Resources One of the greatest obstacles to trucking of chemicals in these states is the limitation placed on truckers and shippers by too little Interstate Commerce Commission authority in the area. At a time when the fertilizer industry is expanding rapidly, little authority exists for offering complete truck transportation in and away from a plant area. With the cooperation of traffic managers in various plants, new authority has been established in the past few years, but much additional work needs to be done along this line before the chemical industry in the West Sorth Central St’ates can be properly served by truck transportation. I t is inevitable, of course, that transportation facilities presently serving these areas do not look with favor on the granting of such interstate rights t o members of the trucking industry. In spite of the lack of completely satisfactory regulations, tank carriers in the area are very active in transporting chemicals. Equipment for handling chemicals of many types is being used. The chemicals and related commodities other than petroleum products that are being transported by truck are: Alcohol (grain and synthetic) Anhydrous ammonia Caustic soda Corn syrup Formaldehyde Furfural and furans Glycerol Grain distilled spirits Hydrochloric acid Lacquers, enamels, and paint thinners
.
Liquid nitrogen fertilizer8 Molasses a n d molasses residue Phosphoyio acid Sodium silicate 8teep water Sulfuric acid and oleum (white and spent) Tallow Tripolyphosphate Vegetable oils (raw arid refined)
Construction and design of tank trucks and trailers for chemicals has also gone in for a face lifting. Many weight consuming items on old type tank trailers were found unnecessary or capable of being designed to serve a double function. The research department’s of the trailer manufacturing industry have substituted newer and lighter weight materials after tests have shown them structurally strong enough t o withstand the beating they would take on the highways and sufficiently resistant to corrosion to permit use for a variety of materials. This has tied in directly with the problem of “deadheading” or returning with an empty trailer. By ut’ilizing versatile equipment, truckers in the West North Central region, where the number of miles for individual movements is greater than in many other areas, are revising the generally accepted notions on the “short haul” limitations of bullc commodity trucking. An exmiple is a carrier transporting
Insulated Tank for Carrying Soap Slurries, Fats, and Tallow milk froin the daily regioiis of thc northerri part into aleas where milk is relatively scarce. It returns a i t h vegetable oils consigned to a food processor or paint manufacturer located in the general area of his origin. All-plastic tanks are new and have shown satisfactory results in several fields but have not yet been tested sufficiently to give a good indication of just how extensive their use for highway transportation will be. In the trucking business, however, one angle of design has had a good chance for application in the states under discussion. This is compartmentation mch as is being done with pertain ships rarrging chemicals. A large molabses firm has a trailer whose lower compartment carries molasses. On top of this tank are grain sides which can be used to haul corn and other grains for a return load. The shipping public evwywhere will profit greatly when the individual states are able to agree on uniform regulations for highn ay usage. The difficulties rncouritered by highway users now cost the public thousands of dollars annually in addition to the inconvenience caused both rarriers and shippers. R ~ C E I V E for D review March 24, 1954.
ACCEPTED July IO, 1954.
Electric Power Resources M. E. SKINNER UNION ELECTRIC COMPANY OF MISSOURI, ST. LOUIS 1. MO.
T h i s article reviews the characteristics of the area, population, and natural and electric power resources of the seven states comprising the West North-CentralStates as a unit and compares these characteristics with the United States as a whole with particular emphasis on the highly coordinated and ample power resources in or available to the area for supply of power to industries who may be interested in this location. November 1954
I
N ORDER t o properly appraise the electric power resource6
of the West North Central States, it is essential to have in mind the physical and economical characteristics of the area. This vast area comprises 172% of the land area of the United States. It is predominmtly agricultural and thinly populated as the population in the area averages only 27.5 per square mile as against 50.7 for the country as a whole; 21.1% of the steam railway mileage of the country is included in the area. Devploped
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
2315
