electric Moment and Molar Structure. VI. The Variation of Electric Moment with Temperature" (with C. P. Smyth and R. W. Dornte), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 53,

4242 (193 1). "The Velocity of Sound in Solutions of Benzene and nButyl Alcohol in n-Heptane" (with W. T. Richards), J. Phys. Chem., 36, 1268 (1932). "Wave Functions for the Ground State of Lithium and Three-Electron Ions", J. Chem. Phys., 1, 210 (1933). "Diamagnetism of Nitroso Compounds", J. Am. Chem. SOC.,56, 747 (1934). "Calculations of Vibrational Isotope Effect in Polyatomic Molecules by a Perturbation Method", Phys. Rev., 45. 427 (1934). "The Normal Modes and Frequencies of Vibration of the Regular Plane Hexagon Model of the Benzene Molecule", Phys. Rev., 45, 706 (1934). "The Degeneracy, Selection Rules, and Other Properties of the Normal Vibrations of Certain Polyatomic Molecules", J. Chem. Phys., 2, 432 (1934). "A Partial Interpretation of the Raman and Infrared Spectra of Benzene", Phys. Rev., 46, 146 (1934). "The Normal Frequencies of Vibration of Symmetrical Pyramidal Molecules AB, with Application to the Raman Spectra of Trihalides" (with J. B. Howard), J. Chem. Phys., 2, 630 (1934).

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"The Normal Frequencies of Vibration of the Plane Square Molecule AB4 with Reference to the Structure of Nickel Carbonyl", J. Chem. Phys., 3, 59 (1935). "The Statistical Weights of the Rotational Levels of Polyatomic Molecules, Including Methane, Ammonia, Benzene, Cyclopropane and Ethylene", J. Chern. Phys., 3, 276 (1935). "Symmetry Considerations Concerning the Splitting of Vibration-Rotation Levels in Polyatomic Molecules", J. Chem. Phys., 3, 818 (1935). "The Vibration-Rotation Energy Levels of Polyatomic Molecules. I. Mathematical Theory of Semirigid Asymmetrical Top Molecules" (with J. B. Howard), J. Chem. Phys., 4, 260 (1936). Book Review: "Dynamics of Rigid Bodies", W. D. MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58, 1509 (1936). "The Vibration-Rotation Energy Levels of Polyatomic Molecules. 11. Perturbations Due to Nearby Vibrational States", J. Chem. Phys., 4, 313 (1936). "Molecular Structure", Annu. Surv. Am. Chem., Natl. Res. Counc., 10, 45 (1935). "The Effect of Rotational Distortion on the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Other Polyatomic Molecules", J. Chem. Phys., 4, 526 (1936). "Dynamics of Rigid Bodies", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58, 1509 (1936). "Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Ketene" (with H. Gershinowitz), J. Chem. Phys., 5, 500 (1936). "The Secular Equation for Molecular Vibrations" (with B. L. Crawford, Jr.), J. Chem. Phys., 6, 223 (1938). "The Vibration-Rotation Energy Levels of Polyatomic Molecules. 111. Effect of Centrifugal Distortion", J. Chem. Phys., 5, 617 (1937). "A Mechanical Analyzer for the Solution of Secular Equations and the Calculation of Molecular Vibration Frequencies" (with D. P. MacDougall), J. Chem. Phys., 5, 940 (1937). "Internal Free Rotation in Hydrocarbons" (with G. B. Kistiakowsky), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 494 (1938). "A Simple Method for Determining the Polarization of Raman Lines" (with J. T . Edsall), J. Chem. Phys., 6,124 (1938). "Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules. I. An Automatic Prism Spectrometer for the Infrared" (with H. Gershinowitz), J. Chem. Phys., 6, 197 (1938). "Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules. 11. cis- and trans-Butene-2" (with H. Gershinowitz), J. Chem. Phys., 6, 247 (1938). Book Review: "The Elements of Quantum Mechanics", by S. Dushman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 1520 (1938). "Absence of Spin Effects in the Heat Capacity of Ethane Gas", J. Chem. Phys., 6, 408 (1938). Book Review: "Numerical Problems in Advanced Physical Chemistry", by J. H. Wolfenden, J.Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 2011 (1938). "Nuclear Spin and Symmetry Effects in the Heat Capacity of Ethane Gas", J. Chem. Phys., 6, 740 (1938). "Partition Functions for Partly Classical Systems", J. Chem. Phys., 7, 948 (1939). "A Method of Obtaining the Expanded Secular Equation for the Vibration Frequencies of a Molecule", J. Chem. Phys., 7, 1047 (1939). "The Entropy and Heat Capacity of Propylene" (with Crawford et al.), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 2980 (1939). "The Present Status of the Statistical Method of Calculating Thermodynamic Functions", Chem. Reu., 27, 17 (1940). "Some Mathematical Methods for the Study of Molecular Vibrations", J. Chem. Phys., 9, 76 (1941).

"Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules. XIII. Nitromethane" (with A. J. Wells), J. Chem. Phys., 9, 314 (1941). "Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules. XIV. Propylene" (with A. J. Wells), J. Chem. Phys., 9, 319 (1941). "The Normal Vibrations of Molecules with Internal Torsional Motions" (with R. L. Crawford, Jr.), J. Chem. Phys., 9, 323 (1941). "The Experimental Determination of the Intensities of Infrared Vibration-Rotation Absorption Bands of Gases" (with A. J. Wells), J. Chem. Phys., 14, 578 (1946). "The Experimental Determination of the Intensities of Infrared Absorption Bands. I. Theory of the Method" (with A. J. Wells), J. Chem. Phys., 14, 578 (1946). "The Hyperfine Structure of the Microwave Spectrum of Ammonia and the Existence of a Quadrupole Moment in 14N"(with Dailey et al.), Phys. Rev., 70, 984 (1946). "An Electric Network for the Solution of Secular Equations" (with R. H. Hughes), Rev. Sci. Instrum., 18, 103 (1947). "The Experimental Determination of the Intensities of Infrared Absorption Bands. TI. Measurements on Ethylene and Nitrous Oxide" (with A. M. Thorndike and A. J . Wells), J. Chem. Phys., 15, 157 (1947). "A Microwave Spectrograph" (with R. H. Hughes), Phys. Rev., 71, 562 (1947). "Note on a Form of the Secular Equation for Molecular Vibrations", J. Chem. Phys., 15, 736 (1947). "Preliminary Analysis of the Microwave Spectrum of SO2" (with B.P. Dailey and S. Golden), Phys. Rev., 72, 871 (1947). "The Stark Effect for a Rigid Asymmetric Rotor" (with S. Golden), J. Chem. Phys., 16, 669 (1948). "Microwave Spectroscopy and Chemistry" Presented at the 124th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Berkeley, Calif., 1948. Book Review: "The Structure of Matter", by F. 0. Rice, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 3581 (1949). "A Stark-Effect Microwave Spectrograph of High Sensitivity" (with McAfee and Hughes), Rev. Sci. Instrum., 20, 821 (1949). "The Microwave Spectrum of Chloroacetylene and Deuterochloroacetylene" (with Westenberg and Goldstein), J. Chem. Phys., 17, 1319 (1949). "The Infrared Spectrum of C1C12N and C1C13N" (with W. S. Richardson), J. Chem. Phys., 18, 155 (1950). "The Infrared Spectrum of N15N140 and the Force Constants of Nitrous Oxide" (with W. S. Richardson), J. Chem. Phys, 18, 694 (1950). "The Microwave Spectrum and Molecular Structure of Cyanoacetylene" (with A. A. Westenberg), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 199 (1950). "Determination of Molecular Structure with Microwave Discuss., NO. 9 (1950). Spectroscopy", Faraday SOC. "Microwave Spectroscopy of Gases", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., Vol. I1 (1951). "Sum Rules for the Vibration Frequencies of Isotopic Molecules" (with J. C. Decius), J. Chem. Phys., 19, 1409 (1951). "Approximate Treatment of the Effect of Centrifugal Distortion on the Rotational Energy Levels of Asymmetric-Rotor Molecules" (with D. Kivelson), J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1575 (1952). "The Significance of the Results of Microwave Spectroscopy to Chemical Valence Theory", Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 55, 943 (1952). Book Review: "Molecular Microwave Spectra Tables", by Kisliuk and Townes, U. S. Government Printing Office,

