Efficient, Regioselective Access to Bicyclic Imidazo[1,2-x

Efficient, Regioselective Access to Bicyclic Imidazo[1,2-x]- Heterocycles via Gold- and Base-Promoted Cyclization of 1-Alkynylimidazoles. Christophe ...
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Efficient, Regioselective Access to Bicyclic Imidazo[1,2-x]- Heterocycles via Gold- and Base-Promoted Cyclization of 1-Alkynylimidazoles Christophe Laroche and Sean M. Kerwin* Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 [email protected] Received October 1, 2009

Reactions of 1-alkynylimidazoles involving the formation of their 2-lithio derivatives followed by addition of aldehydes or ketones are presented. The method gives access to 1-alkynyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)imidazoles which undergo 6-endo-dig or 5-exo-dig cyclization under AuCl3or base-catalyzed conditions to yield imidazo[1,2-c]oxazoles and imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine heterocycles. Under transition metal catalysis, the reaction occurs in a regiospecific manner, leading exclusively to the product of 6-endo-dig attack, whereas under basic conditions, the reaction takes place in a regioselective manner giving preferentially the product from 5-exo-dig attack.

Imidazoles are an extremely important class of compounds with applications across all areas of chemistry,1 biology,2 and material science.3 In particular, fused bicyclic imidazoles, both naturally occurring and synthetic, display a wide range of biological activities4 and are found in a number of clinically important drugs.5 There has been a growing interest in methods to efficiently access known fused imidazole frameworks6 and to explore previously unreported (1) (a) Grimmett, M. R. Imidazole and Benzimidazole Synthesis; Academic Press: New York, 1997; pp 1-143. (b) Bellina, F.; Cauteruccio, S.; Rossi, R. Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 4571–4624. (2) For review, see: De Luca, L. Curr. Med. Chem. 2006, 13, 1–23. (3) (a) Moylan, C. R.; Miller, R. D.; Twieg, R. J.; Betterton, K. M.; Lee, V. Y.; Matray, T. J.; Nguyen, C. Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 1499–1508. (b) Arduengo, A. J.; Krafczyk, R.; Schmutzler, R.; Craig, H. A.; Goerlich, J. R.; Marshall, W. J.; Unverzagt, M. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 14523–14534.

