AW., 1919
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
I t will be seen from Table 111 and Fig. 2 t h a t the concentration of acetone gradually increased in the liquid in the upper part of t h e tank (Stopcocks j, 6, 7 ) , until i t reached about 0.9 mg. per cc., corresponding t o 8 t o g per cent by weight of the sugar originally present. I t then remained constant a t this point. These changes are shown graphically in Fig. 2. The analysis of the lower part shows a decided drop immediately after every additional charge of mash was run in. The concentration of acetone then increases quite rapidly until i t reaches 9 t o I O mg. per I O cc. This shows t h a t there is no excessive mixing under these conditions even in a t a n k of the size used in this experiment. It is possible therefore t o keep such a tank in continuous fermentation by adding
727
fresh mash a t the bottom and allowing the fermented mash t o run off a t the top. T h e larger and higher the tank the more rapidly the mash could be run through. The reaction of the mash varied from $H 8 . 0 to 9.0 in the fresh mash t o p H 6 . 0 t o 7 . 0 in the spent mash. It was therefore always near the optimum for fermentation. S UMM AR Y
A brief description has been given of a n organism which produces acetone and ethyl alcohol. A method for conducting a continuous fermentation with molasses has been suggested and a n experimental fermentation described. ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH NEWYORKCITY
-.
EFFICIENCY A N D PRODUCTIVITY OF W A G E A N D SALARY EARNERS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES AN ATTEMPT T O OBTAIN AN ANSWER I
By 0.P. HOPKINS. Washington, D.C.
I n the discussion of national aid t o our industries which will sooner or later become an active and vital question in the national development of all our domestic industries for the purpose of making our national industrial fabric, as a whole, as self-contained, selfsupporting, and self-developing as conditions will permit, exact knowledge concerning fundamental questions of markets, production, efficiency of production, and productivity, both domestic absolute values and also relative values for the leading competitive nationals, will be of paramount importance. To this our chemical industries are no exception. I n furtherance of this independence, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce has greatly aided our chemical industries by compiling and publishing the Norton Dye Census and the Pickrell Chemicals Census. Our SOCIETY, through its standing ex-oficio Committee on Import Statistics, is endeavoring still further t o reduce t o quite simple terms the exact kind and character of our dependence concerning raw or partly manufactured materials as disclosed by the Pickrell Census a n d in this the Geological Survey and the Department of Agriculture are further aiding t o reduce this dependence not only t o simpler terms but are indicating, where possible, remedies for those dependencies or workable domestic substitutes therefor. I n determining competitive ability, knowledge of markets, accessibility t o markets, and control of supplies of raw or partly finished materials are only some of the factors involved. Amount of product or of value added by manufacture per dollar expended for service and per individual engaged a n d their relative distribution over wage earners and salary earners, expressed in “ e x c l u s i v e averages,” are of directive but not controlling importance. Up t o the present little, if any, information is available on these points for our chemical industries. This may very well be because suitable fundamental information is not available. However, our Census of Manufactures offers some data capable of giving
some light on these important questions for our entire industrial activities including, of course, our chemical and allied industries. THIS J O U R N A L , believing t h a t such information, even though i t be not rigidly exact nor of t h a t ultimate refinement necessary t o a definitive and conclusively binding, universal, and specific answer, would nevertheless be directionally and relatively true and t o t h a t extent helpful, has enlisted the aid of Mr. 0. P. Hopkins in a n effort t o throw as much light on these questions as the d a t a available for the United States, England, France, Germany, and Japan permit. T o this end Mr. Hopkins has undertaken the statistical article presented in this number, in an effort t o supply the material in a form from which an answer may be deduced t o questions relating t o productivity of labor and the like units and of expenditures for labor and the like. Should the result of this work be disappointing in this respect, i t will have served its purpose eminently if it will have shown conclusively the importance of information of this kind, the need for proper fundamental information, and will have induced the proper officials of our Government t o collect the fundamental data essential t o a correct, complete, precise, and comprehensive answer t o the questions whose answering is the ultimate object of this e f f o r t . - [ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ] This article is presented t o the readers of THIS J O U R N A L for the purpose of establishing in their minds certain facts as t o the standing of the chemical and allied industries in t h e industrial community, and also for the purpose of showing. so far as is possible, how the American chemical and allied industries compare, in these certain respects, with similar industries in England, France, Germany, and Japan. The chemical industries are contrasted with other American industries on the basis of value of annual product per wage earner, per salary earner, and per service unit (or per employee), carried t o the nearest dollar; and also per wage dollar, per salary dollar,
728
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
and per service dollar (or per dollar expended in wages and salaries) carried t o the nearest cent. The yearly value added by manufacture (enhancement) is also treated from the same points of view. In addition, a n attempt is made to present statistics of a similar character for chemical and allied industries in the countries named above and to contrast them with the corresponding American industries so f a r as the meager production returns of those countries will permit. It was originally planned to include a chapter of conclusions, but , careful study of the possibilities showed them t o be almost inexhaustible and in cases so inconsistent and implausible t h a t i t was decided t o leave t h a t feature t o the various industries themselves. Each Can make its own deductions and point its own moral, and profit immensely by the experience since these tables do not of themselves embrace all relevant features or elements of the situation as a whole. B A S I S O F CALCULATIONS F O R AMERICAN I N D U S T R I E S
The figures shown in the tables were compiled from the ‘fAbstract of the Census of Manufactures, 1914,” issued by the Bureau of the Census of t h e Department of Commerce. The annual value of products for the various industries was divided by the number of wage earners, the number of salary earners, and by the total number of employees engaged in the respective industries, and further divided by the wages, the salaries, and by the total amount expended in wages and salaries yearly; the value added by manufacture was similarly treated. I n the taking of this census, according t o the “Abstract,” the instructions were t o exclude the following classes of establishments: 1-All establishments reporting products valued a t less than $500 during the census year. 2-Establishments doing only work to the order of the individual customer, such as custom tailoring, dressmaking, millinery, and shoemaking establishments, the aim being to confine the census to establishments for the general or wholesale trade. Of course, this rule did not apply to large concerns manufacturing to meet special orders. 3-Establishments engaged in the building industries other than those manufacturing building materials for the general trade. 4-Establishments engaged in the so-called neighborhood industries and hand trades, such as blacksmithing, harness making, and tinsmithing, in which little, if any, power machinery i s used, and which usually do only a local business. 5-Small custom flour, Feed, and grist mills, and saw mills grinding or sawing for toll or for local consumption exclusively. 6-Retail stores which incidentally manufacture on a small scale, particularly where it is impossible to distinguish the data relating to the manufacturing business from those relating to the mercantile business. 7-Educationa1, eleemosynary, and penal institutions engaged in manufacturing industries.
From this mode of treatment it is clear t h a t in each such arithmetical operation every factor other than the specific factor involved in each such operation is completely disregarded; for example, the value of product per wage earner obtained as described expressly disregards and excludes any and all participation of any
Vol.
11,
No. 8
other factor, such as capital requirements, cost of material and the like. So t h a t , when it appears t h a t per wage earner $3,446 of product are made and $1;404 of value are added by manufacture yearly, t h a t result must, of course, not be taken t o mean that each wage earner actually produced $3,446 worth of goods or created $1,404 of value without a n y other help; but i t must be taken t o mean t h a t if there were no other factor beside the wage earner (which is, of course, not true) the average value of product annually produced and value annually added by manufacture would be $3,446 and $1,404, respectively, per wage earner. These tacit assumptions must not be lost sight of in considering figures like those just employed, otherwise wholly false and indefensible conclusions will inevitably be reached, as just above indicated. I n obtaining the value of products the Bureau’s agents were instructed t o make every effort t o secure the true net selling value of the products ut the factory. I n the case of the repair shops of railroads, few, if any, of the products are manufactured for sale, the work being done or the products manufactured solely or principally for the use and benefit of t h e railroads operating the establishments. I n such cases the value reported usually represents the operating cost or cost of production. Somewhat akin t o t h e case of railroad repair shops is t h a t of establishments which make partly finished products, or containers, or (and) auxiliary articles, for the use of other manufacturing establishments under the same ownership. I n such cases the Bureau accepted as the value of products the “transfer value” assigned by the manufacturer. The value of products in the case of certain establishments represents merely the receipts for work performed on materials or commodities. I n many cases manufacturing establishments do not own the principal materials on which they work or the finished products as they leave the plant. I n calculating the value added by manufacture, or enhancement, the Bureau has in all cases deducted the total cost of materials, including fuel and mill supplies, from the value of products. G E N E R A L ECONOMIC F E A T U R E S O F OUR DOMESTIC
CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY’
Following the classification used in this article and the census returns for 1909 and 1914, if we compare the average chemical plant with the average plant in all domestic industries, we find that the chemical plant cost 262 per cent of the general average plant in 1909 and 297 percent in 1914; t h a t the chem;cal plant employed 1 0 2 per cent as many persons in 1909 and I I O per cent as many in 1914, of which the salaried employees were zoo per cent of the general average plant in 1909 and 212 per 1 The following eight paragraphs follow closely a portion of an article entitled “Doing Our Bit,” by Dr. Bernhard C. Hesse, which appeared in THISJOURNAL for December 1917, and in which the 1909 Census classification, comprising only the nine branches of industry then treated by t h e Census as “chemical and allied,” was employed. I n these paragraphs the census figures for 1909 here used were expanded so as t o include the twentyone additional branches otherwise classified in 1909 but classified in this article a s “chemical and allied” industries. This expansion of classification is the sole cause of all differences in statement as t o the 1909 positions between the present article and the 1917 Hesse article above referred to.
Aug., I919
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T N A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
cent in 1914,a n d of which the wage earners were 92 per cent in 1909 a n d 96 per cent in 1914; t h a t the value of product of the chemical plant was 16j per cent of t h a t of the average industrial plant in 1909and 18j per cent in 1914;and t h a t the enhancement value was 1 5 7 per cent and 162 per cent of t h a t of the average plant in 1909 a n d 1914,respectively. Therefore, as a unit, the average domestic chemical plant costs more, produces more, enhances more, a n d employs more persons t h a n the average industrial plant. A dollar invested in our chemical industries is not SO productive as in our industries as a whole; it spends less for wages, salaries, and materials, and produces less product-value and less enhancement-value. Per $100 of product, t h e general average and t h e average domestic chemical plant, respectively, expended for wages $16.58 and $8.48 in 1909, and $16.82 and $8.40 in 1914;for salaries, $4.54 and $5.36 in 1909,and $5.32 and $5.81 in 1914;and for services, $21.12 and $13.84 in 1909,and $22.14and $14.21in 1914. Per individual wage earner t h e value of product in 1909 was $3,125 for the general average and $5,677 for the average domestic chemical plant; in 1914 these figures were $3,446 and $6,639,respectively. Per individual salaried employee t h e value of product in 1909 was $26,157 for t h e general average, and $21,970 for t h e average domestic chemical plant; in 1914these figures were $25,146and $22,018,respectively. For our industries a s a whole a n d our domestic chemical industries respectively, t h e average salaries were $1,188a n d $1,177in 1909,a n d $1,337and $1,279 in 1914;the average wages, $518 a n d $481 in 1909,and $580 a n d $558 in 1914. I n the industries as a whole, in 1909, there were 8 wage earners t o each salaried employee a n d in our chemical industries there were 4 wage earners to each salaried employee; in 1914these figures were 7 and 3, respectively. Relatively, our chemical establishments were 4.5 per cent of all of our industrial establishments in both I909 and 1914. The number of persons employed in chemical establishments was 4.6 per cent of all persons employed in manufacture in 1909 and 4.9 per cent in 1914. COMPARISON
O F CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES
AS
A
WHOLE
A general idea of how the chemical and allied industries as a whole compare with other American industries in respect t o production and enhancement per wage earner, salary earner, service unit, wage dollar, salary dollar, and service dollar can be obtained from Table I. Thirty branches are included under the head of chemical and allied industries, the total production of which in 1914 was valued a t slightly more than two billion dollars. The total value of all American manufactured products for the same year is placed by the Bureau of the Census a t somewhat more t h a n twenty-four billion dollars. COMPARISON O F CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
Similar statistics for each of the thirty branches classed as chemical or allied industries for the present
TABLE I-SUMMARY Per Wage Earner
Per Salary Earner
All industries: $3,446 $25,146 Product... 10,245 Enhancement 1,404 Chemical and allied industries : 22,091 6,639 Product 7,894 2.372 Enhancement Non-chemical industries : 3,302 25,465 Product .... , 10,491 1,360 Enhancement
..... ... ......... .. .... ..