The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 83, No. 11, 1979 11A

J. Am. Chcm. Soc., 75, 1266 (1953). "Theory of Centrifugal Distortion Constants of Polyatomic Rotor Molecules" (with D. Kivelson), J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1229 (1953). "An Aid in tho Determination of Internal Parameters from Rotational Constants for Polyatomic Molecules" (with D. Kivelson), J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1236 (1953). Book Review: "Microwave Spectroscopy", by W. Gordy et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 6356 (1953). "Calculation of Energy Levels for Internal Torsion and Overall Rotation. I. CH3BF, Type Molecules" (with C. C. Lin and D. R. Lide, Jr.), J. Chem. Phys., 23, 136 (1955). "Analysis of Spin-Spin Interaction in the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Symmetrical Molecules", J. Chem. Phys., 27, 60 (1957). "Microwave Spectrum and Barrier to Internal Rotation in CH,BF," (with It. E. Naylor, Jr.), J. Chem. Phys., 26, 1057 (1957). "Calculation of Energy Levels for Internal Torsion and Overall Rotation. 11. CH,CHO Type Molecules: Acetaldehyde Spectra" (with R. W. Kilb and C. C. Lin), J. Chem. E'hys., 26, 1695 (1957). "On the Origin of Potential Barriers to Internal Rotation in Molecules", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 43, 816 (1957). "Microwave !Spectrum, Structure, Dipole Moment, and Quadrupole Coupling Constants of Formamide" (with R. J. Kurlamd), J. Chem. Phys., 27, 585 (1957). "Centrifugal Distortion in Symmetric Rotor Molecules", J. Chem. Phys., 2'7, 986 (1957). "Determination of the Order of Atoms in a Linear Molecule", Spectrochim. Acta, 12, 1 (1958). "Relative Intensities of Microwave Absorption Lines" (with P. H. Verdier), J. Chem. Phys., 29, 340 (1958). "Force Constant Calculations in Linear Triatomic Molecules from1 Infrared and Microwave Data" (with P. H. Verdier), J. Chem. Phys., 30, 1372 (1959). "Conditions Required for Non-Resonant Absorption in Asymmetric Rotor Molecules", J.Phys. Chem., 63, 1339 (1959). "The Problem of Barriers to Internal Rotation in Molecules", Adv. Chem. Phys., 11, 367 (1959). "Microwave Spectrum of Acetyl Cyanide" (with L. C. Krislier), J. Chem. Phys., 31, 882 (1959). "Microwave Spectrum, Structure, Dipole Moment and Nuclear Quadrupole Effects in Vinyl Chloride" (with D. Kivelson), J. Chem. Phys., 32, 205 (1960). "Application of Symmetry Principles to the RotationInternal l'orsion Levels of Molecules with Two Equivalent Methyl Groups" (with It. J. Myers), J. Chem. Phys., 33, 186 (1960). "Microwave Spectrum of Acetyl Cyanide", Errata (L. C. Krisher), J. Chem. Phys., 33, 304 (1960). "Bond Lengths and Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling in Vinyl Halides", J . Chem. Phys., 33, 61:! (1960). "Microwave Spectrum of Methyl Nitrate" (with W. B. Dixon), J. Chem. Phys., 35, 191 (1961). Book Review: "La Spectroscopie Hertzienne Appliquge B la Chimie. Absorption Dipolaire. Rotation Moleculaire. Resonances Magnetiques", by R. Freymann and M. Soutif, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 2405 (1961). "The Microwave Spectrum and Structure of NSF," (with W. H. Kirchhoff), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 84, 334 (1962). "Vibrational- Rotational Spectra", Pure Appl. Chem., 4, 1 (1962). "Conjugation, Hybridization, and Steric Hindrance in Relation to Bond Lengths", Tetrahedron, 17, 191 (1962). "Four-I>imen!jionalEllectron Density Function", J. Chem.

