Educational and Research Facilitie -
I
,IN
, ... ..
LLOYD BERG
1
ONTIIIA STATZ COLLKQI, BO?XIdAU, MOW. . -.
-
T h e educational level of tho population in the four-state
Enn.(ly Commission Laboratories at k Alamo., N. M., and Idaho Falls. Idaho. A condd.rable nu& of small industria n u r h lab0MtOh an looatad hem and the commercial Iaboratork an p r i m d l y of the m i n d and metal asany m. Tha n u a r c h climate of the k about what would & oxpactad in a region nantly m m o d from the fi0nti.r and just M n g its industriabation. k u n of tha apuu population. the per capita CONof thg state se.rviaam and fadlitha an high and thua the tu ratm c0mp.n unfavombly d t h the national a.-
area ofIdaho,Montana. New Mexico,and W ~ ~ m i k n high e and there k &tta than anrage interest i i the tLhnic& ts.p.of education -fd to the chemical industry. G d uateducationisweak. particuk.lyatthedootorateleval. Appmxhately half of the educational idtUtiOM claim o m or mom dspecidties and most of them make their fadit*. av&le to industry. Governmenth L -11 mprnentd by the BUMU of Minr Petmloum and Oil Shale Labontory a t brami*, Wyo., and the Atomia
I
N ANY comparative appraisal of human activity in Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming one is confronted at
ing, the sparse population is not conducive to the establishment of research facilities. It bas heen shown (18) that m a r c h laboratories tend to locate in centers of urban population. It is not surprising, then, that there are no members of either the Amerim Council of Commercial Laboratories (S) or the Aseooisr tion of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineera (1) in this area.
once with the outstanding fact that there are relatively very few humans there. This is the land of the p a t opm, empty spaces,
where each and every person hae B fifth of a square mile all to himself or ten times the national average. Same figures (17)on population and area are presented in Table I. While most Westerners find plenty of elbow room very satisfy-
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
As can be seen in Table 11, the educational lev4 of the populsr tion in this area is high, three of the four states exceeding (he
Table I. Population and Area Population in 1850
.
national average in this reapect. On the other hand, Table 111 shows that the area has a college population somewhat below national average.
%
R.nk
Table IV. M i g ~ ~ t i ofnCollege Stubnts (14) Idaho
83.657 147.138
MMItalu Naa Mdiao
]ai
WYO*
4.8 4.0 3.2
8
97:014 4m.a75 3,022 ,887
Four-stete area united 8t.W
2.8
12 3 4
888
Idaho Montana New M d a , W Y O Y Average or di ~tatea
1w
1
Table 11. Educational Attainment of Population (15) Idaho MontaP.8 New Mexico Wyoming
united stated
No. of
fnHigher
Eduatiin
State Idaho
Table 111. College Population (n State
Wuomiw ~o-tate~.~
united stat-
Enrollment
$7
2
C
O
881'167
1.41 1.48
161 377 15o:a97:8ai
d817 30.287 a.437.sm
1.31 1.41 1.82
&
a
20.0
%of
8
4
9
3
5
13 800
7
Montana Now M d o o
I1
Fou&ta.res United8tateS
Z
a
a
,
E 9o6e*
U.8. B.8. M.8. Ph.D.