DOI: 10.1021/jo902073m r 2009 American Chemical Society

Published on Web 11/09/2009

chemotypes.7 Yet, many fused bicyclic imidazole systems remain un- or under-explored.6b One promising approach to the rapid elaboration of a wide variety of fused bicyclic imidazo[1,2-x] heterocycles, having a bridgehead imidazole nitrogen atom, focuses on the cyclization reactions of the relatively unexplored 1-alkynylimidazoles.8 We recently reported a coupling reaction between imidazoles and bromoalkynes mediated by copper complexes allowing access to a wide range of these compounds.9 The further functionalization of those 1-alkynylimidazoles at the 2 position by formation of their 2-lithio derivatives and subsequent treatment with various electrophiles has been studied.10 The cyclization of 1-alkynylimidazoles containing appropriate nucleophilic groups at their 2 position can afford two types of bicyclic imidazoles depending upon the regiochemistry of the cyclization (Figure 1). Of particular interest is the degree to which the ynamine-like chemistry of the imidazole-substituted alkyne group plays a role in biasing the regiochemistry of this cyclization as well as the potential to control the regiochemistry by reagent selection using transition metals to activate the alkyne π-system.11 In exploring the 2-functionalization of the 1-alkynylimidazole 1a by deprotonation and trapping of the anion with (4) For recent examples, see: (a) Kim, P.; Kang, S.; Boshoff, H. I.; Jiricek, J.; Collins, M.; Singh, R.; Manjunatha, U. H.; Niyomrattanakit, P.; Zhang, L.; Goodwind, M.; Dick, T.; Keller, T. H.; Dowd, C. S.; Barry, C. E. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 1329–1344. (b) Thompson, A. M.; Blasser, A.; Anderson, R. F.; Shinde, S .S.; Franzblau, S. G.; Ma, Z.; Denny, W. A.; Palmer, B. D. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 637–545. (c) Wu, J.-P.; Emeigh, J.; Gao, D. A.; Goldberg, D. R.; Kuzmich, D.; Miao, C.; Potocki, I.; Qian, K. C.; Sorcek, R. J.; Jeanfavre, D. D.; Kishimoto, K.; Mainolfi, E. A.; Nabozny, G., Jr.; Peng, C.; Reilly, P.; Rothlein, R.; Sellati, R. H.; Woska, J. R., Jr.; Chen, S.; Gunn, J. A.; O’Brien, D.; Norris, S. H.; Kelly, T. A. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 47, 5356– 5366. (d) Gehlert, D. R.; Cippitelli, A.; Thorsell, A.; Le, A.-D.; Hipskind, P. A.; Hamdouchi, C.; Lu, J.; Hembre, E. J.; Cramer, J.; Song, M.; McKinzie, D.; Morin, M.; Ciccocioppo, R.; Helig, M. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27, 2718–2726. (e) Enguehard-Gueiffier, C.; Gueiffier, A. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2007, 7, 88– 899. (f) Miwa, S.; Mizokami, A.; Keller, E. T.; Taichman, R.; Zhang, J.; Namiki, M. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 8818–8825. (g) Dubuisson, M. L. N.; Ress, J.-F.; Marchand-Brynaert, J. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2005, 31, 827–849. (h) Chimirri, A.; Monforte, P.; Rao, A.; Zappala, M.; Monforte, A. M.; De Sarro, G.; Pannecouque, C.; Witvrouw, M.; Balzarini, J.; De Clercq, E. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2001, 12, 169–174. (5) (a) Harrison, T. S.; Keating, G. M. CNS Drugs 2005, 19, 65–89. (b) Basiuk, V. A. Russ. Chem. Rev. 1997, 66, 187–204. (d) Ansini, M.; Cappelli, A.; Vomero, S.; Giorgi, G.; Langer, T.; Bruni, G.; Romeo, R.; Basile, A. S. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 4275–4284. (c) Heeres, J.; Backx, L. J. J.; Mostmans, J. H.; Vancutsem, J. J. Med. Chem. 1979, 22, 1003–1005. (6) (a) Preston, P. N. Condensed Imidazoles: 5-5 Ring Systems; Wiley: New York, 1986; pp 1-46. (b) Hulme, C.; Lee, Y.-S. Mol. Diversity 2008, 12, 1–15. (c) Nodwell, M.; Pereira, A.; Riffell, J. L.; Zimmerman, C.; Patrick, B. O.; Roberge, M.; Andersen, R. J. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 995–1006. (d) Allin, S. M.; Barton, W. R. S.; Bowman, W. R.; Bridge, E.; Elsegood, M. R. J.; McInally, T.; McKee, V. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 7745–7758. (e) Lovely, C. J.; Du, H.; Sivappa, R.; Bhandari, M. R.; He, Y.; Dias, H. V. R. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3741–3749. (f) Chen, Y.; Dias, H. V. R.; Lovely, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 1379–1382. (g) Hua, D. H.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, J. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5084–5087. (7) (a) Krasavin, M.; Shkavrov, S.; Parchinsky, V.; Bukhryakov, K. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 2627–2629. (b) Nowak, J.; Skalski, B.; Gdaniec, Z.; Milecki, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 1671–1673. (c) Nayak, M.; Kanojiya, S.; Batra, S. Synthesis 2009, 431–437. (d) Gracias, V.; Gasiecki, A. F.; Djuric, S. W. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3183–3186. (e) Le Bas, M.-D. H.; O’Shea, D. F. J. Comb. Chem. 2005, 7, 947–951. (8) For cyclizations of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles to imidazo[1,2a]pyridines, see: Nadipuram, A.; Kerwin, S. M. Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 3798–3808. (9) Laroche, C.; Li, J.; Freyer, M. W.; Kerwin, S. M. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 6462–6465. (10) Laroche, C.; Kerwin, S. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5194–5197.

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Laroche and Kerwin TABLE 1.

FIGURE 1. Regioselective one-pot conversion of 1a to 3a.