The portion of the main Missouri Basin lying vithin the region under consideration and the basins of practiOvOlt~lrP cally all of its tributaries are broad and Grand FoikiO Garrison shallow with very gentle slopes from river to rim and along the route of thc water courses themselves. Except in the Oaark uplift covering the Eouthern half of Missouri .iuhere Union Electric Co. already has a 220,000-kw. plant developing 105 feet of the available hea,d on the Osage, the drainage areas of streams v i t h significant fall and sharp gradient are relatively small. Exceptions muat also be noted in Minnesota where significant rvater power developments have already been made principally in the northern and eastern portions of the state. Stream flow in most of the rivers of the region is highly erratic. This characteristic in combination with the gentle slopes which characterize most of the area limit the hydroelectric resources of the region. Some of the stream chara,cteristics are set forth in Table 1. Much of the available head on the streams ph Honnibolo has been or is in process of being developed for power or for navigation. While in the aggregak, many feet of slope remain undeveloped; much of it is in t,he lower stretches where broad valleys, poor foundation conditions,, and the sediment load combine to make doubtful the feasibility of power devclopment,. This table is not intended to represent a comprehensive evaluation of SIZE OF SYMBOLS INSICATES RELATIVE CAPCC'TY the w,t,er power sites in the region. F I G U R E S WITHIN LARGER sYMaoLs i N o i c m NUMBER The latter are rovered in some detail in OF PLANTS COMPRISING TOT4L I Y LOCALITY a study of the Missouri Basin ( 2 ) . Figure 1. Plants Existing, u n d e r Construction, or o n Order as of July 1952 The federal program for construction in t h e West N o r t h Central States of multipurpose dams along the main stream of the Missouri River pre-empts ~iraetically all of the hcad which i s avdilable above Omaha and is within this region. The storage water pov-er resources are almost proportional to the land area, being provided behind these dams as an essential clement of but remaining undeveloped water power resources are limited, flood control makes available substantial amounts of power amounting to only 3.77, of the total for the country. which could be used t o thc greatest economic advantage it While the fossil fuel production in the region is below the u s 4 as peaking power through interconnections ith system8 land area or population ratio of the country, production and now served by fuel fired plants. During the limited periods of resources are significant, and the bordering states of Illinois, high stream flow, considerable amounts of eecondary paver will Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado add significantly to the fuel be available, and it would be highly desirable to pJt this po\Ter resources of the area. to work along with" the peaking capacity that will bc regularly
\
RIVER DRAINAGE SYSTEM The Missouri River dominates the river drainage system of the area by cutting across the region from northwesl to sout#hea?t. The southern rim of t'his great basin cut,s across Missouri from St. Louis south and mestnard and on t,hrough the middle of Kansas. The northern rim cut~sdiagonally across the northeast quarter of Missouri, the western half of IoRa, the southwestern corner of Minnesota, the northeast corner of South Dakota, and then diagonally across North Dakota to the Canadian border. Except for the extreme northern segment of the region which drains to the north through the Souris and Red rivers or the northeast cornc'r of Minnesota which drains eastward into Lake Supesrior, the balance of t,he drainage is into the Mississippi syst,em through tribut,aries. the principal ones of Tvhich are the St. Croix: Ninnesota, Cedar, and Des Moines rivers north of the Missouri Basin, and the White and Arlransas rivers sout8hof this Basin.
2316
Table 1. Major Rivers i n West North Central States Existing and PlannPd
Stream bIissouri (above Omaha) Osage Kansas (Republican) Platte (North Platte) Cheyenne Arkansas 3Iississippi Des hloines Cedar Minnesota
Av. U S P of Gradient, Available I 3 /Mile Head-Ft.
ITlldP-
River Miles
Fall, Ft.
1692
1466 806
0.9
...
630
740 2730
1.4 4.3
577 577 240 305
2425
507
3600
6.1
1100
2000
320
2000 2325 1235
8.1 5.8 0.8 2.0 2.4 0.9
204
2336 2326
1055 516
401 1600
500 328 332
908
78 1 285
INDUSTRIAL AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
0
77.1 153
108 72
wloped Head-Ft. 889 319 500
481 845 613 213
Val. 46, No. 11
I
-Resources available throughout the year Table 11. Average Generation by States-Total Electric Utility Industry" by using it to displace higher cost fuel generation. Such interconnection by providing a multiplicity of power Total United States sources available to supply any Minnesota 5,247 4,795 870 4,173 3,660 254 265 820 point in the area would proIowa 463 3,592 445 5,138 4,985 917 930 3,776 Missouri 4 , 0 9 1 249 209 4 , 1 2 0 444 899 3 , 4 2 7 2 , 9 8 3 vide greater over-all reliability North Dakota 667 679 .. . ... 