Eka-Eka-Lead?
To the Editor: THIS JOURNAL [46, 626 (1969)], gave the text of the essay by Glenn T. Seaborg, presented at the Mendeleev Centenid Symposium held at the American Chemical Society meeting, Minneapolis, 1969, under the title: "Prospects for Further Considerable Extension of the Periodic Table." I n an expert and daring way, the author considers the possibilities of stability and synthesis of superheavy elements, up to the noble gas (or liquid), of atomic number 168. He names some of those hypothetical elements, as Mendeleev did in the cases of eka-bore (scandium), of eka-aluminium (gallium) and of ekasilicium (germanium). Seaborg names, among others, the elements of atomic number 114 and 164. Both would he placed, in the classification, below lead: Z = 82. Element 114 (82 32) would be called eka-lead, and element 164 (114 50) would be called eka-114 or eka-eka-lead (p. 631). Mendeleev would certainly not have adopted this last appellation, but would have used: dvi-lead. Although he did.not find occasion to use them all, he had foreseen the designations of the unknown elements ranking below a known one, he it in the first, the second, the third (etc.) following line. This was done by him in the famous article, published simultaneously in Russia and in Germany: "Die periodische Gesetzmassigkeit der Chemischen Elemente" [Annalen der Chemie und Phamacie, VIII, Supplement Band, 1871, pp. 133-2291. The same article may be found in the collection "Ostwald's Klassiker o h Exaden Wissenschaften" Nr 68 (1895). Here is an English translation of the relevant passage in p. 92 of this last hook.
+ +
To avoid introducing into scientific language new denomination for unknown elements, I shallnl~methese by using the name of the
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nearest inferior analogous element, whether even or odd, and I shall join to it the name of a Sanskrit numeral: eka (one), dvi (two), tri (three), tschatur (four), etc... Thus, the unknown dements of the first group would be called: Ekaoasium Ec, DVICXSIUM Dc, eto.
Ekac%ium has become Francium. The mention of "even" and "odd" elements refers to the duplication of columns in the condensed tahle: that of the akalines, for instance, and that of the copper family. The above note has no polemical intention: I only wish to pay a modest tribute of homage to the hero of the present Centenary, who showed himself so farsighted. Perhaps it will explain to several teachers the meaning of the prefix "eka" which I am sure they do not fail to mention when they relate to their students the story of the discoveries of Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev.
To the Editor: I was truly pleased to learn from Dr. Colmant's communication that Mendeleev's perspicacity extended even to considering names for elements in distant rows (lines) of the periodic tahle. I was not aware of this fact and am grateful for the explanation, particularly since I confess to an abysmally poor knowledge of Sanskrit. I believe that many readers of
T a r s JOURNAL will appreciate learning the origin of Mendeleev's famous designation "eka." Your readers may find it amusing that in a lecture I gave in November, 1969 on the subject of the superheavy elements, I mentioned the concept of element 164 being called ekeeka-lead, but, on the basis of a suggestion from a colleague, suggested as an alternative in a humorous vein the name zwei-blei. In this case, however, I had in mind the interesting coincidence that 164 is twice 82 (the atomic number of lead). Nevertheless, I suppose this appellation could be considered to be equivalent to dvi-lead.
GLENNT.
treated more systematically using linear algebra (see, cg., E. J. HENLEY and E. M. ROSEN,"Mrtterial and Energy Balance Computations," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1969, pp. 363Ri i -,-,
3) The equations writtensbove havenothing necessarily to do wit,h what is actually taking place in a.reaction-mechanism sense. As a set of stoichiometric eouabions. thev vrovide an answer to bhe question: given values of certain (m~n~mum) number of molenumber changes (in bhis case three), what is the overall campasition of the system subsequent to a. given initial state? Establishing values of these three mole-number changes (or stoichiometric degrees of freedom) is a. matter either of kinetics (for s. nonequilibrium state) or of thermodynamics (for an equilibrium state), but this goes beyond the question as posed. However, writing an appropriate set of stoichiometric equations, which is what "balancing" implies, does not require a. knowledge either of kinetics SEABORG or of thermodynamics.
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C H A I ~ A U.S. N , ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20545
Balancing Equations
T o the Editor: In a recent Chemical Queries column (J. CHEM. Enuc., 47, 281 (1970)), t,here was a question about balancing an equation involving the oxidation of tbutyl alcohol and a specified set of products. The answer given by Robert B. Smith invoked ideas of kinetics, and he suggested that for complicated reactions the general outline of a plausible reaction mechanism is needed. This point of view is valid if a particular product distribution is to be interpreted, but is mi* leading if the question is taken at face value. Since only "balancing" is at stake in the question (although the word "acceptable" may be ambiguous), a different kind of answer seems more appropriate, one that explicitly brings out the essential point that three equations are required to obviate the apparent variable stoichiometry. In outlining an answer to the question, I would then make the following comments. 1) An "equation" involving the six species indicated, made up of three elements, can be balanced not just in "several ways" but in an infinite number of ways. Perhaps the most direct way to see this is to "balance" the equstionwitb (initially) unknown coefficients, and then to write the three algebraic atom-balance q u a t,ions in terms of the six unknown coefficients. The existence of three linearly independent equations in six unknowns shows that a unique (relative) set of ooefficientsdoes not exist, and hence one chemical equation is insufficient to describe the stoichiometry of the system. 2) The existence of three equations in six unknowns further implies that three stoichiometric equations are required. The set of equations used is not unique. A permissible set for this system is
(CH8)&OH CHsCOCHa CHICOOH
+ 60s = 4CO. + 5H2O
+ 401 = 3C0s + 3 H O
+ 202 = 2C0z + 2H10
Many other equations could be written, eaoh of which could replace one of the three above, but each could also be shown to be s linear combination of at least two of the three above. (General requirements for such a set in any circumstance can be set down, and writing a set can be done systemetically (see, e.g., K. G. DENBIGH,'*ThePrinciples of Chemical Equilibrium," (2nd ed.), Cambridge, 1966, pp. 169-72); certain kinds of degeneracy and special situations must be guarded against. If the size of the system is large enough to warrant it, the whole problem csn be
To the Editor: If one accepts the premise that a question is to be "taken at face value," that is, literally, then Professor Missen's comments are indeed to the point. Clearly, in the classroom to extend an answer to a student's question further than the questioner intended can lead to confusion rather than to clarification (though this is not always the case). In preparing answers to queries, however, our efforts have been purposely directed toward extensions to the questions on the premise that direct, to the point answers tend to imply completeness, a finished piece of instruction. On the other hand, as Professor Missen's excellent comments demonstrate, in chemistry there is ample room for amplification, even when the prior published answer went beyond the point at hand. It is doubtful if any answer to a query will ever strike the right note between literal and extended discussion. Perhaps this is an exemplification of an aspect of chemistry that makes it so exciting to learn and to teach.
Grading the Copper Sulflde Experiment
To the Editor: I n the February issue of THIS JOURNAL (46, 119 (1969)), David P. Dingledy and Lawrence A. Patrie discuss the statistical evaluation of the stoichiometry of sulfides prepared in the general chemistry laboratory. The standard deviation and standard error (S. E.) for a given group of results are calculated using the standard formulas based on the assumption that the student sample is randomly representative of a normal population distribution. In a recent paper on data apalysis by Mosteller and Tukey (MOSTELLER, F.r AND TUKEY,J. W., "Data Volume 47, Number 1 1, November 1970
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