/ JOURNAL (J. CHEM.EDUC.,56, A 260,1979) as "one of t h e best recent introductory level physical chemistry textbooks." However, as noted by that reviewer, and confirmed by those who have taught from the hook, it contains "numerous small slips in the text, illustrations and derivations." In producing t h e second edition of this book, the author has obviously expended cunsiderable time and effort in attempting to rectify this sit^ uation. Many of the worked examples have heen reworked. or reolaced bv better ones.
extensively, the presentation of some topics has been improved and certain new materials have been added. T h e original organization of the hook has been retained. T h e book is conveniently divided into three main parts entitled "Equilibrium," "Structure," and "Change," and lhese are prefaced with a broadly based introductory chapter. "Equilibrium" deals with thermodqnamics and in this section of the book there have been major revisions. A number of rather obvious omissions have been corrected. T h e concept of thermodynamic temperature is now developed and identified with the perfect gas temperature. "Standard molar enthalpy of formation" is now defined in the chapter on thermochemistry and there is a more detailed description of the calorimetric measurement of AU and AH. Other topics that are treated a little more fully include: the Joule-Thomsan cooling effect and its significance in refrigeration applications, the third law of thermodynamics, and the definition a n d use of the standard Gihbs function. "Structure" deals with quantum mecham ics and its applicatiun to atomic and molecular structure, symmetry, spectroscopy, s t a ~ tistical thermodynamics, and macro mole^ cules. Revision in this part of the book has been less extensive, but some new material has been added. T h e phenomenon of quantum mechanical tunnelling is discussed more fully, and a number of three-dimensional computer graphics are reproduced in the chapters covering quantum mechanics to illustrate the forms ufvarious wave functions. Laser action receives more extensive treatment, the basic principles of most of the different types af laser currently in use being covered. A section describing Fourier transIorm NMR spectroscopy is another welcome addition. Chapter 24, "Macromolecules" is completely new and treats a number oS fundamentallv imwortant tonics: osmotic aressure
loids. "Channe" deals with kinetic throw and its
chapter covering surface phenomena. A substantial amount of this material has bccn rewritten and some of the more recent de-
A64
Journal of Chemical Education
veloaments in this area are discussed. T h e surface compositions and the use of molecular beams in the investigation of the catalytic activity of surfaces. T h e "Learning Objectives" listed a t the beginning of each chapter throughout the hook h a w obvicwslv been considered care-
written and as a result are much imprnved. They shuuld prove extremely useful for both student and teacher. In reviewing the hook I was dismayed to find that there remains a small number of errors in the text. However, this is still a n outstanding textbook, covering, at a n appropriate level, virtually the whole range of topics likely to be considered in any under^ graduate physical chemistry course. I t is clearly written, well illustrated and attractively produced. The problem sets (an absolulelv essential a a r t of the teachine of ahvsanyone needing a comprehensive text in physical chemistry. R e b e c c a O'Malley University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620
Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theorv. 1900-1925 0 ,
Anthony N. Sfranges,Texas A & M University Press. 1982. xii 291 pp. Figs. and tables. 15 X 2 3 cm. $28.50.