TABLE 11-COMPARISON
729
OF COMPARISON
Pe? Per Servlce Wage Unit Dollar
Per Salary Dollar
Per Service Dollar
$3,031 $ 5.94 2.42 1,235
$18.81 7.66
$4.52 1.84
5,105 1,824
11.90 4.25
17.22 6.15
7.04 2.51
2,923 1,204
5.69 2.34
18.97 7.82
4.37 1.8Q
OF AMERICAN@REMEAL AND ALLIED JNDUSTRIE~
Per Per Per Per Per Per Wage Salary Service Wage Salary Service INDUSTRIESEarner Earner Unit Dollar Dollar Dollar Baking powders and east: Product ........ g9.841 $17,843 $6,343 $17.89 $11.72 $10.40 Enhancement 5,041 9,141 3,249 9.16 6.00 5.33 Blacking and cleansing and polishing preparations: Product 6,334 9,711 3,834 12.72 7.17 4.58 Enhancement 3,331 5,109 2,016 6.69 3.77 2.41 Bluing: Product.. , 4.661 13,767 3.482 1.1 .28 10.67 5.48 Enhancement 2,736 8,081 6.26 2,044 6.62 3.22 Bone, carbon, end lampblack:18,074 Product 4,319 3,486 6.34 13.94 4.36 1,852 Enhancement.. 2,295 9,605 7.41 3.37 2.32 Candles : 19,022 Product.. 4,473 10.0t 3,621 9.46 4.86 3.54 1,280 Enhancement 1,581 6.725 3.34 1.72 Chemicals : 17.52 4,183 7.16 4,882 28,889 5.08 Product.. 1,816 3.11 2,123 12,539 7.60 2.21 Enhancement Coke: 4,703 42,791 4,238 6.95 37.36 5.86 Product. .. .. . 12.559 1.286 2.11 11.34 Enhancement ... 1.428 1.78 Drug grinding: 40,603 6,423 13.86 Product . 7,630 22.95 8.64 2,705 14,397 2,276 Enhancement ... 4.91 8.14 3.06 Dyestuffs and extracts: 31,433 5,900 12.78 Product,.. . . .. 7,263 14.85 6.87 2.112 2.600 11.253 4.58 5.31 Enhancement ... 2.46 Explosives : 4,931 9.23 12.53 19,739 5.31 Product 6,570 7,530 1,881 3.52 Enhancement 2,507 4.78 2.03 Fertilizers : 29,962 5,485 14.55 21.15 8.62 Product,.. . . , 6,715 1,620 4.30 8,848 6.25 2.55 Enhancement 1,983 Gas, illuminating and heating: 3,446 8.22 5,029 10,945 12.56 4.97 Product,.. . . , . . 7,129 2,245 5.35 Enhancement 3,276 8.18 3.23 Glue, n. e. s.:1 23,596 3,701 7.41 Product .... , 4,389 17.78 5.23 7,500 1,174 2.35 Enhancement ... 1,395 5.65 1.66 Grease and tallow, n. e. s.: 31,761 4,228 7.09 24.20 5.37 Product 4,677 2.23 10.000 1,331 7.62 1.69 Enhancement 1.535 Ink,printing: 16,044 6,138 13.00 Product ...... 9,942 7.45 4.74 8,148 3,118 6.60 3.78 2.41 Enhancement 5,050 Ink, writing: 8,212 3,271 10.59 Product ... , , , , 5,438 5.22 3.50 1,819 5.89 Enhancement 3,023 . 4,566 2.90 1.94 Lubricating greases: 11,413 5,412 17.44 8.86 5.88 Product . . . . . . . . 10,334 Enhancement 4,521 4,993 2,373 7.63 3.88 2.57 Matches: 16,922 2,764 7.09 Product ... . . . 3,304 11.92 4.47 9,912 1,617 4.13 Enhancement 1,936 6.98 2.62 Oil, cottonseed, and cake: 41,967 7,895 24.99 Product.. . . . 9,726 35.83 14.72 6,160 1,159 3.67 Enhancement ... 1,428 5.26 2.16 Oil, essential: 33,057 7,254 17.40 Product 9,293 22.04 9.72 10,700 2,348 Enhancement 3,008 5.63 7.13 3.15 Oil, linseed: 89,766 22.577 Product 30,163 39.83 48.47 21.86 Enhancement 3,581 10,656 2,680 4.73 5.75 2.60 Oil, n. e. s.: 26,343 10,890 27.91 Product , , 18,565 15.49 9.94 Enhancement 5,671 8,047 3,324 8.53 4.72 3.04 Paints and varnish: 15,815 5,758 Product ........ 9,055 14.31 10.26 5.98 6,207 2,260 Enhancement 3,554 5.61 4.03 2.35 Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations: Product 6,563 9,494 3,881 13.17 7.27 4.70 5,731 Enhancement 3,958 2,342 7.95 4.42 2.84 Petroleum refining: Product . . . . . . 15,626 70,041 12,776 20.43 50.22 14.52 12,563 2,282 Enhancement 2,803 3.67 9.01 2.61 Salt: 23,969 2,479 Product ... 2,765 4.63 14.54 3.51 1,374 Enhancement ... 1,532 13,283 2.56 8.05 1.94 Soap: 23,627 6,532 Product... . 9,028 15.82 19.12 8.66 Enhancement 2,750 7,216 1,995 4.83 5.84 2.64 Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids: 28,176 4,222 6.87 Product ... . . . . , 4,966 17.49 4.94 15,706 2,353 3.83 Enhancement 2,768 9.75 2.75 Turpentine and rosin: 603 11,309 572 2.45 Product ... . . . . 14.64 2.10 444 8,321 449 1.80 Enhancement 10.78 1.54 Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin: 3,552 30,503 3,182 Product ... . . . . 6.32 24.52 5.02 Enhancement 1,217 10.454 1,090 2.16 8.40 1.72 1 N. e. s. is used in all tables in this article for "not elsewhere specified."
... ........
... .... .
...
.... . . . . . . . . ...
...
. . . .... ..
.. ... . . . . .
........ ...
.....
... . ..
. ... .. ... . ... ...
. .... .. . ...... . . ... ........ ...
......... ... ........ ...
.. ...
... .
.
. . .....
...
.... . ...
730
.
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol.
purpose are shown in Table 11. It is a difficult matter t o determine just what industries should be included in this class, for t h e chemist plays some part in almost every line of manufacturing endeavor, but an effort has been made to keep within the limits t h a t will be acknowledged as reasonable, and the classification here followed is substantially t h a t of the 1914 Census of Manufactures.
1-$30,163 218,666 315,626 4- 10,884 59,942 69,841 79,726 % 9,293 99,055 lo9,028 117,630
11,
No. 8
For further convenience in comparing t h e various chemical and allied industries in the twelve particulars indicated in Table 11, a series of thirteen tables (I11 t o XV) has been prepared t o show the rank of each industry in each particular and collectively (Table XV). Bold-faced type has been employed t o designate the branches t h a t exceed the average for the chemical and allied industries. These tables follow :
TABLE 111-RANK BY “PRODUCT PER WAGE EARNER” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) 127,263 Dyestuffs and extracts Oil, linseed 2 14,703 136,715 Fertilizers 22Oil, n. e. s. 4,677 Petroleum refining 1 4 - 6,570 Explosives 234,661 156,563 Patent medicines and compounds 2 4 - 4,473 Lubricating greases and druggists’ preparations 25Ink, printing 4,389 1 6 - 6,334 Blacking and cleansing a n d polish26Baking powder and yeast 4,319 ing preparations 27Oil, cottonseed, a n d cake 3,552 175,438 Ink, writidg Oils, essential 1& 5,029 Gas,illuminating and heating Paints and varnish 283,304 194,966 Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids 292,765 Soap 2 0 - 4,882 Chemicals 30603 Drug grinding
Coke Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Bluing Candles Glue, n. e. s. Bone, carbon, and lampblack Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin Matches Salt Turpentine and rosin
TABLEIV-RANK BY “PRODUCT PER SALARY EARNER” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) 1-$89,766 2- 70,041 3- 42,791 P 41,967 5- 40,603 33,057 7- 31,761 8- 31,433 9- 30,503
Oil, linseed Petroleum refining Coke Oil, cottonseed, and cake Drug grinding Oils, essential Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Dyestuffs and extracts Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin 1 0 - 29,962 Fertilizers
6
1-$22,577 212,776 310,890 47,895 57,254 66,532 76,423 86,343 96,138 105,900 115,758
1-$39.83 2- 27.91 3- 24.99 P 20.43 5- 17.89 6- 17.44 7- 17.40 815.82 9- 14.55 10- 14.31 11- 13.86
111213-
28,889 28,176 26,343 1423,969 15- 23,627 1 6 23,596 17- 19,739 18- 19,022 19- 18,074 2 0 - 17,843 2116,922
Chemicals Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids Oil, n. e. s. Salt Soap Glue, n. e. s. Explosives Candles Bone, carbon, and lampblack Baking powder and yeast Matches
222324252 6 27282930-
16,044 15,815 13,767 11,413 11,309 10,945 9,494
Ink, printing
Paints and varnish Bluing Lubricating greases Turpentine and rosin Gas, illuminating and heating Patent medicines, and compounds and druggists’ preparations 9,711 Blacking, and cleansing and polishing preparations 8,212 Ink, writing
TABLE V-RANK BY “PRODUCTPER SERVICE UNIT” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) 125,485 Fertilizers 213,701 Oil, linseed 135,412 Lubricating greases 223,621 Petroleum refining 144,931 Explosives 233,486 Oil, n. e. s. 15244,238 Coke 3,482 Oil, cottonseed, and cake 1 6 4,228 Grease and tallow, n. e. s. 253,446 Oils, essential 172 6 3,271 4,222 Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids Soap 18274,183 Chemicals 3,182 Drug grinding 193,881 Patent medicines and compounds Baking powder and yeast and druggists’ preparations 282,764 Ink, printing 203.834 Blacking a n d cleansing and polish292.479 Dyestuffs a n d extracts ing preparations 30572 Paints and varnish TABLE VI-RANK BY “PRODUCT PER WAGEDOLLAR” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) 12- 13.17 Patent medicines and compounds 2 17.41 Oil, linseed ‘and druggists’ preparations 227.16 Oil, n. e. s. 13- 13.00 Ink, printing Oil, cottonseed, and cake 237.09 14- 12.78 Dyestuffs and extracts 247.09 Petroleum refining 15- 12.72 Blacking and cleansing and polish6.95 Baking powder and yeast 25ing preparations 266.87 Lubricating greases 16- 11.28 Bluing 2 76.34 Oils, essential 1710.59 Ink, writing 6.32 28Soap 189.46 Candles Fertilizers 199.23 Explosives 294.63 Paints and varnish 302.45 208.22 Gas, illuminating and heating Drug grinding
Glue, n. e. s. Candles Bone, carbon, and lampblack Bluing Gas, illuminating and heating Ink, writing Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin Matches Salt Turpentine and rosin
Glue, n. e. s. Chemicals Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Matches Coke Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids Bone, carbon, and lampblack Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin Salt Turpentine and rosin
TABLE VII-RANK BY “PRODUCTPER SALARY DOLLAR” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face t y p e ) 2211.72 Baking powder and yeast 11- 17.78 Glue, n. e. s. Petroleum refining 1-$50.22 12- 17.52 Chemicals 2310.67 Bluing 2- 48.47 Oil, linseed 24-- 10.26 Paints and varnish 13- 17.49 Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids 3- 37.36 Coke 2510.01 Candles 1415.49 Oils, n. e. s. 4- 35.83 Oil, cottonseed, and cake 15- 14.85 Dyestuffs a n d extracts 2 6 - 8.86 Lubricating greases 5- 24.52 W o o d distillation, not including 1 6 - 14.64 Turpentine and rosin * 277.45 Ink, printing turpentine and rosin 17- 14.54 Salt 287.27 Patent medicines and compounds 624.20 Grease and tallow, n. e. s 1& 13.94 Bone, carbon, and lampblack and druggists’ preparations 7- 22.95 Drug grinding 19- 12.56 Gas, illuminating and heating 297.17 Blacking and cleansing and polish8- 22.04 Oils, essential 2 0 - 12.53 Explosives ing preparations 9- 21.15 Fertilizers 2111.92 Matches 305.22 Ink, writing 10- 19.12 Soap
