Efficient Energy Harvesting Using Processed Poly ... - ACS Publications

Subscriber access provided by - Access paid by the | UCSB Libraries

Letter

Efficient energy harvesting using processed poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanogenerator Anupama Gaur, Chandan Kumar, Shivam Tiwari, and Pralay Maiti ACS Appl. Energy Mater., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00483 • Publication Date (Web): 22 Jun 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on June 25, 2018

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Applied Energy Materials

Efficient Energy Harvesting Using Processed Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanogenerator

Anupama Gaur1, Chandan Kumar2, Shivam Tiwari1, Pralay Maiti1,*

1

School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India 2

School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India

*To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] (P. Maiti)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

ACS Applied Energy Materials 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Abstract: Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is processed at high temperature to generate energy from waste mechanical energy. The piezoelectric β-phase has been induced through uniaxial elongation of polymer films at high temperature. The extent of β-phase has been confirmed from deconvoluted XRD pattern and found ~75% of the electroactive phase, able to demonstrate high piezoelectric effect as evident from the measured piezoelectric coefficient of -30 pC/N after suitably processed and poled specimen. Bulk morphology and spectroscopic studies support the structural alteration. Following the direct piezoelectric effect, energy harvesting devices have been fabricated which show very high power output of 55.2 µW/cm2 using the processed and poled specimen. Thus, robust and easy processable polymeric material having very high energy conversion efficiency is demonstrated which is sufficient to power miniaturized devices.

Keywords: Energy harvesting; induced piezoelectricity; mechanical stretching; PVDF; poling; structure; power density.


Page 2 of 19

Page 3 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


1. Introduction: Energy harvesting provides awareness for low self-powered electronic devices and has started taking both industrial and academic interests. Energy harvesting not only reduces the cost of batteries by powering the wireless systems but also eliminates the time required to replace the batteries and installing them in complex wired system especially in medical implants [1] and safety monitoring devices [2]. It is considered as environment friendly by eliminating the use of batteries, limiting the disposal of batteries and utilizing the waste mechanical energy sources. Energy harvesting, also known as energy scavenging, uses energy from available resources such as heat, light and vibrations etc. and convert them into useable form, often in electrical energy [3]. Mechanical energy harvesting uses variety of mechanical energy like vibrations, fluid flow, air movements [4, 5], walking, inner body motions like heart and chest movements and convert them into electrical energy to power various implants [6] including pacemaker [7]. These sources can be used for large power generations as well as for small scale power generation where the battery or the main supply does not provide appropriate or convenient supply. Nanogenerator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and can either be piezoelectric or triboelectric. A triboelectric generator using flow driven vibrations of kapton film and fixed poly(tetrafluoro ethylene) layer is reported having open circuit voltage of 400 V and 60 µA current with 3.7 mW power at 3 MΩ external load at a flow speed of 7.6 m/s [8]. A fully enclosed triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using poly(tetrafluoro ethylene), polyamide and copper electrode is used in literature to harvest wave and mechanical energy. It gives maximum of 260 V and 40 µA with an enclosed cylindrical setup [9]. A combined pyroelectric nanogenerator, photovoltaic cell and tribo-piezoelectric nanogenerator in a single device is reported based on barium titanate which generate a peak voltage and current of ~7 V and ~1.5 µA under the heating rate of 0.98 K/s, airflow speed of 15 m/s and can charge a