la51
1.87
.. - ..-
'i
1
-a
1
aao 156
No. Ha* One orMore-h 8paai.ltIes 4 5
6
1 16
517
Po dation
8 aaa 8:m 8 582
688 e37 681'024
Idaho
MC.ntam New M d o o
TOMCoUega
80.0
Irdtutiona
WYOmina
Population. 1850
37.5 28.8 27,s 40,s
73.1 78.5 68.5
Table V. Data on Educational I N t i t U t i o ~(5.6)
Median Y- of School Corn leted by Pen- 25 Y a m Old d 0 v e r 8.8 8.7 7.9 8.2 8.4
State
62.5
L
These seemingly contradictory figurwresult from the fact that a disproportionate share of the youth leave the area to obtain
1.41
their college education. As can be seen from Table N,the nigration of. college students from Wyoming during the 1(14%50 2455
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
2456
Table VI. Engineering Education in t h e Area (9)
State Idaho Montana New Mexico Wyoming Four-state area United States
Cndergraduate Engineering Enrollper men$ ~~~~~~0
Population, 1950 588,637 591,024 681,187 290,529 2 151 377
450 608 733 __ 344 2,135
77 103
Greduate Engineering EnrollNo. per 1
merit
~
Vol. 45, No. 11
Table VI1 presents an indication of whether or not these st,ates are producing chemists at the same rate as they are using them. It' does not mean that t,hey are employing the same chemists who received degrees in the institutions within the state nor does it indicat,e ~ ~ that 0 supply ~ and ~ demand are in balance. I t does indi-
iz
cate that in general the area can use the chemists produced there, In Table VII, production refers to the relative production of 99 8,9 chemists in t'hese states. Each figure represents the percentage 150:697:361 128,367 8.5 19,269 12.8 of degrees conferred (bachelors, masters, and doctors) by that state of the total number conferred by all st'ates. Occupation Table VII. Per Cent Distribution of Chemists (13) refers to the relat8ivenumber of chemists in each state on the basis State Production Occupation of subscriptions to Chemical & Engineering News on December 31, Idaho 0.11 0.17 1952. 0.34 0.11 Montana Table VI11 presents information on several sources of income as New Mexico 0.46 0.44 Wyoming 0.03 0.13 well as the total income of the 0.94 0.85 Total institutions of higher education in the four-state area. Table VIII. Current Income of Institutions of Higher Education, 1949-50 (7) The student fees charged in United States Idaho Montana Kew Mexico Wyoming this area arc considerablv lower No. of institutions 183 1 9 11 9 2 than the national average of No. of students 2,437,560 8,266 8,622 9,592 3,817 Student fees $lG2 per student per year. Total $394,610,000 $706,000 $515,000 81,227,000 $314,000 As these data are for the school Per student $162 $85 $60 $128 $82 Fedl. Govt. other than gear 1949-50, when veteran vet. fees $216,994,000 S550,OOO S646,OOO $809,000 $423,000 Per student 889 866 50 $63.30 $84 30 $111 enrollment wab high, the averState govt. age student, fee will appear Total $491,636,000 fi3.864,OOO $3,272.000 $4,095,000 $2,448,000 Per student $202 $467 s379 $427 $642 considcrably lower than that Endowment earnings Total $96,341,000 $280,000 $167,000 $301,000 $114,000 actually charged. The veterPer student $39.50 $33.90 $19.40 $31.40 $29.90 ans normally do not, pay stuTotal current income 82,374,645,000 $9,271,000 $8,655,000 $11,605,000 $6,402,000 Per student $976 $1120 $1005 $1210 $1420 dent fees; their payments appear as a contribution of the Federal Government. However, because t,he proportion of veterans in the colleges throughout the country was approxiacademic year was twice the national average, and from t.he other mately the same, the comparison is valid. Montana appears to three states was substantially above the average. have the lowest student fees, hTew Mcxico thc highest, but, all In spite of this, the area has its share of in~t~itutions of higher education, Table V showing 1.67% of the colleges in the United are well under national average. St,ateslocated here to serve 1.42%of the population. The Federal Government's contribution to these colleges and Little significance can be attached to numbers, however, beuniversities on a per student basis is about, t,be same as the nacause a t one extreme is the University of Mont,ana with six separate and distinct campuses and at the other the University of Wyoming with practically all of that state's higher educational facilities at, Laramie. The importance of science and technology Table IX. College Student-Faculty Data (7) to the people of this area may be gaged from Table VI, which United Kew shows in three of the four states a level of engineering enrollStates Idaho Montana Mexico Wyoming ment higher than national average. No. of institutions 1851 0 11 0 2 In graduate enrollment there is weakness; as Table 1' shows, No. of students 2,437,560 8266 8622 9592 3817 No. of facultv 210,349 729 808 1001 446 only three schools in the area (Montana State College and the Students per-faculty member 11 6 11.3 10 7 9 6 8 6 Universities of New Mexico and Wyoming) are currently offering work leading to the Ph.D. degree. 108 118