benzaldehyde, the formation of the 5,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2c]oxazole 3a was observed.10,12 The structure of 3a was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.10 Interestingly, none of the 6-endo-dig cyclization product 4a was present.14 A number of proposals have been put forth to rationalize the 5-exo-dig versus 6-endo-dig cyclization modes13 of 4ynols under basic conditions, including the double bond stereochemistry of the 5-exo cyclization products.12,13,15 Recent studies have demonstrated alternative means to affect the regioselectivity of these cyclizations through metal catalysis.16 However, it was not clear at the outset how applicable these precedents would be to the electronically biased 1-alkynylimidazole system 1a. Thus, in order to (11) (a) Patil, N. T.; Yamamoto, Y. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 3395–3442. (b) Kirsch, S. F. Synthesis 2008, 3183–3204. (c) Hashmi, A. S. K. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 3180–3211. (d) Alvarez-Corral, M.; Munoz-Dorado, M.; Rodriguez-Garcia, I. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 3174–3198. (e) Gorin, D. J.; Toste, F. D. Nature 2007, 446, 395–403. (f) F€ urstner, A.; Davies, P. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 3410–3449. (g) Nakamura, I.; Yamamoto, Y. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2127–2198. (h) Zeni, G.; Larock, R. C. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2285–2309. (12) For related 5-exo-dig cyclizations, see: (a) Chai, Z.; Xie, Z.-F.; Liu, X.-Y.; Zhao, G.; Wang, J.-D. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2947–2950. (b) Marshall, J. A.; DuBay, W. J. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 1703–1708. (c) Marshall, J. A.; Bennett, C. E. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6110–6113. (13) (a) Baldwin, J. E. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1976, 734–735. (b) Johnson, C. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 476–482. (c) Sheng, Y.; Musaev, D. G.; Reddy, K. S.; McDonald, F. E.; Morokuma, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4149–4157. (14) For reports of analogous, base-promoted 6-endo-dig cyclizations, see: (a) Hiroya, K.; Jouka, R.; Kameda, M.; Yasuhara, A.; Sakamoto, T. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 9697–9710. (b) Brennan, C. M.; Johnson, C. D.; McDonnell, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1989, 957–961. (c) Garcia, H.; Iborra, S.; Primo, J. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 4432–4436. (15) (a) Nakatani, K.; Okamoto, A.; Saito, I. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 9427– 9446. (b) Houk, K. N.; Strozier, R. W.; Rozeboom, M. D.; Nagase, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 323–325. (c) Wipf, P.; Graham, T. H. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 8798–8807. (d) Ivanchikova, I. D.; Usubalieva, G. E.; Schastnev, P. V.; N., E.; Moroz, A. A.; Shvartsberg, M. S. Russ. Chem. Bull. Int. Ed. 1992, 41, 1672–1679. (e) Padwa, A.; Krumpe, K. E.; Weingarten, M. D. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5595–5603. (f) Nakatani, K.; Okamoto, A.; Yamanuki, M.; Saito, I. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 4360–4361. (g) Evans, C. M.; Kirby, A. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1984, 1269–1275. (16) (a) Ramana, C. V.; Mallik, R.; Gonnnade, R. G. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 219–223. (b) Koo, B.; McDonald, F. E. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 1737–1740. (c) Liu, Y H.; Song, F. J.; Song, Z. Q.; Liu, M.; Yan, B. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 5409–5412. (d) Antoniotti, S.; Genin, E.; Michelet, V.; Gen^et, J.-P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9976–9977. (e) Genin, E.; Antoniotti, S.; Michelet, V.; Genet, J.-P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 4949–4953. (f) Mzhelskaya, M. A.; Ivanchikova, I. D.; Polyakov, N. E.; Moroz, A. A.; Shvartsberg, M. S. Russ. Chem. Bull. Int. Ed. 2004, 53, 2798–2804. (g) Gabriele, B.; Salerno, G.; Fazio, A.; Pittelli, R. Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 6251–6259. (h) Qing, F.-L.; Gao, W.-Z. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 7727–7730. (i) Gabriele, B.; Salerno, G.; Lauria, E. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 7687–7692. (j) Dalla, V.; Pale, P. New J. Chem. 1999, 803–805. (k) Gabriele, B.; Salerno, G. Chem. Commun. 1997, 1083–1084. (l) Marshall, J. A.; Sehon, C. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5966– 5968. (m) Seiller, B.; Bruneau, C.; Dixneuf, P. H. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 13089–13102.

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Catalyst Screen for 6-endo-dig Cyclization

entry

catalyst

% conversiona

yieldb

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AuCl AuCl3 PdCl2 PtCl2 NiCl2 CuCl2 BiCl3

100 100 70 0 0 100 0

90% 95% 60% 90% -

a Based on recovered starting material. bIsolated yield after chromatography.

