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Ecotoxicology and Human Environmental Health
Effectiveness of multi-level risk management emergency response activities to ensure free chlorine residual in household drinking water in southern Syria Mustafa Kamal Sikder, Umar Daraz, Daniele S. Lantagne, and Roberto Saltori Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03487 • Publication Date (Web): 13 Nov 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 14, 2018
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Environmental Science & Technology
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Effectiveness of multi-level risk management
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emergency response activities to ensure free chlorine
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residual in household drinking water in southern
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Syria
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Mustafa Sikder1*, Umar Daraz2, Daniele Lantagne1, and Roberto Saltori3
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Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office, Amman 11181, Jordan
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Independent consultant, Amman 11181, Jordan
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[email protected] ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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Environmental Science & Technology
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Abstract
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To provide safe drinking water and reduce the risk of disease, emergency responders in
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southern Syria are implementing a multi-level risk reduction strategy with the aim of
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ensuring free chlorine residual (FCR) in household drinking water. Responders
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implemented activities across the water chain (from chlorination station and well
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operators to water vendors to household members), including distribution of supplies for
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chlorination and training on chlorine use; activities varied by responder. We evaluated
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the effectiveness of these interventions in a cross-sectional observation study including:
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interviews and observations with 24 chlorination station operators and 63 well
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owners/managers; interviews, observations, and water quality testing with 220 water
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truckers; and, surveys and water quality testing with 1,006 households. Across all
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responders, activities successfully ensured FCR in household drinking water (61-96% of
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households with FCR ≥0.1mg/L compared to 21% in non-intervention households,
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p