115
19 17Q
16.9 6.6
~
Table
X. Current Income of Public Elementary a n d Secondary Schools, 1949-50 United States
No. of pupils enrolled Total receipts Revenue a n d nonrevenue Per pupil Per capita population Income from federal sources
w. /"
Per capita population Income from state sources
25,111,427 $6,401,022,000 $255 $42 50 2 9 $1 23
Idaho
Montana
122,259 $29,822 000 $244 6'50 80 2 2 $1 12
105,917
(8)
New hlexico 148, 978
Wyoming 59,586
533,391,000 S315 $56 40
$34,540,000 6232 $50 70
$15,712,000 S264
5 2 $2 93
2 1 $1 1 1
$1 40
42 0 $22 67
$54 00
2 6
%
23 4
25 3
$16 92
$11 90
SI4 27
85 9 343.Z6
%
6 0 $2 55
18 1 89 20
34 8 519 62
s3 04
8 6 $4 64
%
51 3 $21 80
56 3 $28 58
34 7 $19 58
5 9
$2 99
46 8 4325 29
Per capita population Income from county sources Per capita population Income from local sources Per capita population No. of instructional staff and clerical assistants No. of pupils per staff member Average annual salary per staff inember
39 8
962,174 26.1 93,010
4,696 26.1 $2,481
4,938 21.5 52.962
6 0
5,461 27 2 $3,215
2,691 22.1 S2,798
N0nmb.r 1-
I N D U S T R I A L A N D &NGZNNiERING C H E M I S T R Y
tional av&age. The states' contribution on aper student b&, however, greatly exceeds the national average: In Wyoming, for example, it is more than three times88 great. Part of the mapoitudeof thesefig(lresisdne. of course, tothe fact that all themajor college8 and univeraities in the m a rue state schools. Nevep thdeaa, the proportionate oost of higher education is far mter in thin area to the several state governmente. Endowment earnings are lower than national average in each of these four states. However, endowment income is a small portion of the total income for the riverage school in the United States, and th0 poor shosing of thin area is at worst (Montana) only $24l per student short of national average. In total income per student the collegea and universities of this area exceed the national average by a coosidersble margin, ranging from 3% in Montana to 45% in Wyoming. Table I X shown fewer students per faoulty member in this area than the national average. Thua the lower enrollmente in the schools of the area tend to lead to smaller claasee and to higher unit c&. Certsinly from the point of view of the student there is much in favor of such a situation. Table X presents data on elementary and secondary schools in the area. In each state the cast per capita of populatiou is lugher than the national average. The coste are met by income from four WUNXS: federal, state, county, and local. There is a wide vmetion in the division of these portions in the several states and the federal contribution is a minor factor even in a state like Montana, where it is almost twice the national average. As for the others, the tax-paying corporationsand individuals will have to pay them as state, county, or local taxes. Whether nr not the cost per pupil is greater or less than the national average seems to depend entirely upon the size of the average class. In Idaho and New Mexico the average class equals or exceeds the national average and the cost per pupil is bwer than the $255 national figure. On the other hand, the sparsely settled states of Montana and Wyoming, which have aversge classes much smaller than the national mean, have a cost per pupil of 5315 and $264, respectively. Teachers' salaries appear to have little eUect on thin situation; the state having the loweat cost per pupil and the largest average classes (New
mentary and secondary education in the area is about on a par with the national average but that ita oost to the taxpayer in the area is 20 to 80% hid~er.
l
I Edtlutional. In Table V it is shown that of the 31 institutrons of higher education in the m a , 15 have one or more research apecialties, and 88 shown in Table XI, 8 have indicated that their s e ~ i i c are e ~ available to industry. The Atomic Energy Commission laboratories d e r the most complete cooperation with industria interested in problems in their fields of interest. The Bell Telephone Laboratories are
Table XI. U n i d t i e m urd C o k p m oft.r3np RaMh ServLmm t o Industry (4.12) Idaho Wega of Idaho, Csldwell
Idaho8tstecouem,Pwa~uo UniVenits of Idaho,M-w Montsna Montsna State College, Bosemsn Montana 8chool of Mines, Butte New M e d w New Mexico College of A. & M.. State College New Medeo Bchool of Mines, Lboorm WYOmins Univenity of Wyoming,h m i e
.
F a evvmment -sh kboratmua uelmstedinthsslwr: Atamio Energy Commiadon Iaboratoly. Idaho W , Idaha Atamio EnCommuvo ' 'on Iabomtory, Lm h w . N. M. U.5.Bureau of Minee Petroleum and Oil-Ehale E x h t Station, Lsnrmie, WW. U. 8. Foreat &miice Laboratory,Miamuls, Mont.
