INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEYI
September, 1924
Ruster, Ber., 27, 1101 (1894); Fronsac, Rev. chim. bura applicada, 17, 4; &Thomas, Gas World, 63, 644 (1915), J. Gas Lighting, 182, 701 White and Ball, J. Gas Laghting, 88, 262, 323 (1905); Jorissen and Rutten, (1915). J . SOC.Chem. I n d . , 28, 1179 (1909); Wien, J. Gasbel., 64,891 (1911); Albrecht 6-Sperr, Trans. Am.+nst. Chewz. Eng., 9, 274 (1916); Blauvelt, Trans. and Muller, Ibrd., 64, 592 (1911); Rutten, Ibgd., 6% 694 (1909); Bunte, A m . Inst. Min. Eng., 61, 452 (1918-19), Haddock, Am. GUS Eng. J., 108, Ibid., 66, 1260 (1912); Helpert, 2. angew. Chem., 29, 58 (1916). 173 (1918); Willien, A m . Gas Inst. News, December, 1917; Marquard, v) From Chemical Absfracfs (additional to those above): F a b E , Blast Furnace Steel Plant, 7,256 (1919); Brown, A m . Gas Assoc. Monthly, 6 , Rev. cham. ind., No. 210, 146 (1907); Gair. J. Gas Lighfang, 100,771 (1908); 309 (1923). Jorissen and Rutten, Chem. Weekblad. 6 , 261 (1909); J . Gasbel., 63,269 (1910); 7-Dennstedt and Ahrens, "Jahrbuch der Hamburgeschen wissenSchlumherger, Ibad., 66, 1257 (19121, Eyndhoven, Ibid., 69, 107 (1916); scha~tlen ~ ~ ~ iSg8, ~ ~ p. 132. l ~ ~ ~ , , t Runblauch, Gas J.. 137, 64 (1917); Anon., Cos Age, 41, 28 (1918); Kun8-Brown, Proc. Tech. Section, A m . Gas Assoc., 4, 280 (1922). blauch, J. Gasbel., 61, 134 (1918); J. SOC.Chem. Ind., 87, 458A (1918); Col9-Brown and Howard, I n d . Eng. Chem., 16, 1147 (1923). man. Gas .J., 144, 231 (1919); Pastre, Chem. Met. E w . , 23, 286 (1920); 10-Berger and Brown, A m . Gas Assoc. Monthly, 6, 123 (1924). Fabre, Rev c h i n . ind., 28, 214 (1919): M e w s , Gas u. Wasserfach, 64, 413 Il-Downing and pohlman, proc, A m . Gas Inst., 11, 588 (1916); A m . (1921); Coffman, A m . Gas. Assoc. Monthly, 8, 691 (1921); Ht\fsass, HerGas La& J . , 105, 318 (1916), Whitaker and Leslie, J . I d . E n g . C h e w 8, mann, and Gas u. Wasserfach, 64, 722 (1921); Colman and Smith, 593' 684 (1916)' J . SOC.Chem. I n d . , 19, 128 (1900); Gair, Ibid.. 24, 1279 (1905); 26, 1263 12-Egloff and Towmey, J. Phys. Chem., 20, 121 (1916). (1907); Mrade, "Modern Gasworks Practice," 1921, p. 475 (gives Colman 13-Rittman, Byron, and Egloff, J . I n d . Eng. Chem., 7, 1019 (1915); and Smith method); Haddock,Am. Gas. Eng. J.,108,173 (1918); Fulweiler Ibid., 9, A ~ cas , J , 118, 364 (1923); offee, G ~ u ,~ ~ . ~ ~65, 773 ~ (1922); ~ ~ Egloff f and ~ Moore, ~ h , 40 (1917); Rittman and TowmeY, Ibkd.8 8, 20 (1916); see also Dean and Jacobs, Bibliography in Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper Werner, I b i d , 66, 257 (1923). (1922)' (g) Offee, Ibid., 66, 414 (1923); Bunte, Ibid., 66, 490 (1923): 14-Brown. Pohlman, and Berger, Bur. Mines. Rebts of Investigations, Richardson, Gas J., 164, 515 (1923); Pike and West, I n d . Eng. Chem., 16, 2637 (1923); Gas Age Record, 62,645 (1923). 253 (1924). I b B r o w n , Gas Age Record, 60, 571 (1922). 2-Brown, Proc. A m . Gas Assoc., 4, 280 (1922). I G T h o m a s , J SOC. Chem. I n d . , 86, 506 (1916). 3-Kramer and Spilker, Ber., 28, 3276 (1890); 38,2261 (1900). 17-"Gas Chemists' Handbook," 1923, pp. 267 and 346. 4-Gas Age, 46, 173 (1920); A m . Gas Eng. J.,113,83 (1920), Gas Age, 48, 12, 15 (1919); Ibid., 46, 461 (1920); Blast Furnace Steel Plant, 7, lS-Sperr, Met. Chem. Eng., 17, 642 (1917); Weiss, J. I n d . Eng. Chem., 10, 1008 (1918). 256 (1919); Bull. A m . Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 597, 1677, 1770; Trans. A m . Inst. M i n . Bng., 61,452 (1918-19); Gas Age, 46, 3 (1920).