AW., [919
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y TABLE VIII-RANK
1-42 1.86 14.72 3- 14.52 + 10.40 9.9& 5 A9.72 78.66 88.64 9- 8.62 2-
.-
1011-
6.87 5.98
1-$5,671 2- 5,050 3- 5,041 4- 4,521 5- 3,958 6-
78-
3,581 3,554 3,351
9-
3.276
(Branches exceeding Oil, linseed 12Oil, cottonseed, and cake 13Petroleum refining 14Baking powder and yeast 15Oil, n. e. s. 16Oils, essential 17Soap 18Drug grinding 19Fertilizers Dyestuffs and extracts 20Paints and varnish 21-
BY
731
“PRODUCTPER SERVICE DOLLAR”
average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) 5.88 Lubricating greases 224.86 5.86 Coke 234.74 5.48 Bluing 2 4 - 4.70 5.37 Grease and tallow, n. e. s. 5.31 Explosives 254.58 5.23 Glue, n. e. S. 5.08 Chemicals 264.47 5.02 Wood distillation, not including 274.36 turpentine and rosin 283.51 4.97 Gas, illuminating and heating 293.50 4.94 Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids 302.10
Candles Ink, printing Patent medicines and compounds and druggists’ preparations Blacking and cleansing and polishing preparations Matches Bone, carbon, and lampblack Salt Ink, writing Turpentine and rosin
TABLE IX-RANK BY “ENHANCEMENT PER WAGEEARNER” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) Oils, n. e. s. 1 0 - 3,023 Ink, writing 211,983 11- 3,008 Oils, essential 221,936 Ink, printing Baking powder and yeast 12- 2,803 Petroleum refining 231,581 13- 2,768 Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids 241,535 Lubricating greases 14- 2,750 Soap 251,532 Patent medicines and compounds 15- 2,736 Bluing 2 6 - 1,428 and druggists’ preparations 1 6 - 2,705 Drug grinding 271,428 Oil, linseed 17- 2,600 Dyestuffs and extracts 281,395 Paints and varnish 1 8 - 2,507 Explosives . 291,217 Blacking and cleansing and polishing preparations 19- 2,295 Bone, carbon, and lampblack Gas, illuminating and heating 2 0 - 2,123 Chemicals 30444
Fertilizers Matches Candles Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Salt Coke Oil, cottonseed, and cake Glue, n. e. s. Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin Turpentine and rosin
TABLE X-RANK B Y “ENHANCEMENT PER SALARY EARNGR” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) 1-$15,706 14,397 13,283 412,563 5- 12,559 6- 12,539 7- 11,253 8- 10,700 9- 10,656 I&- 10,454 23-
1--$3,384 2- 3,249 3- 3,118 4- 2,680 5- 2,373 6- 2,353 7- 2,348 8- 2,342 910-
2,282 2,276
Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids Drug grinding Salt Petroleum refining Coke Chemicals Dyestuffs and extracts Oils, essential Oil, linseed Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin
11121314151& 1718192021-
10,000 Grease and tallow, n. e. s. 9,912 Matches 9,605 Bone, carbon, and lampblack 9,141 Baking powder and yeast 8,848 Fertilizers 8,321 Turpentine and rosin 8,148 Ink, printing 8,081 Bluing 8,047 Oil, n. e. s. 7,530 Explosives 7,500 Glue, n. e. s.
22232425262728-
2930-
7,216 7,129 6.725 6,207 6,160 5,731
Soap Gas, illuminating and heating Candles Paints and varnish Oil, cottonseed, and cake Patent medicines and compounds and druggists’ preparations 5,109 Blacking and cleansing and polishing preparations 4,993 Lubricating greases 4,566 Ink, writing
TABLE XI-RANK BY “ENHANCEMENT PER SERVICE UNIT” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) Oil, n. e. s. 11- 2,260 Paints and varnish 211,620 Baking powder and yeast 12- 2,245 Gas, illuminating and heating 221,617 Ink, printing 13- 2,112 Dyestuffs and extracts 2 3 - 1,374 Oil, linseed 14- 2,044 Bluing 2 4 - 1,331 Lubricating greases 15- 2,016 Blacking and cleansing and polish251,286 Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids ing preparations 261,280 Oils, essential 16- 1,995 Soap 271,174 Patent medicines and compounds 17- 1,881 Explosives 281,159 and druggists’ preparations 1 8 - 1,852 Bone, carbon, and lampblack 291,090 Petroleum refining 19- 1,819 Ink, writing Drug grinding 201,816 Chemicals 30449
Fertilizers Matches Salt Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Coke Candles Glue, n. e. s. Oil, cottonseed, and cake Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin Turpentine and rosin
TABLEXII-RANK BY “ENHANCEMENT PER WAGE DOLLAR” (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type)
1-$9.16 Baking powder and yeast 2- 8.53 3ils, n. e. s. 3- 7.95 Patent medicines and compounds and druggists’ preparations
4- 7.63 Lubricating greases 5- 6.69 Blacking and cleansing a n d polishing 678-
6.62 6.60 5.89 9- 5.63
preparations Bluing [nk, printing [nk, writing 3 1 , essential
11112131415161718-
5.61 5.35 4.91 4.83 4.73 4.58 4.30
4.13 3.83 19- 3.67 2 0 - 3.67
Paints and varnish Gas, illuminating and heating Drug grinding Soap Oil, linseed Dyestuffs and extracts Fertilizers Matches Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids Oil, cottonseed, and cake Petroleum refining
2122232425262728-
3.52 3.37 3.34 3.11 2.56 2.35 2.23 2.16
Explosives Bone, carbon, and lampblack Candles Chemicals Salt Glue, n. e. s. Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin 29- 2.11 Coke 3 0 - 1.80 Turpentine and rosin
TABLE XIII-RANK BY “ENHANCBMENT PERSALARY DOLLAR’’ (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) 1-$11.34 2- 10.70 39.75 4- 9.01 58.40 678910-
8.18 8.14 8.05 7.62 7.60
Coke Turpentine and rosin Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids Petroleum refining Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin Gas, illuminating and heating Drug grinding Salt Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Chemicals
1112131 P 15161718192021-
7.41 7.13 6.98 6.26 6.25 6.00 5.84 5.75 5.65 5.31 5.26
Bone, carbon, and lampblack Oil, essential Matches Bluing Fertilizers Baking powder and yeast Soap Oil, linseed Glue, n. e. s. Dyestuffs and extracts Oil, cottonseed, and cake
222324252 6 2 7282930-
4.78 Explosives 4.72 Oil, n. e. s. 4.42 Patent medicines and compounds and druggists’ preparations 4.03 Paints and varnish 3.88 Lubricating greases 3.78 Ink, printing 3.77 Blacking and cleansing and polish. ing preparations 3.54 Candles 2.90 Ink, writing
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
73 2
1-45.33 23.23 3- 3.22 4- 3.15 5- 3.06 6- 3.04 7- 2.84 S'910-
2.75 2.64 2.62
TABLE XIV-RANK BY "ENHANCEMENT PER SERVICE DOLLAR'' (Branches exceeding average for chemical industries shown in bold-face type) Baking powder and yeast 11- 2.61 Petroleum refining 21- 2.16 Gas, illuminating and heating 12- 2.60 Oil, linseed 22- 2.03 13- 2.57 Lubricating greases Bluing 231.94 1 6 2.55 Fertilizers Oil, essential 241.94 Drug grinding 15- 2.46 Dyestuffs and extracts 251.78 Oil, n. e. s. 1+ 2.41 Blacking and cleansing and polishing 261.72 Patent medicines and compounds preparations 271.72 and druggists' preparations 17- 2.41 Ink, printing Sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids 18- 2 35 Paints and varnish 281.69 Soap 19- 2.32 Bone, carbon, and lampblack 291.66 Matches 20- 2.21 Chemicals 301.54
TABLE XV-RANK OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
I N ALL
-"PRODUCT"-
TWELVE PARTICULARS --"ENHANCEMENT"-
~~
.... ................. ...................... ..... .................. ................. . .: .........
..... ................ .............. ......... .................. ... .............. ............... ................. ........ .........
....................... .....................
................... ......
25 14 27 22 18 13 8 10 16 9 20 17 15 23 29 12 26 2 6 1 5 11
8 28 15 16 18 14 19 13 18 23 24 26 20 6 20 26 5 25 14 2 10 17 7 13 18 20 17 21 15 21 9 23 12 28 21 27 24 11 24 2 17 3 10 30 19 4 29 5 22 12 22 27 26 28 11 8 7 6 9 4 119 1 7 25 11
24 3 28 7
5 27 8 3 12 4 9 2 0 25 3 23 25 15 22 16 13
21 30
13 1 6 1 8 3 8 30 16 30 30 2 30
19
29 10 29 28
5 28 16 6 14 3 22 11 19 23 29 26 24 10 20 29 1 25 12 7 5 15 20 15 21 22 22 16 15 14 11 6 2 26 19 29 27 9 28 7 27 17 8 30 23 4 26 13 17 13 10 19 21 21 912 4 14 18 12 2 2 3 6 10 25 18 24 7 411 8 24 17 9
5. 27
TABLE XVI -NON-CHEMICALINDUSTRIES Per Per Per Per Salary Service Wage Wage Earner Unit INDUSTRIESEarner Dollar Agroplanes and parts: Product., $4,702 $17,556 $3,709 $ 5.85 14,578 3,080 4.86 3,845 Enhancement.. , Agricultural implements : 17,7&1 2.844 4.74 Product 3,386 9,814 1,570 2.62 Enhancement.. , 1,869 Aluminum ware: 48,038 3,902 7.51 Produtt.. 4,247 12.686 1,031 1.98 Enhancement.. 1,122 Artificial flowers and feathers and plumes: 17,868 1.846 4.79 Product 2,052 9.143 942 Enhancement,. 1,050 2.45 Artificial stone: 16,756 1,897 3.48 Product 2,139 9,954 1,127 2.07 Enhancement.. 1 ,27 1 Artists' material: 10.28 9.753 3,459 Product 5,361 3.533 1,253 3.72 Enhancement.. 1,942 Asbestos: 5.81 Product 2,925 17,698 2,510 3.00 Enhancement.. 1 . 5 11 9.145 1.208 and parts: 6.21 34,954 4,359 2.71 15,284 1,905
Per Salary Dollar
Per. Service Dollar
$12.95 10.75
8; 4.03 3.35
12.61 6.96
3.45 1.90
40.74 10.76
6.34 1.67
14.72 7.53
3.61 1.85
17.33 10.21
3.34 1.98
.
7.50 2.72
4.33 1.57
.........
12.70 6.61
4.00 2.07
16.86 7.37
4.14 1.98
......
........ ....... ......... ......... ........
15,313 6,742
1,122 491
6.14 2.70
14.44 6.36
4.31 1.90
32,955 6,070
11,861 2,182
27.36 5.03
21.01 3.86
11.88 2.19
7,664 1,166
20.86 3.17
52.07 7.92
14.90 2.27
4,262 1,308
10.61 3.26
19.28 5.91
11.20 3.05
1,346 733
3.42 1.86
18.74 10.20
2.89 1.57
5,515 1.809
9.68 3.65
13.09 4.29
6.01
Bags, other than paper: 8.447 82,678 Product ........ 12,468 Enhancement ... 1,285 Bags, paper: 28,165 Product 5,022 1,541 8,6r9 Enhancement Baskets, and rattan and willow ware: 21,016 Product 1,438 782 11,435 Enhancement Belting leather: 18,790 Product... 7,806 Enhancement 2,560 6,163
........