T.hl. XII. IndrutrLl R.wmh Lsboratorir (In Idsbo
Amallamated Sugar CO., Twin Falls, Ruwrt, Nnmps Ameriasn Cranamid Co., Idsho Fdk
Home Pmduots Cow.. Meridian AMwiDted 8eed Qroners, Ino.. Twin M a B d w Mining Co., Stibnite . Bunker HU & Sullivan Co.. KeUog Anmi-
Calers Miuinr Ca.. Fourney General Electric Co., Idaho Falls Idsho Portland Cement Co., Inkom Idsho Potato Starch Co., Blackfoot Msgio VsUw PmoeSaing Co., Twin Falls Moaanta Chemical Co., 8ods springs Phillip Petroleum co.,Idsho Falla Potlatch Foreate, Inc.. Iswiston Simplot Food h s s i n r Di-on, Caldwll Simplot F e r t i h r Division. Pooatello SuUiMining Co., KeUog Utrh-Id.lS0 Sco.,Blsokfoat. Idaho'Fslls. Shelley W&inghome Electric Corn.. Idah F a Weatvsm Cbemioal Division. Poostello
Montana American oryatal S u m Co., Missoh Ameriasn Smelting and W n g Co., Bast Helena Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Anaconda Anaconda C o w Mining Co., Grest M a AamDiSted 8eed Growers. Ins.. Hamilton Carter Oil Co., Billings
in
Mont-
()-
Continental Oil Co.. Billings
Fanner8 Union CenM Exobanm. hum1 Fisher Flouring Mill8 Co.. Grest Falls Qrest Weatam &gar Co., BilliHoUV Susar CO., Hardin Three Forks Portland Cement Co., Trident Viotor Chdmioel Works, Silvar Bow NerMaxim . Bell Telephone Lsbontarie~,Los ALsmos Genmlsnd Dairies. Ino., Albuquerque International Minerals & Chemioel Cow., Carlsbad Martin Lsboratariei, Albuquerque P o d co.of Ameri-. Carblmd WYOminS Continental Oil Co., Glenmck Frontier Ibfmira Co.. Cheyenne HOW Suger Co.. SbQidsn
H u s h Oil Co.. Codv h & o u n t a i ~ C h e & a l Co.. Green River Sin& Reikira Co., &clair ~-VsOunm Oil Co., &Per stsnderd Oil co.Of hdiunll. csaper Stanolmd Gan & Oil Co., ELL B.rdn Teura Co.. csaper Tears Gulf Sulphur Co., Worland
2458
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Table XIII. Laboratories Making Fire Assays, Analyses, and Tests on Ores, Minerals, Metals, and Other Inorganic Substances (10, 7 7 ) Idaho Adelmann Bros., 622 Idaho St., Boise Montana Lewis and Walker, 108 North Wyoming St., Butte Richard McCarthy Assay Office, 56 East Granite St., Butte Goodall Bros., P.O. Box 537, Helena Montana Laboratory Co., Phillipsburg New Mexico Ira L. Wright, Silver City State Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, Socorro New Mexico Highway Testing Laboratories, yo University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Wyoming Chemical & Geological Laboratories, 521 South Center St., Casper Wyoming Highway Department Testing Laboratory, 1102 West 22nd St., Cheyenne
Vol. 45, No. 11
and the amount taken from each individual in taxes to run the state government is usually above the national average. I n Table XIV are presented tax data of most concern to industry. The taxes considered to affect industry most directly are corporation net income, property, severance, and corporation license. There is a wide variation among the several states in their apportionment of these taxes and their difference may affect specific industries. For example, in the Frannie oil field which lies on the Montana-Wyoming border, the oil industry has found it desirable to drill all wells on the Wyoming side. The difference in severance tax between Montana and Wyoming should be noted in Table XIV. The sum of the pel capita taxes most affecting industry is included in Table XIV; in each of the four states, it is above the national average. The tax situation is so complex that each individual industry would have to analyze its effect on the particular situation. It can be concluded, however, that on the average, industry will not locate in this area just to obtain a more favorable state tax situation and that the inducement to come to this area has to be of some other sort.