explore the generality of the cyclization to 3a and to develop a means of accessing the 6-endo-dig cyclization product 4a, the isolation and characterization of the carbinol derived from the anion 2a0 were undertaken. Compound 2a (Table 1) can be isolated in 95% yield from the reaction of 1-alkynylimidazole 1a under the conditions shown in Figure 1 when the reaction mixture is quenched with 1 M HCl solution rather than water. Treatment of alcohol 2a in the presence of various metal catalysts in refluxing CH3CN17 was investigated (Table 1). The reaction proceeded to completion using AuCl3 as catalyst affording imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine 4a (Table 1, entry 2) as the only product in 95% isolated yield.18 In addition to AuCl3, AuCl (Table 1, entry 1), PdCl2 (Table 1, entry 3), and CuCl2 (Table 1, entry 6) afforded the cyclized compound 4a, although in lower yield. Interestingly, none of these cases showed any traces of the 5-exo-dig product 3a. Our interest in the formation of both compounds 3a and 4a led us to reinvestigate the cyclization reaction of 2a under basic conditions. Under aqueous conditions (1 equiv of 1 M NaOH) in THF at room temperature, the desired compound 3a was obtained in 75% yield. The use of strong organic bases (n-BuLi or EtMgBr) in THF did not lead to any conversion at room temperature and led to degradation under forcing conditions. A catalytic quantity of K3PO4 (5 mol %) in CH3CN at reflux afforded 3a in 80% yield within an hour. The cyclization was also attempted under acidic conditions (HCl saturated THF) with no success.19 A few 5,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]oxazole derivatives have been reported in the literature for their biological properties and are generally prepared by condensation reaction (17) Other solvents screened include CH2Cl2 (5% conversion with 2 mol % of AuCl3 after 14 h) and THF (100% conversion and 60% yield of 4a with 2 mol % of AuCl3 after 14 h, with the formation of several unidentified side products). (18) The imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine system has been reported previously only once: (a) Essassi, E. M.; Fifani, J.; Hamamsi, I. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1994, 103, 83–84. The related 6,8-dihydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazines are also largely unexplored: (b) O’Sullivan, D. G.; Pantic, D.; Wallis, A. K. Nature 1965, 205, 262–264. (c) Medaer, B. P.; Hoornaert, G. J. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 3987–4002. (19) This led to a rapid conversion of 2a into compounds arising from the addition of HCl across the carbon-carbon triple bond, as has been previously observed for 1-alkynylimidazoles; see refs 8 and 9.

JOC Note

Laroche and Kerwin TABLE 2.

Regioselective Cyclizations of 1-Alkynylimidazoles 2a-j

entry

R1

R2

R3

R4

yielda (1 to 2)

yielda (2 to 3)

yielda (2 to 4)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

H H H Benzb 4-Ph-imc H H H H H

Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph p-tBu-Ph p-CF3-Ph TIPS H n-Hex

H H Ph Ph Ph H H H H H

Ph Et Et H H Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph

2a (95%) 2b (90%) 2c (86%) 2d (87%) 2e (92%) 2f (92%) 2g (85%) 2h (90%) 2if 2j (87%)

3a (80%) 3b (97%) 3c (99%) 3d (96%) 3e (78%) 3f (93%) 3g (85%) 3h (86%) 3i (24%) 3j/4j (93%)g

4a (95%) 4b (99%) 4c (100%) 4d (85%) 4e (95%) 4f (100%)d 4g (85%)e 4h (0%) 4i (16%) 4j (87%)

a Isolated yield after chromatography. bBenz refers to the benzimidazole core. c4-Ph-im refers to the (4-Ph)-imidazole core. dYield after 1 h. eYield after 6 days. fYield from 2h (TBAF, THF, -78 °C) is 80%. g3j and 4j were obtained as a 53/47 mixture but can be separated by flash chromatography.

FIGURE 2. Iodo-cyclization of 2a into 5a.

between 2-(hydroxymethyl)imidazole and aldehydes.20 However, 5-methylene-5,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]oxazole derivatives such as 3a, which possess a cyclic N,O-ketene acetal poised for further elaboration,21 have not been previously reported. In the same vein, the iodo-cyclization reaction of 2a using excess of NIS and K3PO4 affords the iodo-imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine 5a (Figure 2), which provides a chemical handle for further functionalization of the oxazine ring.22,23 Having optimized the conditions for the cyclization of 2a in either the 5-exo-dig or the 6-endo-dig mode, the scope of (20) (a) Katritzky, A. R.; Aslan, D. C.; Leeming, P.; Stell, P. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 1491–1500. (b) Katritzky, A. R.; Aslan, D. C.; Oniciu, D. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 2245–2251. (c) Chimirri, A.; Monforte, P.; Zappal a, M.; Monforte, A. M.; De Sarro, G.; Pannecouque, C.; Witvrouw, M.; Balzarini, J.; De Clercq, E. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2001, 12, 169–174. (21) For recent studies of cyclic N,O-ketene acetals, see: Zhou, A.; Cao, L.; Li, H.; Liu, Z.; Pittman, C. U., Jr. Synlett 2006, 201–206. (b) Zhou, A.; Njogu, M. N.; Pittman, C. U., Jr. Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 4093–4102. (c) Huang, Y.-t.; Moeller, K. D. Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 6536–6550. (d) Quast, H.; Ach, M.; Balthasar, J.; Hergenroether, T.; Regnat, D.; Lehmann, J.; Banert, K. Helv. Chim. Acta 2005, 88, 1589–1609. (22) The structure of 5a was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. 5a was converted into 4a by treating with magnesium followed by H2O quench. (23) Notably, Liu and co-workers reported compounds arising from a 5exo-dig process under similar conditions: Liu, Y.; Song, F.; Cong, L. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 6999–7002.