643 653 24 26 South Dakota 615 606 21 14 455 463 139 129 of supply than individual comNebraska 2,439 2,270 602 670 1,690 1,445 147 155 munities could provide for 3.744 21 22 3,926 3,430 315 292 Kansas 4.202 themselves. It would likewise West North Central 22,488 21,170 2,825 3,405 18,090 16,226 1,573 1,539 enhance the future as well as a State-wide averages reflect smaller, less efficient, high fuel cost plants characteristic of low population density. the immediate prospect for lower power costs by increasing the economic size of future genPOWER DEVELOPMENTS erating units and reducing the percentage of the reserve margin needed to cover sudden load swings and intervals during which Tables I1 and I11 give certain statistical information on power generating equipment was out of service for maintenance and redevelopments by individual states in the region ( 1 ) . In each pair. If sold as firm hydro power, the capacity available from instance, data for the region and for the United States as a whole these multipurpose projects must be greatly reduced to adjust is included for comparative purposes. The agricultural nature for the variable flow of the stream, especially when it is essential of the area as a whole is evident from the kilowatts of capacity to give priority to the flood control objective. per square mile of area which is approximately 11.5 for the region The rural electric cooperatives which have a preferred position as against a national average of 27.5. under the law in negotiating for the available power and capacity Since power requirements follow population patterns, most of have a widery dispersed load, have very limited amounts of cathe power plants are located along the streams that traverse the pacity in existing fuel plants, and are, therefore, primarily interregion. The need for a large quantity of water for condensing ested in firm power. Presently existing municipally owned purposes has located all of the larger and more efficient steam fuel generating systems that share the preferential position acplants along the main streams, the Mississippi, the Missouri, the corded the cooperatives are of negligible capacity in contrast with Des hIoines, the Kansas, and the Arkansas. Mississippi River lothe large size of the huge Federal projects and are also widely cations are favored by their close proximity to the Illinois and scattered. The utility companies who serve the region have Kentucky coal fields and in some instances are taking advantage steam plants already constructed to supply their existing loads of river transportation of coal from mine to plant Bite. and could utilize some of the peaking power advantageously, Figure 1 shows the approximate location of all present power but they are handicapped in making suitable arrangements by sources within the region having a rating of 20,000 kw. or more. the political atmosphere which surrounds the problem. Figure 2 shows schematically the principal integrated power These dams are located in sparsely settled portions of the region networks and the utilities or agencies involved within the area. with present loads in the immediate area so small that the existing Arrows a t state lines indicate substantial ties with systems lofuel fired plants are few and far between. Thus, substantial cated in neighboring states outside this region. transmission is required in any event. It is axiomatic that whoIn the case of the Union Electric System, three arrows indicate ever undertakes the considerable transmission investments that connections with other utilities in the State of Illinois. These will be involved must be able to count on long term and stable three companies are Central Illinois Public Service Co., Illinois arrangements for power to provide the economic justification Power Co., and Electric Energy, Inc. The three arrows acfor such investment. tually represent a total of six interconnecting lines having a total The Mississippi is canalized to provide a 9-foot channel to Mincapacity of 650,000 kw. Two additional ties having a total neapolis, Minn. A similar channel has been authorized on the capacity of 100,000 kw. are now under construction. The Missouri from its mouth to Sioux City, Iowa, although uncomIllinois systems are, in turn, interconnected with other systems pleted sections of the program on the Missouri now limit navigaforming a 30,000,000-kilowatt grid that covers the major portion tion t o a 6-foot channel as far as Omaha, Neb. Thus, river of the eastern half of the United States. transportation is provided over a total distance of 630 miles in Another major interconnected network is that involving the and 990 miles along the border of the region, or a total distance of 1620 miles. Kansas City Power & Light Co., the St. Joseph Power & Light
Table 111. Analysis of Fuel for Electric Generation-Total
State Total United States Minnesota 1nU.a. ._ -
Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas
Q
Total Net Av Fuel Generation C o s t p e t Reported, Kw.-Hr. % Cents 94.3 0.34 91.3 67.2 80.2 42.3 77.2 5.4 73.0
0.42 0.44 0.37 0.60 0.60 0 49 0.28
13,641
Cost/ Million B.t.u. Consumed, Cents 24.8
14,814 lfi,l57 17,869 24,452 17,956 14,477 15.293
28.5 27.5 20.9 24.5 33.4 34.0 18.3
Av.
B t.u./Net Kw.-HI.
-
Electric Utility Industry 1951
Coda Av. Av. cost/ton, B.t.u./ dollars pound 6.42 11,968 6.34 6.11 5.11 3.32 6.77
9.876 10,102 11,180 6.841d 8,067
5.12
...
West North Central 71.4 0.40 16,201 24.4 5.61 Bituminous and anthracite roal. and relativdy small amounts of coke, lignite, and wood.
Oil b Av. Av. cost/bbl., B.t.u./ dollars gallon 2.11 180,137
GasC Av post/ Av. 1000 cu. B.t.u./ ft., cents cu. ft. 13.5 972
144,373 143,774 144,421 137,671 139,849 138,283 147,479
20.3 19.1 5.5 80.0
ii,'Go
4.16 4.21 2.94 5.57 4.82 4.21 2.55
22.7 14.0 15.5
966 1,000 402 R 60 994 1,000 998
9,888
3.21
146,478
13 4
774
b Furl oil. crude oil, and small amounts of tar and gasoline. C
S a t u t a l and manufartiirt,d ga5 and wasit? ga9
d Cords a n d cubic feet of hogged wood converted t o pounds a n d tons.
