Article pubs.acs.org/IECR
Effects of Electrolytes on the Stability and Dynamic Rheological Properties of an Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by a Nanoparticle−Surfactant−Polymer System Tushar Sharma†,‡ and Jitendra S. Sangwai*,† †
Petroleum Engineering Program, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, India
‡
ABSTRACT: Information on the effect of electrolytes on the stability and rheological properties of Pickering emulsion is required for their application in enhanced oil recovery for deep offshore and onshore crude oil reservoirs. In this study, the dynamic rheological properties (viscosity, yield stress, and dynamic moduli) of nanoparticle−surfactant−polymer−salt (NSPS) stabilized Pickering emulsions are investigated at varying pressure (0.1 and 30 MPa) and temperature (298 to 371 K) and compared with those of an NSP stabilized emulsion system. We used nanoparticles (SiO2 and clay of size ∼15 nm and 9 rad· s−1) indicating liquid-like behavior for both 0.1 and 30 MPa. This is an indication of a liquid-like system with stable viscous properties suitable for subsurface reservoir application.42 Though the use of NaCl reduced the elastic component and provided a stable viscous behavior for nanoparticle-based Pickering emulsions, the technique is new and based on laboratory scale experiments; therefore, it can be used for theoretical considerations. It needs thorough investigation of the effect of salt on the viscoelastic properties of Pickering emulsion before a comparison can be made with well-known viscoelastic models such as the Kelvin−Voigt model. The developed NSPS emulsions showed stable viscous behavior at both investigated conditions of pressure (0.1 and 30 MPa) and temperature (313 to 371 K). The manipulation of the viscous behavior of an emulsion is necessary for easy penetration in the reservoir rock, and may also provide a desirable mobility ratio in situ. Typically, low shear rheology is suitable for the transport of an injected solution into the porous reservoir. However, the emulsion may experience both low to high frequency ranges in the reservoirs depending upon the kind of reservoir rock and injection pressure. Indeed, further improvement in the creaming stability of an NSPS emulsion is necessary. As this study covers a broad range of frequency, the investigations may help to understand the in situ properties of reservoirs; however, this concept may need separate study. We also make note that the use of SDS for the formulation of a NSP or NSPS Pickering emulsion suitable for enhanced oil recovery application has not yet been investigated in-depth. However, the results obtained in this study are interesting for theoretical and possible practical considerations using a new class of surfactant suitable for industrial applications.
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*Tel.: +91-44-2257-4825. Fax: +91-44-2257-4802. E-mail:
[email protected]. Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Tushar Sharma would like to gratefully acknowledge the laboratory support from the Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gujarat, India.
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REFERENCES
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00734 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00734 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