0.33 µF capacitor to 1.1 V in 10s [10]. A combined piezo-tribo-pyro-photoelectric effect coupled nanogenerator is fabricated for mechanical, solar and thermal energy harvesting system which gives the peak voltage of ~80 V and peak current of ~5 µA [11]. A hybrid electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator is developed which can harvest air-flow to power a temperature sensor [12]. A solid lithium ion battery is implanted into a triboelectric fluorinated ethylene propylene film of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to store and harvest the wind energy simultaneously. This device can deliver an output voltage of 135 V and 12 µA current at a wind speed of 24.6 m/s [13]. A hybridized nanogenerator consists of a Si-based solar cell and TENG is developed for solar and wind energy harvesting which can work both individually and simultaneously. Under the same device area, the solar cell can deliver output power of 8 mW, while the TENG can deliver the output power of 24 mW [14]. Considerable work has been done on piezoelectric nanogenerators using semiconductor nanomaterials like GaN, ZnO, InN, Te, lead based PZT Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 (lead zirconium titanate), Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and lead free BaTiO3, NaNbO3, KNbO3, ZnSnO3, which exhibit high energy conversion efficiencies [15-24]. In spite of having better energy conversion efficiency, these materials have some limitations like brittleness, poisonous, heavy weight and low durability as compared to piezoelectric polymers which have the advantage of high flexibility and higher strain level to sustain mechanical deformation [25]. This inspires researchers to produce a light weight, flexible, cost effective and mechanically stable nanogenerator using piezoelectric polymers [26]. Poly(vinlylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a well-known piezoelectric polymer which has high flexibility, durability, high sensitivity to small mechanical forces and high energy conversion efficiency, which are desirable properties for a good nanogenerator. PVDF have different phases (α, β, γ, δ and ε) obtained from different processing and nucleation methods [27]. Amongst these, polar β (TTTT) and γ (T3GT3Ḡ) phases are desirable as they exhibit high piezoelectric energy harvesting properties


Page 4 of 19

Page 5 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


[26]. β-phase has of more importance as it has better piezoelectric properties and large polarization sensitivity [28]. Different methods have been used to induce the electroactive βphase in PVDF to obtain better piezoelectric properties, like incorporation of 2-D nanomaterials like graphene [29-32], nanoclay [33, 34] and MoS2 [35]. Poling is done for stabilization of β-phase by alignment of –CH2–/–CF2– dipoles [36]. Addition of nanofillers without any electrical poling also enhances the polar electroactive phase [37-39]. Different researchers have fabricated energy harvesters using only PVDF or by adding a filler in it. Bhavanasi et al. [40] prepared nanotubes of PVDF-TrFE through nanoconfinement and used them for energy harvesting under a dynamic compression pressure of 0.075 MPa which produces ~4.8 V and 2.2 µW/cm2 power. Laminated PVDF cantilever with magnetic mass for piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting produces 32 V and 16 µW (4 µW/cm2) power at 6 MΩ resistance [41]. The maximum power of 2 mW/cm3 is obtained for cross flow narrow stalk at wind speed of 2.8 m/s [42]. PVDF composite with activated carbon (very high loading of ~30%) produce 6.3 µW/cm2 [43] and ternary nanocomposite of PVDF with aluminium oxide and reduced graphene oxide generate meager power of 27.97 µW/cm3 [38]. In the present work, energy harvester using tough and processed PVDF at high temperature has been revealed without any filler incorporated in it. The enhancement of piezoelectric phase has been done through uniaxial stretching at elevated temperature and a device has been fabricated to generate power from waste mechanical energy. The reason for very high power generation has been revealed through oriented structure of electroactive crystallites upon poling under high voltage demonstrating potential of the developed polymeric material for nanogenerator suitable for miniature devices. 2. Results and discussion: 2.1. Effect of stretching on structure and properties:



PVDF films are stretched uniaxially at elevated temperature to generate the piezoelectric phase in bulk and the stress-strain curve obtained is shown in Figure 1a. The samples are stretched till the breaking point (nearly 500% elongation or draw ratio of ~5) to create maximum electroactive phase. The changes in surface morphology at initial (before stretching) and at breaking points are shown both through scanning electron microscope and polarized optical microscope images (inset images of Figure 1a). Fine spherulitic pattern is evident before stretching which changes to fibrillar morphology after stretching as observed through optical images (inset lower micrographs of Figure 1a). Higher magnification images captured using SEM show tiny spherulite before stretching which converts into needle like morphology after stretching indicating possible change of structure (inset upper micrographs of Figure 1a) [33, 44, 45]. The structural alteration is confirmed through XRD analysis. Pristine PVDF (denoted as ‘P’) shows the peak positions at 2θ ∼ 17.6o (100), 18.6o (020) and 19.9o (110) corresponding to α-phase [34, 46] while the sole peak position for stretched sample (draw ratio ~5) is shifted to higher angle at 2θ ∼20.5o (200/110) confirming the induced piezoelectric β-phase under uniaxial stretching (Figure 1b). This change over of structure from α→β is further verified from the XRD pattern of sample (P-S’) at lower draw ratio (~2.5, marked by middle ‘*’ in the stress-strain curve) which exhibits relatively weak peaks of α-phase and dominant β-phase demonstrating gradual change of structure from nonpiezoelectric ̅ α-phase to piezoelectric all trans β-phase. In this juncture, it is important to know the relative amount of different crystalline phases as a function of draw ratio as calculated from the respective peak area after deconvolution of various peaks. It is interesting to mention that the content of α-phase gradually decreases while piezoelectric β-phase amount consistently increases with draw ratio and a maximum of 75% piezo phase has been achieved at the draw ratio of ~5 (inset image of Figure 1b). The details of phase fraction have been shown in supporting information Figure S1. Upward trend after yielding


Page 6 of 19

Page 7 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


phenomena, strain induced hardening, is due to crystallization, predominantly in β-phase, which causes systematic increase of piezoelectric phase at the expense of amorphous phase. This phase transformation is also verified through FTIR patterns for unstretched and stretched samples in Figure 1c. The peaks at 762, 794, 873, 974, 1142 and 1210 cm-1 are assigned to αpeaks before stretching while the peaks at 837, 1162 and 1278 cm-1 are assigned to β-phase peaks only observed after stretching indicating the evolution of β-phase at the expense of original α-phase whose intensity diminish significantly [47, 48]. However, the changeover of the structure from α→β is evident both from XRD and FTIR studies which also corroborates the alteration of morphology under uniaxial elongation.

Figure 1: (a) Stress-strain curve of PVDF at elevated temperature (90 oC), polarized optical (lower images) and scanning electron microscopy images (top images) are shown for corresponding marked ‘*’ positions (initial and final); (b) XRD patterns before stretching (P) and after stretching (P-S) showing intermediate pattern of taking sample (P-S’) at middle ‘*’ marked position in stress-strain curve, inset diagram shows the phase fractions of different crystalline forms; and (c) FTIR patterns before and after stretching of the sample indicating absorption bands of various crystalline forms.

2.2. Energy harvesting using direct piezoelectric effect: The structural and morphological alteration clearly suggests greater piezoelectric content after the processing of PVDF films. This is to mention that piezoelectric β-phase is



having its dipole which is randomly oriented in the stretched film and need to be oriented in particular direction which in turn can increase the net charge separation. The samples are poled further to enhance the effective piezoelectricity in the sample. The poling process does not affect the structure rather it helps align the dipoles in the direction of applied field as evident from the XRD pattern shown in supporting information Figure S2. The piezoelectric coefficients, a measure of piezoelectricity, exhibit very strong field dependency as evident from the higher d33 value of -30 pC/N against considerably lower value of -12 pC/N at poling voltages of 10 and 5 kV/cm, respectively (Figure 2a). Poling process stabilizes the piezoelectric β-phase by aligning the dipoles [36]. However, the processed sample poled under higher potential exhibits very high piezoelectric coefficient even though the extent of piezoelectric phase is almost same as evident from the deconvoluted XRD patterns of sample before and after poling. This is to mention that pure PVDF before stretching shows negligibly small d33 value which after processing at high temperature under uniaxial stretching give rise to very high piezoelectric coefficient (-30 pC/N) and thereby expected to exhibit better energy harvesting through direct piezoelectric effect. The poled samples are used to make the unimorph as described in experimental section and the voltage output is shown in Figure 2b as a function of time. Device using stretched PVDF shows moderately high voltage output (~2 V) while the same sample after poling at 10 kV/cm exhibits very high output voltage (~7.5 V) from the unimorph device prepared using structural and electroactive layers (shown in the inset of Figure 2b). The impulse load is applied at one end of the cantilever and voltage response is obtained from the samples. Pristine PVDF before processing show meagre output voltage of ~0.7 V and more than one order higher magnitude is obtained from processed and poled specimen indicating superior device activity.