these transformations was evaluated. Toward this end, compounds 2b-j were synthesized, and their cyclizations were carried out in presence of AuCl3 or K3PO4 in CH3CN (Table 2). Variation of the substituents at the carbinol center (R3, R4) and at the imidazole core (R1) offered alcohols 2a-e as well as the corresponding 5-exo-dig 3a-e and 6-endo-dig 4a-e cyclization products from good to excellent yields (Table 2, entries 1-5). Substrates possessing either an electron-donating (2f) or an electron-withdrawing (2g) aryl substituent on the carbon-carbon triple bond both led to the expected products in high yields (Table 2, entries 6 and 7); however, the rate of the AuCl3-catalyzed cyclization was dramatically affected. The cyclization of the 4-methoxy substituent analogue 2f in the presence of AuCl3 is complete in just 1 h, whereas the cyclization of the (4-trifluoro)phenyl analogue 2g requires 6 days before reaching completion. The cyclization of the triisopropylsilyl-substituted 1-alkynylimidazole 2h occurred in the presence of K3PO4 to give 3h in 86% yield; however, no conversion of 2h into 4h in the presence of AuCl3 was observed even after extended reaction times (Table 2, entry 8). Apparently, the steric hindrance of the bulky TIPS substituent prevents approach of the hydroxyl group to the terminal sp carbon required for the 6-endodig cyclization. In the case of the 1-ethynylimidazole 2i, prepared from 2h by protodesilylation (TBAF, THF, -78 °C, 30 min), the corresponding 5-exo-dig 3i and 6-endo-dig 4i products were obtained in low yields (Table 2, entry 9). In these cases, the formation of multiple side products was observed. Finally, reaction of 2j under basic condition is the sole example where a mixture of compounds has been obtained (Table 2, entry 10). Under gold catalysis, 2j gave exclusively compound 4j from 6-endo-dig attack. Remarkably, with the exceptions of compound 2h, which failed to J. Org. Chem. Vol. 74, No. 23, 2009

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JOC Note afford the 6-endo-dig cyclization product under AuCl3 catalysis, and 2j, which gave a mixture of 3j and 4j under basic condition, others alcohols 2 examined afforded exclusive 5-exo-dig cyclization in the presence of K3PO4 and exclusive 6-endo-dig cyclization in the presence of AuCl3. We are unaware of a similar case of such high reagent control of both 5-exo-dig and 6-endo-dig cyclization modes in other 4-ynol cyclizations. We believe that cycloisomerizations under basic and π-acid metal conditions are two distinct cases. Under basic condition, competition should take place between 5-exo-dig and 6-endo-dig cycloisomerization.15e With 1-alkynylimidazole substrates, the nitrogen attached on the carbon-carbon triple bond should strongly disfavor the formation of the carbionic species at its R-position (6-endo-dig attack). Under transition metal catalysis, a complete regioselective process regardless of the metal or the electronic nature of the substituents is observed. This indicates that, under transition metal catalysis, the 5-exo-dig attack is strongly disfavored.13c We propose that Au catalyzes the cycloisomerization by activation of the alkyne, for example, through a [(η2-alkyne)AuXn] complex as recently described by Behrens.24 This coordination results in preferential acceleration of the 6-endo-dig cyclization, possibly due to the proximity of the nucleophile to the alkyne terminal carbon in this proposed gold η2 complex. In conclusion, we have shown that 1-alkynyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)imidazoles can be cyclized in the presence of K3PO4 or AuCl3 in CH3CN to afford preferentially 5-endodig or exclusively 6-endo-dig cyclization products, respectively. These cyclizations exemplify a powerful new strategy for the construction of various imidazo-fused heterocycles from 1-alkynylimidazoles. Experimental Section Typical Procedure for the Synthesis of Phenyl-(1-(2phenylethynyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methanol (2a): To a solution of 1-(2-phenylethynyl)-1H-imidazole (1a) (168 mg, 1 mmol) in THF (10 mL) under argon at -78 °C was added n-BuLi (0.400 mL of 2.5 M solution in hexane, 1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at -78 °C prior to the addition of benzaldehyde (0.112 mL, 1.1 mmol). After stirring for 30 min at -78 °C, the mixture was quenched with 1 M HCl solution (5 mL) and the temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. The reaction mixture was then extracted with CH2Cl2 (3  50 mL), the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (24) Schulte, P.; Behrens, U. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1633.