Phys., 36, 2232 (1962). "Reliability of the Hellmann-Feynmann Theorem for Approximate Charge Densities" (with L. Salem), J. Chem. Phys., 36, 3421 (1962). "Microwave Spectrum and Barrier to Internal Rotation of cis-1-Fluoropropylene" (with R. A. Beaudet), J. Chem. Phys., 37, 1133 (1962). "The Microwave Spectrum and Structure of NSF" (with W. H. Kirchhoff), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85,1726 (1963). "Microwave and Mass Spectra of Sulfur Monofluoride" (with R. Kuczkowski), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 2028 (1963). "Microwave Spectrum, Structure, and Dipole Moment of "Cisn-N2F," (with R. L. Kuczkowski), J. Chem. Phys., 39, 1030-1034 (1963). "Relative Intensity Measurements in Microwave Spectroscopy" (with A. S. Esbitt), Rev. Sci. Instrum., 34, 901-907 (1963). "Recent Results of Chemical Interest from Microwave Spectroscopy", Pure Appl. Chem., 7 (1963). "Microwave Spectrum of Propionaldehyde" (with S. S. Butcher), J. Chem. Phys., 40, 1671 (1964). "Microwave Spectrum of Xenon Oxytetrafluoride" (with J. Martins), J. Chem. Phys., 41, 570 (1964). "Hindered Rotation", Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics, Permagon Press, London. "Microwave Double-Resonance Experiments" (with A. P. Cox and G. W. Flynn), J. Chem. Phys., 42, 3094 (1965). "Lower Bounds for Eigenvalues", J. Chem. Phys., 43, S172-174 (1965). "Double Resonance Modulated Microwave Spectrometer" (with R. C. Woods and A. M. Ronn), Rev. Sci. Instrum., 37, 927 (1966). "Error Bounds for Expectation Values" (with P. Jennings), J. Chem. Phys., 45, 1847 (1966). "Reduced Density Matrices of Atoms and Molecules. I. The 2-Matrix of Double-Occupancy, ConfigurationInteraction Wavefunctions for Singlet States" (with F. Weinhold), J. Chem. Phys., 46, 2752 (1967). "Study of Rotational Isomerism in Fluoroacetyl Fluoride by Microwave Spectroscopy" (with E. Saegebarth), J. Chem. Phys., 46, 3088 (1967). "Collisional Transfer of Rotational Energy" (with A. M. Ronn), J. Chem. Phys., 46, 3262 (1967). "Microwave Spectrum and Rotational Isomerism of Ethyl Formate" (with J. M. Riveros), J. Chem. Phys., 46, 4605-4612 (1967). "High-Accuracy Upper and Lower Bounds for Eigenvalues Illustrated with Hz+" (with C. M. Rosenthal), Phys. Rev. Lett., 19, 4 (1967). "Error Bounds for Expectation Values. Some Applications and Extensions" (with Ph. Jennings), J. Chem. Phys., 47, 2130 (1967). "Reduced Density Matrices of Atoms and Molecules. 11. On the n-Representability Problem" (with F. Weinhold), J. Chem. Phys., 47, 2298 (1967). "Some Remarks on Quantum Chemistry", in "Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology: A Volume Dedicated to Linus Pauling", A. Rich and N. Davidson, Ed., W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, Calif., 1968. "Ground State Energy of Lithium and Three Electron Ions by Perturbation Theory" (with S. Seung (Hui)), J. Chem. Phys., 47, 5343 (1967). "The Microwave Spectrum, Molecular Structure and Dipole Moment of Xenon Oxytetrafluoride" (with J. F. Martins), J. Mol. Spectrosc., 26, 410 (1968). Book Review: "Rotational Spectra and Molecular Structure", by J. E. Wollrab, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90,5345 (1968).