Page 8 of 19

Page 9 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 2: (a) Piezoelectric coefficient; (b) unimorph responses; (c) open circuit voltage on finger pressing; and (d) corresponding power of indicated unstretched, stretched and poled samples; (e) schematic representation showing induction and orientation of piezoelectric phase in PVDF (red: α-phase, blue: β-phase and green: amorphous phase).

Energy harvesting capability of the devices has been measured using different samples. Figure 2c shows the open circuit voltage from the devices made of three different



samples using finger tapping method and a maximum peak to peak ~23 V is obtained from the device using processed and poled specimen (P-S-10) against the value of ~4 V from unstretched sample. Almost a systematic voltage output is obtained from consequent hitting from all the devices with a value of ~12 V output from the processed / stretched but unpoled sample. However, processed and poled sample exhibits very high output voltage (~20 V ). Output power measurement from the device is described in the experimental section and the schematic of device fabricated is shown in the inset of Figure 2d. The power is calculated from the output voltages from finger pressing experiment at different resistance using the relation P = V2/R. The experimentally observed current and the variation in voltage and theoretical current as a function of resistance are shown in supporting information Figure S3 and S4, respectively. The output voltage increases with the increase of resistance due to ohmic losses of the device under constant mechanical load [49] and the current also decreases according to ohms law. In addition output current from the device also increases with the extent of piezoelectricity and P-S-10 exhibit maximum current vis-à-vis pristine polymer or simply stretched polymer. Here, it is noticed that the experimentally observed current for PS-10 (~0.95 µA) is less than the theoretical current (~2.28 µA) at maximum power transfer condition. This difference is due to charge loss from power consumption by internal resistance in the measurement system [38, 50, 51]. The resistance at which maximum power is obtained is the optimum resistance for the material and a very high power of 55.2 µW/cm2 is achieved at an optimum resistance of 5 MΩ (Figure 2d). The power obtained is the highest (more than one order higher) up to date as per our knowledge. Considering the thickness of electroactive material of ~100 µm, the power output becomes 5.5 mW/cm3. This is worthy to mention that maximum 2.2 and 4 µW/cm2 power outputs are reported using poled PVDFTrFE nanotubes under a dynamic compression pressure and laminated PVDF cantilever with magnetic mass, respectively [40, 41]. However, this new and easy processing technique


Page 10 of 19

Page 11 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


followed by poling with suitably fabricated device exhibits very high power output of ~55 µW/cm2. This device can also generate power from other force loading modes like twisting, foot tapping, bending and walking and provide 0.7, 1.2, 1.5 and 6.5 µW/cm2 power out, respectively. The details of open circuit voltages and power output at these modes are shown in supporting information Figure S5. A video demonstrate the power generation in different modes of the application of force (supporting information video VS1).The power obtained from these modes is less than finger pressing but they are sufficient to power the miniature devices as well and demonstrates the universality of the device made of simple but tough polymeric material with easy processibility. It is very important to correlate the structural changes with uniaxial stretching. Higher elongation at break enhances the molecular chain alignment in the direction of stress and this alignment helps PVDF chains to crystallize in all-trans planar zigzag conformation of βphase [34, 37]. This is to mention that β-phase (TTTT) is responsible for the electroactivity in PVDF. Further, orientation of the dipole gradually becomes perfect under poling condition which significantly improves the ultimate piezoelectricity even though the β-phase remains constant. The enhanced energy harvesting efficiency of the stretched and poled PVDF is due to change and orientation of electroactive phase in the polymer which is explained in Figure 2e. Pristine PVDF, having ̅ configuration, does not possess any net polarization in its molecule while all trans (TTTT) configuration after stretching provide some amount of net polarization due to random orientation of the electroactive crystallites. On the other hand, well oriented patterns of the electroactive crystallites generate maximum polarization in the specimen resulting highest piezoelectricity after poling the specimen at higher voltage. Further, greater toughness of β-phase with its tiny mesh-like structure, as evident from SEM micrograph, make the overall device robust for practical applications.