... ........ ...
..... ...
..
Oil, cottonseed, and cake Explosives Ink, writing Salt Coke Candles Wood distillation, not turpentine and rosin Grease and tallow, n. e. s. Glue. n. e. s. Turpentine and rosin
Per Per Per Per Per Wage Salary Service Wage Salary Earner Earner Unit Dollar Dollar Belting and hose, wooden and rubber: Product 4 615 21,376 3,796 8.30 13.78 Enhancement ... 2:005 9.287 1,649 3.62 5.99 Billiard tables and materials: Product 3,368 16,152 2,787 4.97 13.37 Enhancement 1,656 7,941 1,370 2.44 6.57 Boots and shoes, including c u t stock and findings: Product.., 2,863 29,777 2,607 23.16 5.21 Enhancement.. 1 ,009 1 ,049 920 8.16 1.84 Boots and shoes, rubber: 2,880 32.229 2,644 Product 5.39 27.49 Enhancement 1.598 17.884 1.467 2.99 15.25 Boxes, cigar: 20,791 1,337 Prodhct.. 1,428 3.63 17.44 10,145 Enhancement 697 652 1.77 8.51 Boxes, fancy and paper: 1,649 16.43 1 1,498 Product.. 3.99 12.69 Enhancement.. 848 8,455 77 1 2.06 6.55 Brass and bronze products: 35,570 3,615 Product.. 4,024 6.47 22.93 1,041 1,159 10,244 Enhancement 1.86 6.60 Bread and other bakery products: 24,587 1,658 3,965 6.40 24.88 Product 10,879 730 1,754 Enhancement 2.83 11.01 Brick, tile, pottery, and other clay products: 1,267 1,364 17,732 2.42 Product 13.02 932 12,111 865 1.65 8.89 Enhancement.. Brooms and brushes: 2,488 16.fi12 2,164 5.26 13.90 Product 1,149 7,672 999 2.43 6.42 Enhancement Butter, cheese, and condensed milk: 54,153 12,230 22.99 15,796 59.42 Product 7.323 1.654 3.11 8.03 Enhancement ... 2.132 BGter, reworking: . 19.306 77,224 15,445 29.35 59.79 Product 2,132 2,678 10,658 4.05 8.27 Enhancement. Buttons: Product... 1,427 16,583 1,314 3.22 12.54 Enhancement,.. 828 9,616 762 1.87 7.27 Canning and preserving: 2,910 8.95 21.37 3,287 25,387 Product 1,001 3.08 7.30 1.13 1 8,737 Enhancement.. Card cutting and designing: 1,819 3.98 14.45 Product 2 041 16 746 1,093 2.39 8.68 Enhancement ... 1:226 10:063 Carpets and rugs, other than rag: 2,093 4.70 24.05 Product 2,208 40,191 813 1.82 9.34 Enhancement.,. 858 15,609 Carpet rag: 1,167 2.80 11.42 1,308 10,798 Product 865 2.07 8.46 969 8,004 Enhancement.. Carriages and sleds, children's: 1,827 3.69 15.75 1,992 22,007 Product.., 943 1.91 8.14 1,029 11,365 Enhancement Carriages and wagbns, and materials: 2,237 4.04 16.92 Product.., , , 2,511 20,471 1,119 2.02 8.47 1,256 10,244 Enhancement Cars and general shop constructions and repair by steam-railroad companies: 21.38 1,420 2.19 22,942 1,514 Product 12,060 747 1.15 11.24 796 Enhancement Cars andkenera1 shop construction and repairs by electric-railroad companies: 20,14 1,367 2.07 21,115 1,462 Product 10.95 743 1.12 11.476 794 Enhancement Cars. steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies: 4.71 4.71 3,303 41,539 3,588 Product 1.51 1.51 1,061 13,345 1,153 Enhancement Cars, electric-railroad, not including operations of railroad com.panics: 14.30 2,425 4.25 2 733 23,531 Product.. 5.65 967 1.68 9,294 1'079 Enhancement Cash registers and caldlating machines: 5.00 5.57 2,393 8,032 3,408 Product.., 4.34 4.84 2,080 6,981 2,962 Enhancement. Cement: 3,645 25,237 2,393 5.59 16.77 Product.. 2.74 8.21 2,080 12,344 1,783 Enhancement Charcoal: 33.50 4.96 1,634 22,333 1,763 Product... Rnhancement... 742 9,389 687 2.09 14.08 ~~. China decorating: 12.98 4.57 2,138 16,156 2,464 Product.. 7.09 2.50 1,168 8,822 1,346 Enhancement Chocolate and cocoa products: 24.58 17.54 7,087 40,629 8,585 Product ........ 7.73 5.52 2,229 12,776 2,700 Enhancement
........ ...
.... ...............
11,
No. 8
including
TABLE XVI-NON-CHEMICALINDUSTRIES (Continued)
........
Baking powder .............. Blacking and cleansing and polishing preparations.. 16 29 20 15 29 23 24 24 16 23 Bluing. . . . .: Bone carbon and lampblack 26 19 23 27 18 Candies. .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 18 22 18 25 20 11 18 22 12 Chemicals. 21 3 15 25 3 Coke Drug grinding, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5 7 1 1 7 12 8 10 14 15 Dyestuffs and extracts.. 14 17 14 19 20 Explosives 13 10 12 9 9 Fertilizers. 18 27 25 20 19 Gas. illuminating and heating Glue n. e. 5.. .: 25 16 21 21 11 22 7 16 23 6 Grease and tallow, n. e. s 5 22 9 13 27 Ink, printing 17 30 26 17 30 Ink, writing.. 4 25 13 6 26 Lubricating greases. 28 21 28 24 21 Matches. 7 4 4 3 4 Oil, cottonseed, and cake. 8 6 5 7 8 Oils, essential. 1 1 1 1 2 Oils. linseed. 213 3 214 Oils n. e. s 9 23 11 10 24 Paidts and varnish.. Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations .................. 15 28 19 12 28 3 2 2 4 1 Petroleum refining.. 29 14 29 29 17 Salt, 10 15 6 8 10 Soap.. Sulfuric nitric, and mixed 19 12 17 26 13 acids .'. 30 26 30 30 16 Turpentine and rosin.. Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin.. .. 27 9 27 28 5
Vol.
......
........
... ...... ...
...... . ...... ... ........
5.19 2.26 3.62 1.78 4.26 1.50 4.50 2.50 3.00 1.46 3.04 1.16 5.04 1.45
...
5.00 2.25
........ .
2.04 1.39
........
... ........ ........ .. .....
........
. ........ ........
......... ..... ...
~
Per Service Dollar
3.81 1.76 16.58 2.27 19.69 2.72 2.56 1.49 6.29 2.17 3.12 1.88 3.93 1.53 2.25 1.67 2.99 1.55
. .....
3.26 1.63
........ ...
1.99 1.05
........ ...
1.88 1.02
........ ...
4.03 1.29
......
3.28 1.30
... ....... ...... ... ..... ...... ...
...
2.63 2.29 4.19 2.05 4.32 1.82 3.38 1.84 10.24 3.27
AQ.,
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
1919
733
TABLE XVI-NON-CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (Continued) Per Per Per Per Wage Salary Service Wage Earner Earner Unit Dollar Clocks and watches, including cases and materials : 1,464 20,209 1,365 2.53 Product.. . Enhancement.. . 992 13,688 925 1.71 Cloth, sponging and refinishing : 2.33 Product 1.699 13,549 1,510 Enhancement 1,552 12,372 2.12 1,379 Clothing, horse: 7.71 Product ... 2,716 3,086 22,687 Enhancement 947 6.965 2.37 834 Clothing, men’s, buttonholes: Product.. . . 929 949 42,533 1.96 Enhancement 815 36,533 1.68 798 Clothinx. men’s. includine shirts: -. Product.. . . . .’. . 2.434 22,168 2,210 5.23 Enhancement i:21i 2.58 10,937 1,090 Clothing, women’s: 21,287 5.12 Product.. . 2,806 2,479 Enhancement 1,312 9.9$2 2.39 1,159 Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding: Product ... . . . . . 17.634 24.757 10.298 33.44 4;004 Si621 2;338 Enhancement 7.59 Coffins, burial cases, and undertakers’ goods: Product 2,780 14,123 2,323 4.89 Enhancement. 1,380 7,011 1,153 2.43 Confectionery: 17,273 2,688 7.96 Product... , 3,185 7.060 Enhancement 1,301 3.25 1,099 Confectionery (ice cream) : 8.18 Product 5,395 22,519 4,353 Enhancement.. 1,805 1,490 9,337 3.39 Cooperage and wooden goods, n. e. s.: 2,392 Product ... . . 2,556 37,309 5.05 886 Enhancement 946 13,815 1.87 Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products: 2,660 3,023 22,172 Product 5.04 1.160 Enhancement ... 1.318 9.664 2.20 Cordage and twine, a n d jute and linen goods: Product. 3,042 54,325 2,880 7.30 Enhancement 831 14,846 787 2.00 Cordials and flavoring sirups: Product 16,487 26,361 10,143 33.22 Enhancement ... 8,310 13,253 5,113 16.75 Cork, cntting: Product.. 2,280 31,375 2,126 4.98 Enhancement.. 904 12.446 843 1.97 Corsets : Product .. 1,978 15,909 1,759 5.08 Enhancement 1,023 8,224 909 2.63 Cotton goods, including cotton, small wares: Product,. . . 1,783 70,004 1,738 4.54 655 Enhancement. 25,731 639 1.69 Crucibles : 6,245 34.926 5,290 Product., 11.03 Enhancement 2 040 11,407 173 3.60 Cutlery and tools, n. e.’%: 1,778 Product.. . . , , 14.952 1,589 3.08 Enhancement 1.167 9.814 1.043 2.02 Dairymen’s, poultrymen’s, and apiarists’ supplies Product ... . . .. . 3,414 12,944 2,701 5.63 1,748 6.627 1,383 Enhancement 2.88 Dental goods: Product.. , 5,247 27,343 4,402 10.00 Enhancement 1 768 9,213 1,483 3.37 Dyeing and finishing tektiles: Product 2,255 24,543 2,065 4.39 1,085 Enhancement. 11,809 993 2.11 Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies: 4.54 Product.. , 2,839 12,761 2,322 2.44 Enhancement 1,528 6,870 1,250 Electroplating : Product 1,847 14,290 1,636 2.79 Enhancement 1 330 10 290 1,178 2.01 Emery and other abrasive wheels. Product 2,987 11,746 2,381 4.78 Enhancement ... 1.727 6 792 1 377 2.77 Enameling and japanning: Prodbct.. 1,652 11,443 1,522 3.19 Enhancement.. 962 11,321 886 1.86 Engravers’ materials: 16,340 Product 7,245 5,020 10.52 Enhancement.. 1.047 4.617 1.418 2.97 Engraving a n d diesinking: 2,040 Product.. 14,509 1,789 2.91 Enhancement.. 1,652 11,750 1,449 2.36 Engraving, wood: 9,986 . 2,381 Product.. 1,922 2.32 Enhancement., 2,063 1,666 8,653 2.01 Fancy articles, n. e. s.: 13,876 Product.. 2,283 1,961 4.68 Enhancement 1,166 7,091 1,002 2.39 Files: Product.. , 1,289 15,281 1,189 2.63 Enhancement.. 923 10,935 85 1 1.88 Firearms and ammunition: Product . 2,230 25,112 2,049 3.50 Enhancement 1,209 13.612 1.111 1.90 Fire extinguishers, chemical: . Product ... , 5,070 10,817 3,452 6.49 Enhancement 2,828 6,033 1,926 3.62 Fireworks: Product 1,734 18,079 1,582 3.73 Enhancement.. 748 8,583 75 1 1.77 Flags, banners, regalia, society badges, and emhlems: Product.. ... 2,461 10,197 1,983 5.17 Enhancement 1.333 5.522 1.074 2.80 Flavoring extracts: Product 7,789 8,524 4,070 16.52 Enhancement 3,472 3,799 1,814 7.36
Per Salary Dollar
Pef Service Dollar
14.83 10.04
2.16 1.46
8.51 7.77
1.83 1.67
20.68 6.35
5.62 1.72
45.57 39.14
1.88 1.61
... . . .... ..