November 1954
I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
2311
Power Co. in Minriescita arid extending into eastern North and South Dakot,a. 3;lectric power supply systems arc expensive things to build, and it is f tial to the welfare of the utility conipanics that they accurately Ragi’ thc load rcquirenients of their torritory and bring :dditioiial sources into operat,ion as required, but only RS rapidly as they will he needed. By the same token, t,he steady increase in public demand for more and more electrical service is inexorable. Thus, a continuous planning and rondtruct,ion program with it3 nttendanl capilal expansion problem i j an ine &le part of any utility operation. steady load groxth which over’ the y w r r has avrrrtged about 7% per year and itpproximately double6 tht: load every 1 0 p a r s would quickly bring ahou t a povcei shortage unless it is anticipated and niet through an orderly expansion program. Except during war emergencies wliiJii all programs had to be sacrificed ill of the national deieriw, utility companies have kept pace n.it11 demand and maintained coniforti~!~lr~ reserve niargina. Even during the wai period vlien it was necessary to r(’duce reserve margins, loads ~ v e r cc a i vied sat,isfactorily. Then Director 01 Office of War Utilities, Xrug, partid the famous Churchill remark when lie stated that, the utilities h:d nwcr in his experience &ring t,hr war /I.J been guilty of having too little o1~tieing Figure 2. Major Utility Interconnections in West North Central States too late. Neverthelew, a eo-called power shortage - can be created anywhere il a load is projected which is out of proportion as compared with the Co., Iowa Power Q Liglii Co., arid Iowa-Illin~isGar K. IClectric. normal increments tha.1. have heretofore been charaeterktjc of the Co. systems. The backbone of this netirork is a 161-1i~.t,r:Liisarea. The Padurali plant of the Stoinic Energy Clorriniissinn mission line extending nortli from Kansas Cit>- t,lirouy’ri St. may be an ext,reine illustration bui. vc.ill point up this situation. oines and Ila,viinport, Iolya,. Sutibtttritial Here is a plant, whose load will rcach about 2,000,000 kw, localcd ork to includc most of the Stat’e of I o w in an area tvhere the aggregate b t a l requirements in the vicinity aud a fiolid tie with thr. Omaha Public Power District i i r ~untie? had only t>otaled 20,000 k \ ~ . Thus, if a chemical plan1 or any construction. other subetalitin1 load is iiet down in the middle of ii cow pasturc: Conipanies serving in souttiweht Missouri and sourhcwtem you will have a power shortage but only until the necessary Kansas are members of the Southwest Power Pool, a huge int,erlines can be run to t’hr site and backed up with generation. connected power supply system which covers, in addition to Ur?u:tlly, this can be accomplished almost til; wpidly i i s 111~. their service areas, the states of Arlian~as,Oklahonia, Louikina, plant iteel€ can be constructed. eastern Texas, and western Mississippi. By ineane of a 1.61-kv. The inhrrent characteri s of the chemical manufact,ui,ing line across eastern Kansas, the operat,ions of the Iiebraska. industry result in electrical load profiles which make such loads Public Power Pool and of the Omaha Public Power Diqtrict 111’8 desirable from t,he utilit,y point, of view. The high investnient interconnected with t,his pool which includes capad;. totaling costs of chemical equipment encourage the use of coritinimuc almost 6,000,000 k n . The Kansas Power aY; Light Cci., operating flow processes, which, 11-ith t,he large pumping requiren~eritsf o r in eastern Kansas, has a connection to the pool but does not presently operate in para with it. This pool also has ~rtbst,ant~ial steam, compressed air, cooling water, and liquid transport, usu:~il~ result in steady loads, high load factors, and good p o w r fact’or?. ties with the TVA B em anti nith the power i;>-s+mr in the At the same time such loads dcinand a high degree of reliabilit,y southeastern states. in the regularity and continuity of t,lieir poirer supply, for the, h 161-kv. line already provides a tie bebween the Cnion Electric r and the problcnis of eslosses incident to a p o ~ e interruption system and the Kansas City Poiver B: Light Co. and, when tablishing chemical equilihrium after such an interruption or in the Omaha tie to the Iowa P o w r R: Light Co. goes into operat,he face of fluctuations in the voltage or frequency of the supply tion, substant,ial tie line capacity will be available among all can be significant. In my experience I have found relatively few three of the systems. cases where the power requirements for chemical manufacturing Major transmission networks are building up around the Fedcan be met satisfactorily with secondary paver available frorn eral projects now under construction in North and South Dakota hydro plants only during high stream flow conditions. and the extensive tranamissicin system of the Northern States 2318
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 46,No. 11
-Resources811 of these conditions conspire to make the loads of the chemical manufacturing industry attractive to the operating electric utilities and to favor the interconnected system with multiple power plant resources as the most likely source of supply for the power requirements of such operations. The electric utilities serving the larger population centers within the region offer attractive rates applicable to the load characteristics of the chemical industry. Chemical manufacturing plants will be welcomed by the local operating utility systems and encouraged to locate in their service area wherever circuinstances can be found which justify the location under consideration. The chemical industry can be assured that electric power capacity will be built by the utility industry to meet its needs promptly and enthusiastically.