3. Conclusion: Energy harvesting device with very high power output has been fabricated using conventional polymer like PVDF. The electroactive / piezoelectric phase has been induced through uniaxial stretching of the rectangular samples at elevated temperature. The structural alteration is confirmed through X-ray diffraction and FTIR studies followed by the morphological changes typical for β-phase after high temperature processing. High piezoelectric β-phase content (~75%) exhibit high piezoelectric coefficient of -30 pC/N upon poling at an electric field of 10 kV/cm. Unimorphs are made which show good output voltage as a function of time. Energy harvesting device has also been fabricated which exhibit high voltage output (23 V) with corresponding power density of 55.2 µW/cm2 originated from finger pressing. The universality of power generation from various modes of force application have been tested and found suitable for energy generation for practical applications using easy processable and tough polymeric material from waste mechanical energy. Acknowledgement: AG acknowledges the institute, IIT (BHU) for her teaching assistantship and Central Instrument Facility of IIT (BHU), India for characterization support. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Associated Contents: Supporting Information: This consists of: The whole experimental part, including characterizations. Dconvolution of XRD pattern of stretched sample. XRD pattern of poled and unpoled sample. Variation in voltage and calculated current with resistance.


Page 12 of 19

Page 13 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Open circuit voltage and power density at different modes of loading. Movie file showing the generation of voltage on different modes of stress.

References: 1. Hannan, M.A.; Mutashar, S.; Samad, S. A.; Hussain, A. Energy Harvesting for the Implantable Biomedical Devices: Issues and Challenges. Biomed. Eng. Online, 2014, 13, 79 (23pp). 2. Wang, S. Q.; Yu, M.; Fu, J.; Choi, S. B.; Li, P. A Novel Energy Harvesting Device for Self-Monitoring Wireless Sensor Node in Fluid Dampers. Smart Mater. Struct., 2012, 21, 085027 (10pp). 3. Mane, P.; Xie, J.;Leang, K. K.; Mossi, K. Cyclic Energy Harvesting from Pyroelectric Materials. IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, 2011, 58, 10–17. 4. Kitio Kwuimy, C. A.; Litak, G.; Borowiec, M.; Nataraj, C. Performance of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Driven by Air Flow. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012, 100, 024103 (3pp). 5. Dias, J. A. C.; De Marqui Jr, C.; Erturk, A. Hybrid Piezoelectric-Inductive Flow Energy Harvesting and Dimensionless Electroaeroelastic Analysis for Scaling. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2013, 102, 044101 (5pp). 6. Beeby, S. P.; Tudor, M.J.; White, N. M. Energy Harvesting Vibration Sources for Microsystems Applications. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2006, 17, R175–R195. 7. Amin Karami, M.; Inman, D. J. Powering Pacemakers from Heartbeat Vibrations using Linear and Nonlinear Energy Harvesters. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012, 100, 042901 (4pp). 8. Wang, S.; Mu, X.; Yang, Y.; Sun, C.; Gu, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Flow-Driven Triboelectric Generator for Directly Powering a Wireless Sensor Node. Adv. Mater., 2015, 27, 240–248.