17.90 8.70
4.03 1.99
5.12 2.39
3.99 1.87
... ........ . . . .... .
16.91 3.84
11.23 2.55
10.48 5.20
3.33 1.66
13.84 5.66
5.05 2.07
21.61 8.96
5.93 2.46
27.95 10.35
4.60 1.74
16.85 7.34
3.88 1.69
34.12 9.32
6.47 1.77
17.48 8.81
11.46 5.77
19.79 7.85
3.98 1.58
9.50 4.91
3.31 1.71
40.30 14.81
4.13 1.52
13.10 4.28
5.99 1.96
10.68 7.09
2.39 1.57
11.24 5.75
3.75 1.92
19.95 6.72
6.66 2.24
16.89 8.13
3.49 1.67
9.50 5.11
3.07 1.65
12.53 9.02
2.28 1.64
7.94 4.59
2.98 1.73
14.64 8.52
2.62 1.52
10.52 2.97
5.26 1.49
13.87 11.23
2.41 1.95
6.54 5.66
1.71 1.48
10.92 5.58
3.27 1.67
12.06 8.63
2.16 1.54
18.06 9.79
2.93 1.59
5.90 3.29
3.09 1.72
13.51 6.41
2.92 1.39
9.79 5.30
3.38 1.83
7.39 3.29
5.15 2.28
. . . .. ... .. .. . ... . . ...... . .... ..
......... . ... .. _....... .. . . . . .
... ........ . . . . . .. . . . .... ..
. ..... . . . .... .. . . ...
.... . . . ..... .... . . .. .. . . . ..... .... ..... .. .... . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... . .. . . . . . ..
. . . . . .. . . . .... .. . . . . .. ... . ... ... . .... ..
........
.
.... .. ..... . . . ...
Per Per Per Per Per Wage Salary Service Wage Salary Earner Earner Unit Dollar Dollar Flax and hemp, dressed: 1,011 6.19 2,440 12,304 Product 18.87 2.18 Enhancement.. . 844 4.26 1 6.53 350 Flour-mill and grist -mill products! 35.55 Product.. . . 53.62 22,098 66,250 16,571 5.10 7.66 Enhancement,. 2,368 3,158 9,466 Food preparations: 20.19 23.29 Product.. . 10,801 28,837 7,858 6.04 6.96 2,350 Enhancement.. 3.230 8,622 Foundry and machine-shop products: 14,842 2,100 10.45 Product ... . . 2,432 3.65 6.05 2.07 Enhancement ... 1.382 8.433 1.187 Foundry supplies: ’ 5.82 6.69 Product 7,833 2,479 3,627 1,251 2.94 Enhancement.. 3.38 1 ,83 1 3,953 Fuel, manufactured: 5,076 7.71 29,759 27.84 Product ,., 6,121 8.19 Enhancement.. , 1,494 1.80 1 2.27 8,759 Fur goods: 4.832 Product . . . . . . . 15.68 6.89 16,824 3,773 1,719 3.12 Enhancement.. 2; 19 1 7,808 7.11 Furnishing goods, men’s: 15.15 2,023 5.55 19,272 Product 2.261 6.68 892 2.45 Enhancement.. 997 8,497 Furniture and refrigerators: Product ... . 2,078 3.72 2,103 17,435 12.93 7.00 1,125 2.02 9,435 1,138 Enhancement.. Fur., dressed: ._.._ 1,728 3.11 20,683 10.57 Product.. . . . 1,885 1,183 2.13 14,165 7.24 Enhancement.. 1,291 Galvanizing: 22.86 9.20 . . 5,367 29,964 4,552 Product 1.174 7,728 5.89 2.37 Enhancement.. 1 ,384 Gas and electric fixtures and lamp appliances: 4.25 Product. .. 2,514 13,576 3,984 9.67 2.18 Enhancement 1,290 6,965 2,044 4.96 Glass: 2.53 Product ... . . . 1,652 29,243 1,564 18.79 1.034 18,311 979 11.77 1.58 Enhancement Glass cutting, staining, and ornamenting: 1 779 2,039 13,949 12.60 3.52 Product.. . 1.99 Enhancement 1,153 7,891 1,017 7.09 Gloves and mittens, leather: 1,812 2,026 17,154 15.44 4.74 Product 885 7,494 792 Enhancement., . 6.75 2.07 Glucose and starch: 14.82 Product ... 11,669 38,182 8,768 27.12 3.50 Enhancement 2,752 9,004 2,108 6.40 Gold and silver, leaf and foil: 2,143 26,725 1,984 4.88 Product.. . 19.30 1.97 799 863 10,769 5.64 Enhancement., Gold and silver, reducing and refining, not from the ore: 90.47 73.12 Product.. . 62,693 133,589 42,669 9.11 7.36 Enhancement ... 4.004 13.449 4.296 Graphite, ground and refined: ’ 4,195 7.12 Product 6,896 10,708 9.52 4.14 Enhancement.. , 5.53 1,535 6,217 2,436 Grindstones : 2.12 937 11.03 Product.. . . . . . 997 15,545 778 9.02 Enhancement,. . 1.76 826 1,299 Haircloth : Product ... . , , , , 4,025 42,018 3,673 8.26 24.19 1,245 13,000 1,137 2.56 7.48 Enhancement ... Hair work: 2,779 14,131 2,334 5.74 12.71 Product ..... Enhancement 1,589 7,653 1,264 3.11 6.89 Hammocks : Product 2,354 14,587 2,027 5.64 13.42 1,088 6,739 967 2.61 6.20 Enhancement Hand stamps and stencils and brands: 2,538 7,855 1,918 3.90 7.65 Product. .. Enhancement 1,725 5,357 1,308 2.66 5.22 H a t and cap materials: Product ... . 3,903 35,352 3,515 8.62 26.35 Enhancement 1,057 9,577 952 2.33 7.14 Hats and caps, other than felt, straw, and wool: Product 2,539 22,592 2,283 4.12 20.12 Enhancement 1,272 11.330 1,145 2.07 10.09 Hats, fur felt: Product ... 1,752 25,741 1,644 3.09 19.36 Enhancement 957 14,061 896 1.69 10.58 Hats, straw: Product ... .. ... 2,683 25,469 2,427 4.65 14.40 Enhancement 1,198 11,369 1,184 2.16 6.43 Hones and whetstones: Product 1,529 8.387 1,244 4.06 8.12 Enhancement 1,018 5,581 861 2.70 5.41 Horseshoes, not made in steel works or rolling mills: , 3,037 14,288 2,505 4.93 8.55 Product... Enhancement 1.864 8,768 1,537 3.03 5.24 Hosiery and knit goods: Product... 1,720 32,962 1,635 4.33 22.95 Enhancement 746 14,287 709 1.88 9.95 House-furnishing goods, n. e. s.: Product 3,959 21,630 3,223 8.00 15.19 Enhancement 1,308 7,410 1,100 2.74 5.21 Ice, manufactured: Product . 2,624 11,141 2,124 4.07 10.58 Enhancement 1,853 7,866 1,499 2.87 7.49 Instruments, professional and scientific: Product. .. , 2,462 10,514 1,995 3.76 8.97 Enhancement... 1.676 7.159 1.358 2.56 6.11 Iron and steel, blast furnaces: 83,090 9,574 13.94 51.95 Product... 10.821 2.33 8.68 Enhancement.. 1 .808 13.883 1 .600 Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills: 4.88 24.49 35,783 3,351 Product... , 3,694 1.74 8.74 12,910 1,196 Enhancement. 1,318
........ . . . .. . . . . .. . ..
... ... . . . .... .
.
........
~
. . ... . . . .. ...... . . ..... .. .. ... . . .... ..
~
........
.. ... ...
... . . . .. . . . ........ .
.
...
... ..... . . .
...
Per Service Dollar 4.72 1.63 21,43 3.06 10.81 3.23 2.72 1.54
3.11 1.57 6.03 1.78 4.79 2.17 4.06 1.78 2.89 1.56 2.41 1.64 6.56 1.69 2.95 1.52 2.23 1.40 2.75 1.55 3.63 1.58 9.58 2.26 3.90 1.57 40.44 4.07 4.08 2.37 1.78 1.48
6.16 1.90 3.96 2.14 3.97 1.83
. .... ... . . .....
6.49 1.76
... . .... ...
3.42 1.72
.. .... ..
2.67 1.46
...
3.62 1.62
... . .... ...
2.70 1.80
....... ........ ........ ... ... ... . ... . ... . . . . .. . .....