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 83, No. 1 1, 1979

"Microwave Spectroscopy in Chemistry", Science, 162, 59 (1968). "N-Representability and the Pauli Exclusion Principle for Fermion Pair Distributions" (with F. Weinhold) in "Reduced Density Matrices with Applications to Physical and Chemical Systems", A. T . Coleman and R. M. Erdahl, Ed., Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, 1968. "Application of Two-Photon Processes in Microwave Spectroscopy", Proceedings of the Robert Welch Foundation Conferences on Chemical Research, XI, Radiation and the Structure of Matter, 1967. "Chemical Binding" in the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960, pp 29-30. "Rotational Energy Transfer Rates in HCN by Microwave Double Resonance" (with R. G. Gordon, P. Larson, and C. H. Thomas), J. Chem. Phys., 50, 1388 (1969). "Calculation of Upper and Lower Bounds for Eigenvalues by a Boundary Condition Method: The Quartic Oscillator, Hydrogen Molecule Ion, and Helium Atom" (with C. M. Rosenthal), I n t , J. Quantum Chem., IIS, 175 (1968). "Microwave Spectrum, Rotational Isomerism, and Internal Barrier Functions in Propionyl Fluoride" (with 0. Stiefvater), J. Chem. Phys., 50, 5385 (1969). "Microwave Spectra and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in the 2-Haloethanols: Molecular Structure and Quadrupole Coupling Constants for 2-Chloroethanol and 2-Bromoethanol'7with R. G. Azrak), J. Chem. Phys., 52, 5299 (1970). "Upper and Lower Bounds for the Ground State of HS2+ by the Boundary Condition Method" (with C. M. Rosenthal), J. Chem. Phys., 53, 388 (1971). "Rotational Constants of Torsionally Excited Molecules" (with R. Meyer), J. Chem. Phys., 53, 3969 (1970). "Radio Frequency-Microwave Double Resonance as a Tool in the Analysis of Microwave Spectra" (with F. J. Wodarczyk), J. Mol. Spectrosc., 37, 445 (1971). "George B. Kistiakowsky", J. Phys. Chem., 75, No. 10,5A (1971). "Rotational Isomerism in 1-Pentyne from the Microwave Spectrum" (with F. J. Wodarczyk), J. Chem. Phys., 56, 1 (1972). "Microwave Spectrum and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Trifluoroethylamine" (with I. D. Warren), J. Chem. Phys., 56, 5 (1972). "Conformational Studies on Small Molecules", Chem. Soc. Rev., 1, 3 (1972). "Orbital Symmetry and Concerted Reactions in Terms of Exact Wave Functions" (with P. S. C. Wang), Chem. Phys. Lett., 15, 400 (1972). "Rotational Energy Transfer in Pure HCN and in HCN-Rare Gas Mixtures by Microwave Double Resonance and Pressure Broadening" (with J. B. Cohen),

J. Chem. Phys., 56, 456 (1973). "Microwave Double Resonance Studies of Rotational Relaxation in Polar Gases" (with J. B. Cohen), J. Chem. Phys., 58, 442 (1973). "Some Remarks on Molecular Orbital Theory" (with P . S. C. Wang) in "Energy, Structure and Reactivity", D. W. Smith and W. B. McRae, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1972. "Physical Chemistry in Cambridge" (with J. Ross), Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 24, 1 (1973). "Microwave Spectrum and Rotational Isomerism of Ethyl Nitrate" (with D. G. Scroggin and J. M. Riveros), J. Chem. Phys., 60, 1376 (1974). "The ABC's of Frequency Calculations" in "Molecules in the Galactic Environment", M. A. Gordon and L. E. Snyder, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1973, p 224. "Molecular Spectroscopy", Section 111 of "Principles of Spectroscopy" in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica", H. H. Benton, 1974, p 466. "An Application of the Hellmann-Feynman Theorem to Vibration-Rotation Interactions" (with W. F. Rowe), J. Mol. Spectrosc., 56, 163 (1975). "Microwave Determination of the Conformation and Dipole Moment of 1,3-Difluoroacetone" (with D. J. Finnigan, C. W. Gillies, and R. D. Suenram), J. Mol. Spectrosc., 57, 363 (1975). "Hydrogen Bonded Bimolecular Complexes of Carboxylic Acids in the Vapor Phase: Observation and Characterization by Low Resolution Microwave Spectroscopy" (with E. M. Bellott, Jr.), Tetrahedron, 31, 2896 (1975). "Microwave Spectrum and Rotational Isomerism of nPropyl Isocyanide" (with M. J. Fuller), J. Mol. Spectrosc., 58, 414 (1975). "Symmetry, Nodal Surfaces, and Energy Ordering of Molecular Orbitals", J. Chem. Phys., 63, 4870 (1975). "Does the Second Law of Thermodynamics Restrict Chemiluminescent Reactions?", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98, 3387 (1976). "The Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond in Malonaldehyde" (with W. R. Rowe and R. W. Duerst), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98, 4021 (1976). "Theodore William Richards", Proceedings of the Robert A. Welch Conferences on Chemical Research, XX, 1976. "Fifty Years of Quantum Chemistry", Pure Appl. Chem., 47, 41 (1976). "Free Energy of Conformational Changes in Vapors from Low Resolution Microwave Spectroscopic Intensities" (with E. M. Bellott, Jr.), J. Mol. Spectrosc., 66,42 (1977). "Reflections on Molecular Spectroscopy and the Progress of Science in General", Adunanze Straordinarie per il Conferimento dei Premi A. Feltrinelli, 11, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 1977. "Impact of the Heitler-London Hydrogen Molecule Paper on Chemistry", Int. J. Quantum Chem. Symp., 11 (1977).

Edgar Bright Wilson, Jr. - The Journal of Physical Chemistry (ACS

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