Kesumtes
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his appreciation for assistancc in the preparation of this paper from associates in the Union Electric Co., including A. W. Howell, L. V. Nelson, G. J. Vencill, and G. S. Whitlow. LITERATURE CITED (1) Edison Electric Institute, 420 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y.
Statistical Bull. 1951,1952. (2) Missouri Basin Inter-Agency Committee, Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C., “Power Requirements and
Supply-Missouri River Region,” RIay 1953. ItirmIvnD for review March 24. 1954
ACCEPTED
July 31, 1964.
Markets for Chemical Expansion H. E. WESSEL ENGINEERING ECONOMICS SECTION, MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KANSAS CITY, MO.
Nearby markets vie with availability of raw materials as the primary locational factor for new chemical plants. Access to low cost transportation may offset many disadvantages with respect to either of these two. The West North Central States contain the necessary basic materials, petroleum, natural gas, coal, and salt, for expansion of primary chemical industry in that area. In addition, however, they have markets for chemical intermediates and consumer goods. The West North Central States have 9.7% of the population of the United States, yet they have only 5.5% of the chemical and allied products industry, based on “value added by manufacture.” Only 4.7% of the money value of certificates of necessity for new chemical plants has gone to these states. The chemical groups not manufactured in the area in sufficient quantity to meet local demands include synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, explosives, drugs and medicines, soap and related products, paint and allied products, fertilizers, and miscellaneous chemicals. This paper presents broad category chemical markets for this area derived by unit consumption factor methods using the inter-industry study of the United States Department of Labor.
T
HIS paper deals with a most important) resource t o the chemical industry, that is, customers. The conclusion of the research on which this paper is based is that the West North Central States offer a large and growing marliet, not satisfied by chemical production in i,he arcla. Basically, the chemical indust,ry haa fivo groups of customers-people, manufacturing industry, service industry and government, agriculture, and construction-rninirIg. With t,hc exception of government, however, tho final demand of all the rest, are created by people. This is the reamn why the niarkcting vicepresident of Monsanto Chemical Co. made the recent statement before the Sittional Jndustrial Conference Board. In our forxvl.a,rd thinking, \ve make a basic assumption that people are markets, and that, the pattern of fut8uredemand for November 1954
chemicals will be governed by their purchases of goods and scrvices. The West North Central States contain ample quantities 01 basic materials, such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, lignite, salt, gypsum, and limestone, for the expansion of the basic chemical industry in the area. Basic chemical industries already in the area include such companies as: Wmtvaco Mineral Products Division a t Lawrence, Kan.; Spencer Chemical Co. a t Pittsburg, Kan.; Du Pont Co. a t Clinton, Iowa; and the new Allied Chemical & Dye Co. plant at Omaha. The tremendous expansion which has taken place in the chemical industry since World War I1 and until the present time has been very largely in the basic raw material-oriented segment of the chemical industry. It can be expected that in the years ahead, an increasing amount of expansion will occur in the intermediates and consumer products segments of the industry. The following data bring out the real importance of personal consumption expenditures in the over-all economic picture ( 4 )2 1951 Gross national produot Government purchases, state, federal, local Gross investment, private Personal consumption expenditures Food and tobacco Clothing and accessories Household operation Trsnsuortation Housing Medical and health Personal business All other, none over 2 . 6 each
Billion Dollars] 329 78 52 216 74 24 27 22 22 10 9 28
It points up a reason why some large chemical conipanies are moving closer to the consumer markets. Some of the larger compmies are advertising and even Belling direct to the consumer in order to increase the public recognition of chemical products. Pemonal consumption expenditures amount to approximately two thirds of the gross national product. Evidently the Btatement, now current in the chemical industry, that people are markets is well founded. Table I indicates consumer quality in terms of per capita in-
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
2319