2.59 1.76
3.13 1.92 3.64 1.58 5.24 1.80 2.94 2.07 2.65 1.80 10.99 1.84 4.07 1.45
T H E JOURNAL OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
7 34
TABLE XVI-NON-CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (Conlinucd) Per Per Pef Per Per Per Per Per Per Salary Service Wage Service Wage Salary Wage Salary Service Unit Earner Earner Dollar Dollar Unit Dollar Earner Earner Oakum: Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets: 2,762 Product. 3,095 25,643 Product . . . . . 2,196 21,510 1,992 3.93 13.45 3.04 954 1.36 1,069 8,857 6.03 Enhancement.. 893 1.76 984 9,642 Enhancement m: Oilcloth and linoleu Iron and steel, doors and shutters: 4,111 44,441 Product.. 4.530 4.78 9.47 2,185 3.37 13,361 2,612 Product . 1,256 2.94 13,580 Enhancement. 1,384 2.07 5.10 1,*343 1,606 8,216 Enhancement Oleomargarine : Iron and steel forgings: 11,930 43,458 Product.. , 16,445 3.05 Product . 2,709 23,431 2,429 3.87 14.52 13,899 3,816 1.51 Enhancement.. 5,260 Enhancement 1,343 11,610 1,203 1.93 7.19 Optical goods: Iron and steel, nails and spikes, cut and wrought, including wire 8,409 1,804 Product 2,297 nails, not made in steel, works or rolling mills: 5,355 1,149 Enhancement 1,463 3.27 10.42 2,293 4.77 14,543 Product ... . , 2,723 Paper and wood pulp: 5.22 1.64 1,148 2.39 1,363 7,283 Enhancement 48,574 3,486 Product. .. . . 3 755 Iron and steel pipe, wrought: 17,398 1,248 1:345 Enhancement 30.24 5.38 3,890 6.55 4,257 45,096 Product Paper goods, n. e. s. : 1.62 9.12 1.173 1.98 1,284 13,604 Enhancement.,. 16,491 2,761 Product 3,316 Jewelry : 6,989 1 ,174 Enhancement.. 1 ,405 3.16 4.43 11.06 2,394 2,864 14,582 Product .. Paper patterns: 5.72 1.63 1.238 2.29 1.481 7.541 Enhancement ... Product , 2,835 3,240 1,508 Jewelry and instrument cases: . Enhancement 2,237 2,570 1,196 2.57 3.31 11.57 1,367 1.513 14,200 Product Paving materials: 1.54 6.94 820 1.98 8,514 907 Enhancement Product.. . . 1,826 20,260 1,675 Labels and tags: Enhancement ... 1,101 12,211 1,010 2.86 7.81 2,077 4.51 2,532 11,551 Product Peanuts, grading, roasting, cleaning, and shelling: 1 . 6 0 2.52 4 . 3 6 1,160 6,449 1.414 Enhancement... Product ... , 6,373 70,736 5,846 Lapidary work: 1 ,03 1 11,439 945 Enhancement.. 6.64 9,178 51,538 7,791 8.36 32.29 Product Pencils, lead: 1.76 Enhancement 2,430 13,644 2,063 2.21 8.55 Product ... 1,923 19,413 1,750 Lard refined, not made in slaughtering and meat-packing estab-~ Enhancement. 869 8,774 791 lishments : Pens, fountain, etylographic, and gold: 13.36 6.39 4,324 12,25 7,737 9,800 Product ........ Product 6,791 9,738 3,458 1.96 3.75 4.09 1,324 3,000 2,368 Enhancement 3;994 7,253 2,576 Enhancement Lasts: Pens, steel: 2.17 3.04 7.64 1,878 13,149 2,191 Product Product ... 895 8,274 809 1.54 5.40 1,329 2.15 1,073 9,301 Enhancement. .. 691 6,387 624 Enhancement Lead, bar, pipe, and sheet: Phonographs and graphophones: 9.37 19.25 18.26 9,174 Product.. . . . 12,703 33,027 Product.. . . . . . . 2.891 13,737 2,388 1.74 3.58 4.48 1,707 6,147 Enhancement.. 2,381 Enhancement 2.139 10,166 1,767 Leather goods, n. e. s.: Photographic apparatus and materials: 4.13 14.67 5.76 2,768 Product,. 3,269 18,061 15,813 3,504 Product, 4,501 1.75 6.22 1,175 2.44 Enhancement.. . 1,388 7,664 11,139 2,468 3,171 Enhkncement Leather, tanned, curried, and finished: Photo-engraving : 9.35 49.78 11.50 6,098 Product 6,565 85,835 7,485 1,859 Product , 2,473 2.11 11.25 2.60 1,378 Enhancement.. , 1,483 19,391 6,121 1,520 Enhancement 2,022 Lime: Pipes, tobacco: 2.51 14.26 1,365 3.04 1,480 17,582 Product . 30,360 6,161 Product,.. , ... 1,793 1.48 1.79 8.31 804 872 10,357 Enhancement ... .. 13.755 5,039 Enhancement 812 Liquors, distilled: Printing and publishing: 28.32 62.53 25 906 51.77 32,848 122,572 Product 7,760 2,322 Product,.. .. , 3,313 22.71 50.13 20:769 41.51 98,270 26.336 Enhancement. 5,540 1,658 Enhancement 2,366 Liquors, malt: Pulp goods: 5.51 8.30 16.37 5,904 7,122 34,481 Product 13,544 2,258 Product,. , 2,713 3.89 5.87 11.57 4,172 24,364 5,033 Enhancement ... 6,928 1 ,155 1 ,386 Enhancement,. Liquors, vinous: Pumps, not including power pumps: 7.97 13.92 18.65 5,758 7,250 27,976 Product. . . . . . . 14,018 2,455 Product . 2,976 3.42 8.00 2,470 5.97 3,154 12,002 Enhancement.,. 7,914 1,386 Enhancement 1,680 Locomotives, not made by railroad companies: Rice, cleaning and polishing: 3.91 15.66 3.13 2,494 26,192 2.277 Product ..... . . . 52,600 13,624 Product 18,387 1.79 7.14 1.43 Enhancement ... 1,140 11,973 1,041 5,531 1,433 Enhancement 1.942 Looking-glass and picture frames: 10.22 2.80 3.86 1,945 2,301 12,587 Product.. , . . , , 5,245 22,454 6.07 1.67 2.30 7,481 1,156 1,367 Enhancement 1,945 8,325 Lumber and timber products: 3.47 20.52 2.97 27,065 1,697 1,811 Product , 3,597 10,342 1.85 10.92 1.58 14,404 903 964 Enhancement,., 1,568 8,158 Malt: 15.37 36.91 26.33 29,200 99,861 19,479 Product . 1,361 10,931 2.85 6.85 3,616 4.89 4.492 18,535 Enhancement.. . 959 7,707 Marble and stone work: Safes a n d vaults: 2.38 15.18 1,766 2.82 19,029 19,471 Product 2,025 2,442 11,858 Product.. . 1.54 9.82 1,143 1.82 1,278 12,309 Enhancement 1,287 1,551 7,534 Enhancement.. Mats and matting, from cocoa fiber grass, etc.: Sand and emery papf:r and cloth: 4.05 23.05 2,312 4.91 2,573 22,816 Product . 6,355 27,44i 5,227 Product. 1.93 10.99 1,102 2.34 1,227 10,878 1,982 Enhancement 2,409 11,163 Enhancement.. Mattresses and spring beds: Saws: 4.11 14.39 2,771 5.76 3,279 17,409 2,313 Product . Product 2,745 14,709 1.73 6.07 1,168 2.43 7,337 1,389 1,442 Enhancement Enhancement.. 1.71 1 9,169 Millinery and lace goods: Scales and balances: 3.95 15.53 2,212 5.30 18,043 1,788 2,522 Product.., . , Product,.. , 2,179 9,973 1.95 7.69 1,094 2.62 1,248 8,927 1,205 Enhancement Enhancement.. 1 ,469 6.72 1 Mineral and soda waters: Screws, machine: 4.51 13.04 3,010 6.59 14,994 1,537 3,766 Product Product . . 1,990 17,175 2.44 7.72 1,630 3.57 1,031 2 039 8,119 Enhancement Enhancement.. 1.150 9,943 Minerals and earths, grbund: Screws, wood: 3.06 11.74 1,912 4.12 15,069 2,190 Product 15,017 1,279 Product.. , 1,398 1.71 6.54 1,066 2.31 8,401 1,221 Enhancement 9.341 ' 796 870 Enhancement.. Mirrors, framed and unframed: attachments: Sewing machines, cases, and 3.87 15.39 2,787 5.17 21,587 3,200 Product 11,783 1,399 Product... 1,513 1.59 6.31 1,142 2.12 8,845 1,314 Enhancement ... 11,647 875 Enhancement. 946 Models and patterns, not including paper patterns: Shipbuilding, including boat building : 2.24 11.55 1,754 2.77 13,594 2 013 29,699 1,868 Product Product .... . . 1 993 1.70 8.81 1,337 2.11 1,036 1:535 16,773 1,055 Enhancement Enhancement 1:126 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts: Shoddy: 18.92 3.76 2,885 4.69 3,328 21,612 Product ........ Product,. . 3,588 40,995 3,304 1.91 9.62 1,467 2.38 11,019 1,693 Enhancement Enhancement 1,122 12,803 1,032 Mucilage and paste: Show cases: 12.71 6.72 5,357 14.27 8,136 15,689 16,990 2,352 Product... Product.. 2,319 5.26 2.78 2,217 5.91 3,367 6,493 9,692 1,164 Enhancement Enhancement.. 1,323 Signs and advertising novelties: Musical instruments and materials, n. e. 8 . : 9.41 2.27 9,989 2,058 1,666 3.12 10,507 Product ... . 2,487 1,980 Product 6.76 1.68 6,339 1,306 1,196 2.25 1.645 7,542 Enhancement... 1,421 Enhancement Silk and silk goods, including throwsters : Musical instruments, pianos and organs and materials: 13.72 2.98 37,300 2,218 2,143 3.81 Product.. . 2,348 2,368 22,541 Product 7.37 1.60 16,089 953 1,149 2.04 Enhancement 1,270 12,087 1,013 Enhancement,.. Silverware and plated ware: Needles, pins, and hooks and eyes: 11,056 2,086 Product.. . . . 2,424 2.54 13.20 1,377 3.15 1,478 20,182 Product ... , . 8,483 1,182 Enhancement 1,374 1.50 7.76 811 1.85 871 11,890 Enhancement.
...
... .... . .. ... ... . ... ... . ..
... ........ ... . . .
........ ... ........ ........ ... ... ... . . ...
.. . . ... .. . ..... . . . ... . . ........ ..
........
. ... ... .. . .
.. . . . . .
..... ... ,.
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........ ...
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...
........ ... ... .....
. . ..
TI,
Per Per Wage Salary Dollar Dollar
No'. 8 Per Service Dollar
7.33 2.53
18.89 6.53
5.28 1.82
7.97 2.43
27.35 8.36
6.17 1.89
25.82 8.26
30.28 9.68
13.94 4.46
3.91 2.49
7.52 4.79
2.57 1.64
6.24 2.23
25.71 9.21
5.02 1.80
6.63 2.8'1
12.69 5.38
4.36 1.85
5.25 4.16
4.00 3.17
2.27 1.80
3.19 1.92
14.19 8.55
2.60 1.57
26.36 4.26
49.49 8.00
17.20 2.78
4.28 1.94
11.25 5.09
3.10 1.40
8.42 '6.27
10.94 8,lj
4.76 3.54
2.11 1.63
6.04 4.66
1.56 1.21
4.28 3.16
11.16 8.26
3.09 2.29
7.04 4.96
12.35 8.70
4.48 3.16
2.49 2.09
5.86 4.79
1.75 1.43
3.55 1.62
22.69 10.28
3.07 1.39
. . ... . . ... .
4.61 3.24
6.56 4.68
2.63 1.88
5.07 2.59
12.21 6.25
3.58 1.83
.... ... ... ........
4.57 2.58
10.91 6.16
3.22 1.82
35.66 3.75
36.11 3.80
17.94 1.89
10.59 3.93
14.11 5.24
6.06 2.25
7.15 3.11
17.71 7.72
5.09 2.22
2.83 2.00
7.29 5.14
2.04 1.44
. . . . .. .. . . . . . ... .. . . .. .. . .. ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . ....
3.90 2.48
8.38 5.32
2.66 1.69
7.26 4.57
17.04 6.46
7.06 8.68
4.15 2.59
10.85 6.76
3.04 1.89
3.32 2.24
7.89 5.32
2.34 1.59
3.14 1.38
12.41 7.17
2.50 1.45
3.19 1.98
11.51 7.16
2.50 1.55
2.46 1.54
13.39 8.38
2.08 1.30
.. . . .... .. . . . . . .. ... .
2.69 1.52
18.63 10.52
2.35 1.33
7.30 2.28
26.85 8.39
5.75 1.79
3.57 2.04
12.00 6.85
2.75 1.57
4.18 2.65
8.03 5.10
2.75 1.74
. .. .. ... .. . ...
5.39 2.33
24.17 10.43
4.41 1.90
3.91 2.21
10.91 6.12
2.88 1.63
.
. . . . .... . ... . . ... ..... ... .. ... ......... .......
... .. . . . .. . . .. ..... ........ ... . . . .. ... ...
.. . . . . . ... ... . . . . ... . ...
...
... . . . .
..... .. . ... ... ..... ...
Vol.
...
T H E JOURNAL O F TNDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Aug., 1919
TABLEXVI-NON-CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (Continued) Per Per Per Per Per Salary Wage Salary Service Wage Unit Dollar Dollar Earner Earner Slaughtering and meat packing: 16,552 75,503 13,582 26.26 59.65 Product 9.698 1.664 3.39 7.66 Enhancement 2.127 Smelting and refining copper: 27.44 122.72 Product.. 25,042 238 337 22,151 34,817 3,310 4.02 17.90 Enhancement.. 3.658 Smelting and refining lead: 27.97 114.77 Product.. 23,233 264,782 21,359 27,105 2,186 2.86 11.74 Enhancement ... 2.378 Smelting and refining zinc: 75,619 5,185 7.99 36.25 Product.. . 5,567 1,353 2.08 9.45 19,725 1,452 Enhancement. the ore: Smelting and refininz. -. not from72,417 12,724 21.18 Prodcct ... 15 436 37.82 15,701 Enhancement.. 3 :347 2,759 4.59 8.20 Soda-water apparatus: 14,985 3,119 5.29 Product.. 3,940 10.36 8,358 Enhancement.. 2,197 1,740 2.95 5.78 Sporting and athletic goods: 22,432 2,139 4.78 Product . 2,363 18.48 10,649 1,015 2.27 8.77 Enhancement.. 1,122 Springs, steel, car and carriage: 3,131 23,615 2,765 Product,.. 4.46 13.53 Enhancement 1,472 11.104 1,300 2.10 6.36 Stationery goods, n. e. s.: 2,834 Product ... . .. 10,779 2,244 4.57 7.88 1,442 Enhancement 5,482 1,141 2.33 4.01 Statuary and art goods: 1,967 Product ... 17,854 1,772 2.47 12.86 14.009 1.390 Enhancement 1.543 1.94 10.07 Steam packing: 13,575 2,702 Product ... 3,374 5.63 9.64 1.433 5,766 Enhancement 1,129 2.39 4.09 Stereotyping and electrotyping: 1,876 2.72 Product 2,359 9,162 7.59 Enhancement.. 5.48 1 ,706 6,628 1,357 1.96 Stoves and furnaces, including gas and oil stoves: 2,059 10.20 2,396 14,697 Product 3.46 1,277 Enhancement.. 1.485 . 9 . 1 15 2.14 6.33
...... .. ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ..