Effect of Ammonium Chloride upon the Growth of Yeast and the Hydration of Gluten in Beer Wort' By E. I. Fulmer, F. F. Sherwood, and V. E. Nelson DEPARTMENT OR CHEMISTRY, IOWA STATECOLLEGE,AMES,IOWA
I
T HAS been shown2 that in a synthetic medium the concentration of ammonium chloride optimum for the growth of yeast is identical with the concentration of the salt in which a protein, wheat gluten, is least swollen. The experiments here described were undertaken to determine whether this relationship applies to a complex medium containing various sources of nitrogen. TABLE I Normality of NHICI 0.00 0.0118 0.0236 0.0294 0.0341 0.0353 0.0365 0.0382 0.0412 0.0418 0.0424 0.0430 0.0435 0.0470 0.0588 0.0700 0,0820 0.0940 0.106 0.118
0. i29
30' C. synthetic medium -WOR"count" Count (48 hrs.) (22 hrs.) 53 230 194 270 256 352" 295 232 356 389" 242 270 220 213
.. .. ..
Gluten (3.5 hrs.) 58 62 76" 71
..
60
.. .. ..
.. ..
.. .. ..
196 173
245 244
74 88
24s
100
.. .. ..
251 281" 235 233
....
.. .. ..
102.
si ..
42' C. synthetic medium "count" (20 hrs.) 18 35 47
..
si 77 99 139 156' i45 139 123 98
~ W O R Gluten Count (3.5 hrs.) 29 65 63 94 89 157O 93"
..
83
.. .. .. .. .. ..
86
83 84 77 72
81
.. .. .. *.
..
142"
.. .. 74 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 ..
78
.. ..
91 1080
.. 111 0.140 95 84 .. 0.153 " Indicates maximum effect. "Count" refers to yeast crop. "Gluten" expresses grams loss in weight per 1000 grams of gluten.
..
Beer wort was prepared by mashing at 55" C. 360 grams of malt with 1150 cc. of distilled water. The mash was filtered through toweling, then through filter paper, and heated for 30 I
Received December 22. 1923. :Fulmer, Nelson, and Sherwood, J. A m . Chem. Soc., 48, 191 (1921).
minutes under 15 pounds pressure in an autoclave. After standing for 3 days to permit coagulated matters to settle, the liquid was filtered and was ready for use after sterilization in live steam. The yeast used (Saccharornycea cerevisiae) had been growing continuously in a synthetic medium for 4 years. The methods of estimation of yeast crop and of the hydration of gluten as affected by varying concentrations of ammonium chloride are as described in the previous communication.2 Typical results are given in Table I.
CONCLUSIONS 1-Less ammonium chloride is required for the maximum growth of yeast and minimum hydration of gluten in wort than in a synthetic medium, showing that there is present in wort something which plays a similar role to that of ammonium ion. This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that there is greater relative effect a t higher temperatures. 2-Extracts containing bios or ammonium chloride are mutually beneficial in a medium. The main role of bios in yeast growth cannot be the same as that of ammonium chloride-i. e., the maintenance of the proper state of hydration of protein. 3-Systems of wort and ammonium chloride producing greatest yeast growth are identical with those in which wheat gluten is the least swollen. This is true of both maxima at the temperatures tested. The generalization seems to be indicated that if the addition of ammonium salt to a medium increases its ability to dehydrate gluten, the addition will likewise improve the medium for the growth of yeast, the effect being maximum in any combination in which the gluten is least swollen.