Page 14 of 19

9. Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Liu, R.; Wen, X.; Hou, T.; Wang, Z. L. Fully Enclosed Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Applications in Water and Harsh Environments. Adv. Energy Mater., 2013, 3, 1563–1568. 10. Ji, Y.; Zhang, K.; Yang, Y. A One-Structure-Based Multieffects Coupled Nanogenerator for Simultaneously Scavenging Thermal, Solar, and Mechanical Energies. Adv. Sci., 2018, 5, 1700622 (8pp). 11. Zhang, K.; Wang, S.; Yang, Y. A One-Structure-Based Piezo-Tribo-Pyro-Photoelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerator for Simultaneously Scavenging Mechanical, Thermal, and Solar Energies. Adv. Energy Mater., 2017, 7, 1601852 (8pp). 12. Wang, X.; Wang, S.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Z. L. Hybridized Electromagnetic–Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Scavenging Air-Flow Energy to Sustainably Power Temperature Sensors. ACS nano, 2015, 9, 4553-4562. 13. Gao, T.; Zhao, K.; Liu, X.; Yang, Y. Implanting a Solid Li-ion Battery into a Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Simultaneously Scavenging and Storing Wind Energy. Nano

Energy, 2017, 41, 210-216. 14. Wang, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z. L.; Yang, Y. Efficient Scavenging of Solar and Wind Energies in a Smart City. ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 5696-5700. 15. Kumar, B.; Kim, S. W. Energy Harvesting based on Semiconducting Piezoelectric ZnO Nanostructures. Nano Energy, 2012, 1, 342-355. 16. Huang, C. T.; Song, J.; Tsai, C. M.; Lee, W. F.; Lien, D. H.; Gao, Z.; Hao, Y.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L. Single‐InN‐Nanowire Nanogenerator with Upto 1 V Output Voltage. Adv.

Mater., 2010, 22, 4008-4013. 17. Lin, L.; Lai, C. H.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Xu, C.; Snyder, R.L.; Chen, L. J.; Wang,

Z.

L.

High

Output

Nanogenerator

based

Nanowires. Nanotechnology, 2011, 22, 475401 (5pp).


on

Assembly

of

GaN

Page 15 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


18. Lee, T. I.; Lee, S.; Lee, E.; Sohn, S.; Lee, Y.; Lee, S.; Moon, G.; Kim, D.; Kim, Y.S. Myoung, J. M.; Wang, Z. L. High‐Power Density Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Using Radially Strained Ultrathin Trigonal Tellurium Nanowire Assembly. Adv. Mater., 2013, 25, 2920-2925. 19. Xu, S.; Hansen, B. J.; Wang, Z. L. Piezoelectric-Nanowire-Enabled Power Source for Driving Wireless Microelectronics. Nat. Commun., 2010, 1, 93 (5pp). 20. Koka, A.; Sodano, H. A. A low‐Frequency Energy Harvester from Ultralong, Vertically Aligned BaTiO3 Nanowire Arrays. Adv. Energy Mater., 2014, 4, 1301660 (6pp). 21. Park, K.I.; Xu, S.; Liu, Y.; Hwang, G. T.; Kang, S. J. L.; Wang, Z. L.; Lee, K. J. Piezoelectric BaTiO3 thin Film Nanogenerator on Plastic Substrates. Nano Lett., 2010, 10, 4939-4943. 22. Lee, K.Y.; Kim, D.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, T. Y.; Gupta, M. K.; Kim, S. W. Unidirectional High‐Power

Generation

via

Stress‐Induced

Dipole

Alignment

from

ZnSnO3

Nanocubes/Polymer Hybrid Piezoelectric Nanogenerator. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2014, 24, 3743. 23. Jung, J. H.; Lee, M.; Hong, J. I.; Ding, Y.; Chen, C. Y.;Chou, L. J.; Wang, Z. L. LeadFree NaNbO3 Nanowires for a High Output Piezoelectric Nanogenerator. ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 10041-10046. 24. Yang, Y.; Jung, J. H.; Yun, B. K.; Zhang, F.; Pradel, K. C.; Guo, W.; Wang, Z. L. Flexible Pyroelectric Nanogenerators Using a Composite Structure of Lead‐Free KNbO3 Nanowires. Adv. Mater., 2012, 24, 5357-5362. 25. Zeng, W.; Tao, X. M.; Chen, S.; Shang, S.; Chan, H. L. W.; Choy, S. H. Highly Durable All-Fiber Nanogenerator for Mechanical Energy Harvesting. Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 2631-2638. 26. Lovinger, A. J. Ferroelectric Polymers. Science, 1983, 220, 1115-1121.