~
..
.. . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. ..
22.46 3.28 22.49 2.30 6.55 1.71 13.58 2.94 3.50 1.95
.. ......
3.35 1.58 2.89 1.47
...
2.07 1.63
. . ... ...
3.55 1.51
. .....,...
2.58 1.60
9.48 3.21
27.00 9.39
7.06 2.39
18,377 1,831
33.14 3.30
103.92 10.35
25.13 2.50
2,637 1,447
6.36 3.49
9.21’ 5.05
3.76 2.06
2,616 1.616
3.67 2.27
4.54 2.83
2.03 1.25
17.42 2.66
90.04 13.75
14.60 2.23
9.62 2.65
32.49 8.95
7.42 2.04
6.30 3.64
22.16 12.79
4.90 2.83
4.05 2.41
13.83 8.02
2.75 1.60
4.40 2.75
5.12 3.90
2.58 1.61
3.52 2.73
7.16 5.55
2.36 1.83
6.37 2.41
13.29 5.03
4.31 1.63
7.69 2.66
17.89 6.18
5.38 1.86
4.49 2.39
8.43 4.44
3.40 1.81
19.06 4.73
13.28 5.73
6.00 2.59
....... ... ... .. .... .. ... . . . ...
. . . .. .
.
.. .. . . ..
. . . .... ..
2.00 1.45
6,432 2,179
Tin plate and terneplate: Product 13,048 139,191 11,929 Enhancement 1,992 21,255 1,822 Tin foil: Product . . . . . . . 4,916 4,477 50,178 Enhancement 1,354 13,822 1,233 Tobacco manufactures: 29,138 2,505 Product ., 27,403 Enhancement 1,582 10,880 1,446 Toys and games: Product . 1,744 17,436 1,586 Enhancement 1,011 10,110 919 Type-founding and printing materials: Product,.. 3,000 8,827 2,239 Enhancement ... 1,873 5,510 1,398 Typewriters and supplies: Product .. . . . . 2,209 8,272 1,774 Enhancement ... 6,985 1,632 1,376 Umbrellas and canes: 18,666 Product ... . . , . 2,883 2,497 Enhancement.. . 1,090 7 .OS5 944 Upholstering materials: 26,860 Product .. . . . . 3,726 3,272 Enhancement.. 1,287 9,275 1,130 Vault lights and ventilators: 2,619 Product . . 3,413 11,269 Enhancement.. 1, 8 17 6,000 1,395 Vineear and cider: 15,256 Product.. 6,356 4 487 6,584 Enhancement 2,743 1,936 Wall paper : 16,794 2,795 Product ... 3,353 Enhancement., 1.55 1 7.77 1 1,293 Wall plaster: Product. . , 3,070 15.220 2,555 Enhancement,. 1,587 7,867 1,320 Washing machines and clothes wringers: Product.. . . . 2,698 3,345 14,757 Enhancement,. 1,225 1,500 6,703 Waste: Product ... . . . 5,931 50,286 5,308 Enhancement 796 6.749 712 Wheelbarrows : Product ... 2,916 12,730 2,373 Enhancement ... 1,588 6,932 1,267 ~
...... .. . . ..
5.88 2.72
10.47 4.82
3.76 1.74
4.79 2.48
10.44 5.39
3.28 1.70
. . ..
6.22 2.83
10.86 4.93
3.96 1.80
14.78 1.98
31.21 4.19
10.03 1.35
4.73 2.58
9.52 5.18
3.16 1.72
.. ... . . . ..
..
18.23 2.34
3.80 1.80
........
Wh ine. -.r_.
TABLE XVI-NON-CI~EMICAI,INDUSTRIES (Concluded) Per Service Dollar
.
. .... .. . ..
........
Product 2,719 Enhancement 1,557 Windmills: Product 2,812 Enhancement ... 1,505 Window shades and fixtures: Product. .. 4,279 Enhancement 1,363 Wire: Product 4,650 Enhancement 1,444
... ..... . . .
.... .... ..... .... ..
73 3
12,548 7,226
2,235 1,287
5.66 3.26
7.87 4.53
3.29 1.89
16,026 8,577
2,392 1,280
4.39 2.35
10.84 5.81
3.13 1.67
21,093 6,717
3,557 1,133
8.00 2.55
16.18 5.15
5.35 1.70
38,568 11,978
4,150 1,289
7.43 2.31
27.48 8.53
5.85 1.82
Per Per Per Per Per Peq Salary Service Wage Salary Service Wage Earner Earner Unit Dollar Dollar Dollar Wireworks, including wire rope and cable: 3,447 20,188 2,944 6.22 14.54 4.36 Product ... 1.457 8,539 1.245 2.63 6.15 1.84 Enhancement Wood carpet: 3,355 25,318 2,963 3.36 19.89 2.87 Product ........ 1,500 11,318 1,324 1.50 8.89 1.28 Enhancement Wood preserving : 33,905 6,101 11.80 22.33 7.72 Product . 7,440 1,765 8,043 1,444 2.80 5.30 1.83 Enhancement ... Wood, turned and carved: 1,640 19,616 1,513 3.37 16.96 2.81 Product .. . 851 10.176 785 1.75 8.80 1.46 Enhancement ... Woolpulling : 98,488 10,446 18.30 57.85 13.90 Product ... 11,685 2,318 19,536 2,072 11.48 2.76 3.63 Enhancement Wool scouring: 4,311 6,305 2,560 7.40 28.18 5.86 Product 1.312 1.919 779 2.24 8.57 1.78 Enhancement ... Woolen worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats: 2,410 64,426 2,323 5.02 33.55 4.37 Product 850 22,720 1.77 11.83 1.54 819 Enhancement ... All other industries:’ 3,092 1.95 19,714 2.673 4.70 3.35 Product 1,821 11,607 1,574 1.97 1.15 Enhancement.. 2.77 1 Includes the following industries, with number of establishments indicated: Motion pictures 16. millstones 2. ordnance and accessories, 2; pulp from fiber other than) wodd, 3; and whalebone cutting, 1.
. .... ...
... .... . ..
... . . . . ...
... . .... . . . . ... . .... .... . ....
COMPARISON O F NON-CHEMICAL I N D U S T R I E S
The branches of industry remaining after deducting the thirty classed as “chemical and allied” number two hundred and twenty-nine. These are not all separate industries in the generally accepted sense, but are given separately in the census of manufactures. Table XVI contains statistics for these industries worked out on the same basis as followed for the chemical and allied industries. COMPARISON
O F AMERICAN
WITH
FOREIGN
CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES
I n t h e tables t h a t follow are shown statistics compiled for the purpose of indicating how the American chemical industry compares with those of England, Germany, and Japan on the basis of production and enhancement per wage earner, per salary earner, per service unit, per wage dollar, per salary dollar, and per service dollar. I t was found impossible, however, t o carry out t h e comparisons in all these particulars, for the reason t h a t there is for none of these countries a recent census of manufactures t h a t compares a t all favorably with those taken by our own Government. As planned, France is included in t h e comparison, although i t was found t h a t there is nothing in print t h a t could be termed a census of French manufactures, and it was possible t o get only incomplete results for two industries. I t should be explained t h a t the failure t o publish more adequate and frequent production figures in these countries is not due primarily t o the unwillingness or indifference of the respective governments, but is rather an inevitable consequence of the innate conservativeness of the foreign manufacturer, who has always been much more secretive about the details of his business t h a n has his American rival. Probably the attitude is a natural one under the circumstances existing in the various countries, but no one who has attempted t o get information from manufacturers in those countries will deny its reality.
73
T H E J O U R N A L OF T N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y TABLB XVII-COMPARISON PERWAGEEARNFR
United Kinadom ARTICLES Chemicals, coal-tar products, drugs, and perfumery: Product $2,537 Enhancement 1,010 Coke: Product 4,642 Enhancement 1,370 Explosives : 1,624 Product 621 Enhancement. Fertilizers, glue, sheep dip, and disini :tants: 2,640 Product 865 Enhancement. Gas, illuminating and heating: 2,012 Product 1,071 Enhancement. Ink, gum, and sealing wax: 3,598 Product 1,876 Enhancement. Matches and-firelighters: 1,077 Product 515 Enhancement. Oil and tallow: 6,982 Product 1,174 Enhancement. P a k s and varnish: Product 3,906 Enhancement.. 1,228 Salt: Product 732 350 Enhancement.. Seed-crushing trade: Product 9,269 Enhancement 993 Soap and candles: Product.. 3,812 907 Enhancement.. Total, chemical and allied trades: Product. 2,970 Enhancement 999
WITH
IT,
No. 8
ENGLISH CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
PERSALARY EARNER
PER SERVICE UNIT United United Kingdom States
PER WAGEDOLLAR United United Kingdom States
United Kingdom
United States
$4,276 2,195
$18,787 7,477
$16,760 8.605
$2,235 890
$3,407 1,749
$8.31 3.31
$7.51 3.85
4,703 1,428
150,906 44,543
42,791 12,559
4,503 1,329
4,238 1.286
... ...
... ...
6,570 2,507
20,901 7,991
19,739 7,530
1,507 576
4,931 1,881
6.10 2.33
9.23 3.52
6,434 1,912
17,371 5,690
29,311 8,711
2,292 75 1
5,276 1,568
... ...
... ...
5,029 3,276
17,872 9,529
10,945 7,129
1,807 963
3,446 2,245
5.27 2.81
8.22 5.35
8,570 4,198
9,519 4,963
14,264 6,987
2,611 1,361
5,354 2,623
... ...
3,304 1,936
10,642 5,090
16,922 9,912
978 468
2,764 1,617
8 893 2,832
24,956 4,197
25,521 8,128
5,456 918
6,595 2,100
9,055 3,554
12,645 3,975
15,815 6,207
2,984 938
5.758 2,260
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2,765 1,532
10,713 5,123
23,969 13,283
685 328
2,479 1,374
2.48 1.19
4.6% 2.56
11,031 1,566
70,791 7,581
46,250 6,564
8,196 878
8,609 1,222
30.71 3.29
26.72 3.79
............................... ..........................
8,907 2,726
19,045 4,530
23,551 7,208
3,177 756
6,463 1,978
14.11 3.36
15.68 4.80
................................ ............................
6 639 2,372
21,388 7,197
22 091 7: 894
2,608 877
5,105 1.824
... ...
11.90 4.25
.................................. ............................ ................................. ............................ ........ ......................... .................. ........
........................ .................. ........................ ..................
........ ........
........ ........ ........ ........
........................ .................. ........ ........................ . ......................... ........ ......................... .............. ......... ................................. .......................... ................................. .......................... ................................. ............................
0
United States
Vol.
~
~
... ...