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Laroche and Kerwin (0-50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 260 mg (95%) of 2a as a white crystalline solid: mp 89.8-90.9 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.47-7.42 (2H, m), 7.39-7.28 (8H, m), 7.13 (1H, s), 7.00 (1H, s), 6.05 (1H, s), 4.39 (1H, s, OH); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.7 (br s), 140.3, 131.6 (2C), 129.0, 128.5 (2C), 128.4 (2C), 128.1, 127.6, 127.1 (2C), 122.3 (br s), 120.9, 77.1, 73.5, 69.5; IR (KBr) 3127, 2259, 1432, 1248, 1179, 1150, 1054, 758, 695 cm-1; MS (CI) 549 (2M þ 1, 4%), 531 (2M - 17, 8%), 275 (M þ 1, 100%), 257 (M - 17, 23%); HRMS calcd for C18 H15 N2 O (M þ Hþ) 275.1184, found 275.1181. Typical Procedure for the Synthesis of (Z)-5-Benzylidene-7phenyl-5,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]oxazole (3a):. To a solution of 2a (69 mg, 0.25 mmol) in CH3CN (5 mL) was added K3PO4 (3 mg, 0.0125 mmol). The mixture was gently refluxed until completion. After chilling, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (0-20% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 55 mg (80%) of 3a as a white solid: mp 107.6-109.8 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62-7.57 (2H, m), 7.52-7.46 (2H, m), 7.45-7.38 (3H, m), 7.36-7.30 (2H, m), 7.26-7.22 (2H, m), 7.20-7.14 (1H, m), 6.50 (1H, s), 5.50 (1H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 150.8, 144.1, 135.9, 135.1, 133.8, 129.4, 128.9 (2C), 128.5 (2C), 127.3 (2C), 126.6 (2C), 125.7, 110.3, 85.4, 80.1; IR (KBr) 3126, 1704, 1536, 1403, 1286, 1155, 1030, 996 cm-1; MS (CI) 549 (2M þ 1, 3%), 275 (M þ 1, 100%), 257 (M - 101, 20%), 157 (M - 117, 40%); HRMS calcd for C18 H15 N2 O (M þ Hþ) 275.1184, found 275.1186. Typical Procedure for the Synthesis of 6,8-Diphenyl-8Himidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine (4a):. To a solution of 2a (69 mg, 0.25 mmol) in CH3CN (5 mL) was added AuCl3 (0.5 mL of a 0.01 M solution in CH3CN, 0.005 mmol). The mixture was gently refluxed until completion. After chilling, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (0-30% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 65 mg (95%) of 4a as a white solid: mp 115-117 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.63-7.58 (2H, m), 7.46-7.41 (2H, m), 7.41-7.32 (6H, m), 7.16 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 7.07 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz), 7.01 (1H, s), 6.49 (1H, s); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.0, 139.6, 136.7, 131.9, 129.2, 128.9, 128.7, 128.5 (2C), 128.4 (2C), 127.1 (2C), 124.4 (2C), 115.6, 102.0, 76.1; IR (KBr) 3112, 1652, 1484, 1449, 1437, 1400, 1337, 1162, 1026, 749 cm-1; MS (CI) 275 (M þ 1, 100%); HRMS calcd for C18 H15 N2 O (M þ Hþ) 275.1184, found 275.1185.

Acknowledgment. The Robert Welch Foundation (F-1298) and the Texas Advanced Research Program (3658-003) are thanked for financial support of this research. Supporting Information Available: General experimental conditions, detailed experimental procedures, X-ray structure of 5a, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra for all new compounds. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http:// pubs.acs.org.