27. Ruan, L.; Yao, X.; Chang, Y.; Zhou, L.; Qin, G.; Zhang, X. Properties and Applications of the β Phase Poly(vinylidene fluoride). Polymers, 2018, 10, 228 (27pp). 28. Hong, C. C.; Huang, S. Y.; Shieh, J.; Chen, S. H. Enhanced Piezoelectricity of Nanoimprinted Sub- 20 nm Poly (vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) Copolymer Nanograss. Macromolecules, 2012, 45, 1580-1586. 29. Karan, S. K.; Mandal, D.; Khatua, B. B. Self-powered Flexible Fe-doped RGO/PVDF Nanocomposite: An Excellent Material for a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester. Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 10655-10666. 30. Garain, S.; Jana, S.;Sinha, T.K.; Mandal, D. Design of In Situ Poled Ce3+-doped Electrospun PVDF/Graphene Composite Nanofibers for Fabrication of Nanopressure Sensor and ultrasensitive Acoustic Nanogenerator. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, 4532-4540. 31. Maity, N.; Mandal, A.; Nandi, A. K. Hierarchical Nanostructured Polyaniline Functionalized Graphene/ Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites for Improved Dielectric Performances. Polymer, 2016, 103, 83-97. 32. Xue, J.; Wu, L.; Hu, N.; Qiu, J.; Chang, C.; Atobe, S.; Fukunaga, H.; Watanabe, T.; Liu, Y.; Ning, H.; Li, J. Evaluation of Piezoelectric Property of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)Poly (vinylidene fluoride) Nanocomposites. Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 7250-7255. 33. Gaur, A.; Kumar, C.; Shukla, R.; Maiti, P. Induced Piezoelectricity in Poly (vinylidene fluoride) Hybrid as Efficient Energy Harvester. ChemistrySelect, 2017, 2, 8278-8287. 34. Gaur, A.; Shukla, R.; Kumar, B.; Pal, A.; Chatterji, S.; Ranjan, R.; Maiti, P. Processing and Nanoclay Induced Piezoelectricity in Poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) Nanohybrid for Device Application. Polymer, 2016, 97, 362-369. 35. Maity, N.; Mandal, A.; Nandi, A. K. High Dielectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanocomposite Films with MoS2 Using Polyaniline Interlinker via Interfacial Interaction. J.

Mater. Chem. C, 2017, 5, 12121-12133.


Page 16 of 19

Page 17 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


36. Martins, P.; Lopes, A. C.; Lanceros-Mendez, S. Electroactive Phases of Poly (vinylidene fluoride): Determination, Processing and Applications. Prog. Polym.Sci., 2014, 39, 683-706. 37. Tiwari, V. K.; Prasad, A. K.; Singh, V.; Jana, K. K.; Misra, M; Prasad, C. D.; Maiti, P. Nanoparticle and Process Induced Super Toughened Piezoelectric Hybrid Materials: The Effect of Stretching on Filled System. Macromolecules, 2013, 46, 5595−5603. 38. Karan, S. K.; Bera, R.; Paria, S.; Das, A. K.; Maiti, S.; Maitra, A.; Khatua, B. B. An Approach to Design Highly Durable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on Self‐Poled PVDF/AlO‐rGO Flexible Nanocomposite with High Power Density and Energy Conversion Efficiency. Adv. Energy Mater., 2016, 6, 1601016 (12pp). 39. Kumar, C.; Gaur, A.; Rai, S. K.;