closely allied with t’he LOS Table XIV. Fiscal and Tax Data (2) Alamos laboratory, while the Idaho Montana New Mexico Wyoming four private organizations United States a t Idaho Falls--American Per Income, 1950 $1,434 $1,287 $1,605 $1,109 $1,509 Cyanamid, General Electric, State debt 1950 35.66 1.56 44.64 47.29 10.63 Revenue ahd borrowings, 1950 80.31 89.03 101.91 120.28 123.48 Phillips Petroleum, and WestState tax revenue, 1950 60.52 59.15 60.46 87.38 69,95 inghouse Electric-make up Tax data a well integrated team with Corporation Gross net 682,151,000 3,500,000 2,615,000 1,303,000 .......... the AEC there. The Bureau Property Per capita 4.55 5.94 4.42 1.91 . . .. . . . , . . of M i n e s l a b o r a t o r y a t Gross 345,979,000 2,146,000 3,682,000 3,525,000 4,923.000 Per capita 2.31 3.65 6.23 5.18 17.00 Laramie is as well staffed Severance, gross 221,710,000 186,000 1,087,000 2,792,000 .......,.. and equipped as any in Corporation license Gross 210,852,000 167,000 58,000 391,000 60,000 the country. It,s efforts are Per capita 1.40 0.28 0.10 0.57 0.21 9.74 10.19 12.59 11.76 17.21 devoted to the development $&$l~~~;Sp~~ and 46.0 43.0 35.5 73.3 45.1 of the petroleum and oil local taxes shale resources of the area and i t offers information and cooperation to industries interLITERATURE CITED ested in these fields. Industries in the area concerned with timber and wood products receive the whole-hearted aid, advice, and co(1) Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers, operation of the Missoula laboratory of the U. s. Forest Service. Inc., New Pork, “Consulting Services,” 1951 edition. Industrial. Table XI1 lists the industries in the area having (2) Council of State Governments, Chicago, Ill., “The Book of the one or more people engaged in a t least part-time research. The States, 1952-53,” Vol. IX. (3) Dudley, H. M., “Directory of American Council of Commercial largest of these laboratories, 20 people or more, are those Laboratories,” Washington, D. C., American Council of belonging to the old, established mineral refiners-Sullivan MinCommercial Laboratories, 1952. ing Go., Anacpnda Copper Mining Co., International Minerals (4) Engineering College Research Council, “Review of Current and Chemical Corp., and Potash Co. of America. Research and Directory of Member Institutions,” Cambridge, Commercial. For the past 75 years, mining and smelting have Mass., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1951, (5) Engineering College Research Council, “University Research been the principal industrial activity of the region. It is not surPotential,” Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Institute of prising to find that while no laboratories or full-time professional Technology, 1951. consultants are devoted exclusively to the chemical industry, (6) Federal Security iigency, Washington, D. C., “Education assay laboratories are relatively abundant. Table XI11 lists the Directory, Part 3, Higher Education,” 1951-52. 10 principal laboratories of this type in the area. Many of these, (7) Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C., “Statistics of Higher Education,” Chap. 4, Sections I and 11, 1948-50. although originally established as assav laboratories, are now (8) Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C., “Statistics of equipped for chemical testing and consulting in addition to their State School Systems,” Chap. 2, 1949-50. mineral work. (9) J . Eng. Educ., 42, 4-16 (February 1952). (10) Klahold, B. R., Bur. Mines, Inform.Circ. 7523 (October 1949). FISCAL AND TAX CONSIDERATIONS (11) Natl. Bureau of Standards, Misc. Pub. MI87 (1950). (12) Natl. Research Council, “Industrial Research Laboratories of Any discussion of educational and research facilities leads inthe United States,” Bull. 120 (1950). evitably to cost considerations. I n Table XIV are presented (13) Stanerson, B. R., Chem. Eng. News, 31, 2376 (1953). some fiscal data pertinent to the subject. The sparsely settled (14) Story, R. C., Federal Security Agency, Office of Education, states of Montana and Wyoming have a per capita income exMisc. Pub. 14. (16) U. S. Dept. Commerce, “Statistical Abstract of the United ceeding the national average. This seems to indicate that the States,” 1951. majority of people locate there because it is financially remunera(16) Work, H. K., IXD.ESG.CHEY.,45, 513 (1953). tive to do so and that no pool of cheap and abundant labor exists. (17) World Almanac, 1952. Because of the sparse population, the per capita cost of running RECEIVED for review April 13, 1953. ACCEPTED h u g u s t 7, 1953. the state government in each state exceeds the national average
T’i:tate