Census of Manufactures does not list disinfectants, ENGLAND‘ Most of the returns for England are figured on t h e insecticides, etc. The difference in the make-up of basis of the Census of Production of 1907. Since, the two groups consists in the inclusion in the British in the act authorizing this census, wages are specifically results of disinfectants, insecticides, etc., and cattle excluded from the list of subjects about which in- dip, together valued a t $3,g13,ooo,or 14 per cent of formation is t o be obtained, there are no data on sala- the value of products in the group. The figures for ries and wages in the census returns. Only the prod- wage earners and salary earners in this case and in similar cases t h a t will be discussed later are given uct and enhancement per wage earner, per salary only for the group as a whole; only the value of proearner, and per service unit were based on the census duction is given for its component parts. figures; the product and enhancement per wage dollar Gum and sealing wax will be found in the United were supplied for some industries from data as t o wages contained in the Earnings and Hours Inquiry of the States census under the heading “mucilage and paste,” British Board of Trade, Vol. 8, relating t o the year and these figures were accordingly added t o those for printing ink and writing ink in order to make a group 1906. t h a t would be roughly comparable with the British The following industries are directly comparable in “ink, gum, and sealing wax.’’ Oil, n. e. s., lubricating the British and American statistics: Coke, explogreases, and grease and tallow in the American classisives, illuminating and heating gas, matches, paints and fication together represent the industries included‘ varnish, and salt. For the other chemical industries in the British oil and tallow trades. The products. the British statistics are not so detailed as the American and it has been necessary in a number of cases of the British seed-crushing industries are 73 per to group several United States items in order t o ar- cent cottonseed and linseed oil and cake, the remainderrive a t comparable figures Thus in Table XVII being made up of rapeseed oil and cake, other oils and compound, and other cakes. The nearest Amerthe figures for the United States under “chemican equivalent to this group is represented by the icals, coal-tar products, drugs, and perfumery” were combined figures for cottonseed and linseed oil and obtained by combining the American items, chemcake, and these have therefore been used in the tabular icals, drug grinding, druggists’ preparations, patent medicines, and perfumery; sulfuric, nitric, and mixed comparison. The United States soap and candle acids ; essential oils; wood-distillation products; dye- items were combined t o correspond with the British stuffs and extracts; dyeing and finishing textiles; and “soap and candles.” The Earnings and Hours Inquiry gives average photographic materials. These groups tally closely wages for men, boys, women, and girls in various inwith those included in the British classification. The British figures for “fertilizers, glue, sheep dip, dustries during a typical week in 1906. The classificaand disinfectants” are compared with the United tion of industries is not SO detailed as that of the Census States figures for fertilizers and glue only, since the of Production; but i t has been possible, b y means of some of these returns, a calculation of the number 1 England is used in the popular sense-including Great Britain and of working ,weeks in the different industries, and the Ireland.
A-Ug., 1919
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
number of employees given in t h e census, t o approximate t h e total wage bill and the product and enhancement per wage dollar. From the Board of Trade’s Fifteenth Annual Report on Changes in Wages and Hours qf Labor, there appears t o have been a very slight increase in wages in the chemical industry in 1907, but the amount of the increase could not be estimated closely enough t o be allowed for i n the figures. It was not sufficient, however, t o affect greatly the results. I n the Earnings and Hours Inquiry wages are given for the manufacture of chemicals separately; pharmaceutical preparations are included in “other chemical industries.” The product and enhancement per wage dollar for the group “chemicals, coal-tar products, drugsy and perfumery” have been calculated by means of the weekly wage given for chemicals only. The other industries for which wages were worked out are directly comparable with the Census of Production classification. FRANCE
The Ministhe d u Commerce, de l’Industrie, des Postes, e t des Telegraphs, published in 1917 a volume called “€?valuation de la Production,” which gives either the value of product or the quantity produced and the value per unit, for a number of the chemical industries, such as explosives (results for I 9 I 2 ) , salt ( 1 9 1 2 ) , coke ( 1 9 1 2 ) , inks ( 1 9 1 2 ) , sulfuric acid ( 1 9 1 3 ) , nitric acid (annual, before t h e war), carbonic acid ( 1 9 1 2 ) , and dyes and dyestuffs (annual before the war). Except in the case of the first two items, however. the only available figures for the number of employees are those of the census of occupations of 1906. Only for gas works, matches, explosives, and “all other” chemical industries are figures for t h e number of employees obtainable from the census of 1 9 1 1 , which is less detailed with regard t,o occupations than the census of 1906. Of these items, gas is not given a t all in the “Gvaluation de la Production,” the quantity only is given for matches, and the value of production cannot be calculated t o cover so broad a classification as “all other chemical industries.” For explosives, the product per service unit has been obtained by dividing the value of production in 1 9 1 2 ($6,562,000) by the number of employees and wage earners ( 6 , 6 6 4 , not stated separately) according t o the census of 1 9 1 1 . The value and the number OS wage earners for the salt industry given in the “Gvaluation de la Production” were taken from the “Statistique de 1’Industrie Minerale pour l’Ann6e 1 9 1 2 , ” published by the Minist&re des Travaux Publics. The latter report also gives wages. The value is stated as $3,o59,000, the number of workers as 9,392, and the aggregate wages as $315,533. The results obtained from these figures are not t o be accepted unreservedly, however, because it is stated t h a t the majority of the 7,900 workers in t h e sea-salt industry are only temporary employees
737
and also because 3,155 of the total number of wage earners were paid in kind and their earnings are not included in the figures for aggregate wages. A series of reports on French industries, commerce, and agriculture has been issued from time t o time since 1917 by the Association Nationale d’Expansion ficonomique. I n the three monographs on the chemical industries in this series the quantity and not the value of products is given and there are no figures for the number of employees or for wages. TABLEXVIII-COMPARISONWITH FRENCHCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES PRODUCTPER PRODUCTPER PRODUCTPER WAGEEARNER SERVICE UNIT WAGEDOLLAR United United United ARTICLES France States France States France States Explosives (19 1 1 and 1912) .............. $985 $4.931 Salt (1912). $3i6 $2:?65 $9:69 $4:63
..
..........
..
GERMANY
No official figures are available for the value of production in the German chemical industry. A few figures for individual industries have been published from time t o time in the “Vierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs” and in the “Statistisches Jahrbuch;” and the latest of these have been made the basis for the accompanying table. Because of the paucity of material, several items have been included as of general interest for which i t was not possible t o supply corresponding figures for the United States. I n the American statistics, for example, both coal-tar products and potash are included in the group “chemicals,” and carbonic acid is not mentioned. TABLE XIX-COMPARISON
GERMANCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES PER WAGE PER WAGE EARNER DOLLAR United United Germanv States Gerrnanv States
WITH
ARTICLES Carbonic acid, liquid (1912): Product $1,980 (a) Enhancement.. 1,734 (a) Coal-tar, water-gas tar, and oil-gas tar products (1912): Product.. 4,494 Enhancement.. 1 .SO1 .. Coke (1912): Product.. 5,300 4,703 Enhancement. 1,586 1,428 Petroleum refining (1912): Product ...................... 8,112 15,626 Potash and potash salts (1913): 1,304 (a) Product Enhancement.. 481 (a) Salt (1913): Product. 1,007 2,765 Sulfuric acid and by-products (1912): Product.. .................... 4,555 4,966 Enhancement.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,425 2,768 (a) Not available.
...................... ............... .................... ............... .................... ................
...................... ............... .....................
12.12 4.05
(a) (.a,)
14.32 6.95 4 . 2 9 . 2.11 2 3 . 6 4 20.43 3.78 1.39
(a) (a)
3.40
4.63
12.86 4.03
6.87 3.83
Where enhancement is omitted from the table, the raw material has been given in quantity only. The German group “sulfuric acid and by-products” is compared with the American group “sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acids.” The number of employees given in the German statistics is the number t h a t must take out insurance, i. e., all wage earners and all clerks earning 2 , 5 0 0 marks ($595) or less per year. The figures correspond more closely with the American wage earners than with either the salary earners or the service group, and the comparisons have been made on t h a t basis.
738
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
Vol.
11,
No. 8
a product more t h a n double in value t h a t of 1914, the number of employees had increased t o 5,115, t h e The results for Japan have been taken from the Thirty-first and Thirty-second Statistical Reports of number of factory workers on “industrial chemicals” t h e Department of Agriculture and Commerce and t o 3,995,and the number of factories from 44 t o 61. refer t o 1914or 1915,the latter year having been used The product per wage earner for this year rose t o for industries not given in the report for 1914. Two $1,628,the product per factory wage earner t d $2,084, tables in the Japanese report have been utilized; one and the product per wage dollar t o $27.34. The number of employees in the fertilizer industry gives the number of factories and workshops, t h e number of employees, and the value of products, and is not stated; but the number of licensed manufacthe other gives the number of employees in factories, turers a t the end of 1914 was 23,790 and the prodt h e average daily wages of employees, the number of uct given is the aggregate from all these manufac“laborers,” and the number of working days in the turers. The manufacture of artificial fertilizers is so overyear. The cost of raw materials is not available; whelmingly a small-shop industry t h a t t h e product consequently enhancement figures cannot be given. per factory wage earner given in the table ($12,021) For the factory employees i t is possible from the items and the product per wage dollar ($154.69)must both stated t o calculate the yearly wage budget, i. e . , by be greatly in excess of t h e actual output. Without multiplying t h e average daily wage by the number doubt, t h e former should be lower t h a n the American of employees b y the number of working days in the figure instead of higher; but t h e product per wage dollar, though lower t h a n the figure given, must be much year. higher t h a n in the United States, as was stated in The resultant amount paid in wages is incomplete connection with chemicals, because of the low wages because it does not include the wages of “laborers,” paid in Japanese industry. There seems t o be great whose daily wage is not stated. The laborers are disvariation in this industry from year t o year. I n tinguished in the Japanese statistics from the persons 1915the value of production was smaller and t h e numactually engaged in the manufacturing processes. ber of employees larger t h a n in 1914,so t h a t the prodTheir number is comparatively small, and their wages, uct per factory employee works out for 1915 a t only which must be smaller than those of the factory em$5,506 and the product per wage dollar a t $71.IO. ployees, would probably, even in the aggregate, make I n the case of soap and candles (which are not shown little difference in the product per wage dollar. Moreseparately in the statistics for wages), there were in over, the hborers are not included in the figure for 1915, 1,816 establishments in all, with 5,073 emt h e number of employees in the table t h a t gives proployees, of which 4 5 were factories with 1,646employees duction; hence they could not be considered in the (exclusive of laborers). The figure for factory product product per wage earner and they have accordingly been omitted in the product per factory wage earner per wage earner ($4,031) is evidently too high because the value of product given includes the output also. of the 1,771 small shops, as well as the 45 facUsually the number of factory employees given is tories. much smaller than the number for the factories and The figures given for the product per wage dollar is of workshops; and the product per wage dollar would doubtful value because of the large number of employees show important differences if it were possible t o get in the industry outside the factories, whose wages it is the total amount of wages for all workers, including impossible t o estimate. If, however, they were paid those in small shops. I n the case of chemicals in 1914, a t the rate of only 50 per cent of the wages of the however, owing evidently t o a difference in classifica- factory hands, the addition of their wages t o the wages tion, the number of workers in 44 factories is given as of the factory employees would lower the product per 3,415 in the table stating wages, while there are 402 wage dollar t o $31.11. “factories,” with 3,182 employees, in the table stating TABLEXX-COMPARISONWITH JAPANESECHEMICAL t h e value of production. The chemical industries in INDUSTRIES PRODUCT PER PRODUCT PER which the 3,182 workers were employed included esWAGEEARNER WAGSDOLLAR lauan tablishments producing sulfuric acid, hydrochloric Japan (CacioFy In United workers United acid, nitric acid, sodium sulfate, carbonate of soda, ARTICLES Total factories States only) States caustic soda, iodine, potassium iodide, potassium Candles (1915) .............. $ 794 $4 473 41898 $ l i : i S bi:i4 (1914) ............ 1,202 $ l ; i i O chloride, alum, ammonium sulfate, calcium acetate, Chemicals 4,703 Coke (1915 ................ 1,621 Fertilizers 21914) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 : b i l 6,715 154:k9 14:55 and cleaning powder, t o the aggregate value of Matches (1914). ............ 494 3,304 Oils and oilcake (1914) ....... 1 .OS9 6 : i i 9 11.031 84:64 26:$2 $3,8 24,000. Soap: ..................... 1.691 ... 9,028 ...... 1914 The other table gives 44 factories €or “industrial 1915.. ................... 2,038 ... chemicals,” which are not further specified. They Soapandcandles(1915) ...... 1,308 4,031 S;967 63:jO 15:68 are evidently, however, a larger group t h a n the chemDetails as t o wages are not given in the Japanese icals mentioned in the other table; the value of production of “industrial chemicals” should be larger, statistics for coke and for match factory hands, and therefore, than the value given, and this would make figures for product per wage dollar could not be calthe value per wage dollar larger, as would be expected culated for these industries. from the low scale of wages in Japan. I n 1915 , with June 30, 1919 JAPAN
.
I