Maiti, P. Piezo Devices Using Poly(vinylidene

fluoride)/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid for Energy Harvesting. Nano-Structures & Nano-

Objects, 2017, 12, 174-181. 40. Bhavanasi, V.; Kusuma, D. Y.; Lee, P. S. Polarization Orientation, Piezoelectricity, and Energy Harvesting Performance of Ferroelectric PVDF‐TrFE Nanotubes Synthesized by Nanoconfinement. Adv. Energy Mater., 2014, 4, 1400723 (8pp). 41. Jiang, Y.; Shiono, S.; Hamada, H.; Fujita, T.; Higuchi, K.; Maenaka, K. Low-Frequency Energy Harvesting using a Laminated PVDF Cantilever with a Magnetic Mass. Power

MEMS, 2010, 375378 (4pp). 42. Li, S.; Yuan, J.; Lipson, H. Ambient Wind Energy Harvesting using Cross-Flow Fluttering. J. Appl. Phys., 2011, 109, 026104 (3pp). 43. Alluri, N. R.; Chandrasekhar, A.;Jeong, J. H.; Kim, S.J. Enhanced Electroactive β-phase of the Sonication-Process-Derived PVDF-Activated Carbon Composite Film for Efficient Energy Conversion and a Battery-Free Acceleration Sensor. J. Mater. Chem. C, 2017, 5, 4833-4844.



44. Jana, K. K.; Charan, C.; Shahi, V. K.; Mitra, K.; Ray, B.; Rana, D.; Maiti, P. Functionalized Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanohybrid for Superior Fuel Cell Membrane.

Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 481, 124–136. 45. Tiwari, V. K.; Shripathi, T.; Lalla, N. P.; Maiti, P. Nanoparticle Induced Piezoelectric, Super Toughened, Radiation Resistant, Multi-functional Nanohybrids. Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 167-175. 46. Shah, D.; Maiti, P.; Gunn, E.; Schmidt, D.F.; Jiang, D.D.; Batt, C.A.; Giannelis, E.P. Dramatic Enhancements in Toughness of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanocomposites via Nanoclay‐Directed Crystal Structure and Morphology. Adv. Mater., 2004, 16, 1173–1177. 47. Lopes, A. C.; Costa, C. M.; Tavares, C. J.; Neves, I. C.; Lanceros-Mendez, S. Nucleation of the Electroactive γ Phase and Enhancement of the Optical Transparency in Low Filler Content Poly (vinylidene)/Clay Nanocomposites. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115, 18076–18082. 48. Lanceros-Mendez, S.; Mano, J. F.; Costa, A. M.; Schmidt, V. H. FTIR and DSC Studies of Mechanically Deformed β-PVDF Films. J. Macromol. Sci., Part B, 2001, 40, 517–527. 49. Alluri, N. R.; Selvarajan, S.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Saravanakumar, B.; Lee, G. M.; Jeong, J. H.; Kim, S. J. Worm Structure Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Using Ionotropic Gelation of Barium Titanate-Calcium Alginate Composite. Energy, 2017, 118, 1146-1155. 50. Alam, M. M.; Mandal, D. Native Cellulose Microfiber-based Hybrid Piezoelectric Generator for Mechanical Energy Harvesting Utility. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2016, 8, 1555-1558. 51. Maiti, S.; Karan, S. K.; Lee, J.; Mishra, A. K.; Khatua, B. B.; Kim, J. K. Bio-waste Onion Skin as an Innovative Nature-driven Piezoelectric Material with High Energy Conversion Efficiency. Nano Energy, 2017, 42, 282-293.


Page 18 of 19

Page 19 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Graphical Abstract

Processed PVDF has been developed to fabricate nanogenerator for the utilization of waste energy to usable miniaturized energy source with very high conversion efficiency. Structural details with the reason for superior application have been revealed for this robust energy material.


Efficient Energy Harvesting Using Processed Poly ... - ACS Publications

Recommend Documents