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For the historian of modern chemical theory, Anthony Stranges' new book will surely become as important a resource as Hans Kangrov's "Early History of Planck's Radiation Law" has become for the historian of modern physics since its appearance in English translation in 1976. Additionally, those teachers of chemistry who wish to supplement the normally cursory and abrupt account of the introduction of the shared electron pair concept into chemical theory found in most, textbooks should find Strang e ~ 'portraits of the models of chemical bonding which preconditioned Lewis' semi^ nal proposal of 1916 to he richly suggestive of u s d d heuristic devices. T h e core of the book is bracketed by a first chapter on the nineteenth century origins of t h e electrochemical bond, and by the eighth and final chapter, "The New Theory of Valencey." T h e former reviews the impact of the ideas of Faraday, Davy, and Berzelius. conceptually linked by the work of such fiaures as Laurent, Williamson, Gerhardt, Frankland, and Werner to lhe theory deployed hy Arrhenius at the close of the last century. The last chapter discusses the conflii:t between proponents of the "static" atom-including Lewis, ,I. .I. 'Thornsun, and Langmuir-and those who subscribed lo a "dynamic" view derived from Bohr. Here William A. Noyes is credited with initiating the measures which led to an eventual reconciliation. A brief Epilog summarizes the directions that honding theury was to take after 192:l at the hands of Heisenberg, Dirac, Van Vleck, and Pauling. Rut the heart of the book, h u n d in the middle six chapters, traces the history of theories chemical aSfinity and atomic s t r u c ~
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ture from Thomson's discoverv of the electron in 1897 to the celebrated JACS article of Lewis in 1916. In what follows I will attempt t o sketch what seemed to me to be the highlights of Stranges' treatment of this period. With the presentation of the content of the early (1878) papers of Alfred M. Mayer on floating magnets and their impact on Thomsan's eilorts to provide a "visual d e m ~ onstration of the possible arrangement of the electrons in an atom" we see the genesis of Thomson's early vision of the relation brtween atomic structure and chemical periodicity. In retrospect, Mayer's work assumes a n almost ominous aspect in view of the eventual recourse that Lewis and his contemaoraries were to have to magnetic force in descrihine chemical bondine. In anv" case. -~~ ~, Stranges allows us to see the emergence of an atomicmodel that is surely more interesting and suggestive than the raisin pudding Sound in most textbook summaries. Further, we are presented with an overview af the lines of conflict between the rejection of Thomson's model (occurring before Rutherford's ex^ periment) by (principally) Arrhenius, Charles Barkla, and George A. Schott (arising from the model'srailure to arcountadrquately for the number of electrons and the distribution of mass in the atom), and the support which Thomson's views received from the spectro~ scapic studies of Rydberg, Carl Runge, and Heinrich Kayser. Having portrayed Thomson's initial contributions to the electrostatic theory of chemical valence, Stranges allows us to see the extent of the introduction of' such terms as "tubes of force," "residual valence," and "Faraday bundle" into the theoretical liter^ ature of the early twentieth century. T h e last af these terms we find t o hare heen an intrinsic part of the language employed by 01iver Lodge, in 1904, for whom such a "bundle" could form a "full chemical b o n d but which was also capable of making available "a few threads or feelers" for "partial adhesion in cross directions. . . " I n the %?meyear, and with the same electrostatic conceptions, we see Percv Frankland seekine to account far both the*colors of hydrates and solubility differences in terms of the divisibility of the "residual affinities'' contained in the "bundle." Chapters 3 and 4 outline the gradual enlargement of the domain of chemical applications ,,i'Thomson's ideas in the 1891-1909 neriod and the imnaet of this on the thinkine bf American chemists from 1909 l a 1915. 1; a continuation of the story which begins in the first chapter, we are made aware of the persistent efforts which were exerted to make electrostatic attraction the foundation of chemical honding theory The prominent figures here are Richard Ahgg, Harry S. Fry, William A. Noyes, K. George Falk, and John M. Nelsarr. A b e c ~a, n early advocsle of the "rule of eight," emerges as one who was wedded to the idea that "electroaffinity" was capable ol'accuunting Sor chrrnical valence in general, including the "secondary" (nonionic) valences which Werner had introduced into his theory dhondingin 1891 and 1897. I11 the work of F d k and Nelson we see the applica~ tion of an "Electron Theory of Valencc" to organic chemistry as exemplified hy the incorporation of "directive valences" into their treatment of the structure of carbi,aylic acids. The same conceptual model oS bonding a p pears in Pry's elahorate assignment of e k e troralenres to benzene and ils derivatives in ~~~
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his attempt to give a mechanistic account of genschwingungen" papers of 1909 and 1910 substitution reactions. Noyes, maintaining by E. Madelung. in 1909 that the "motions" of t h e electrons At all events, the historian who wishes to were responsible for charge separation and, therefore, atomic interaction, sought by means of his "Kinetic Theory of Valence," which he advocated as late as 1917, to reinbe an indispensable guide to further speforce his belief that bonding in both electrocialized stud". In addition. Stranees' text lytes and nonelectrolytes was essentially contains an abundance of stimulating sugelectrical. But with the suggestion that e l m gestions fur enlivening the teaching of tronic motion might he understood in terms chemistry. of a comparison with the behavior of magMarshall S. Wright, Jr. netic poles, Stranges makes us aware of the California Polytechnic State University central role which Noyes' ideas were to play San Luis Obispo. CA 93407 in the development that was to issue in Lewis' proposal of 1916. Conversely, the path by which Noyes, initially the adherent of a strictly electrostatic view of chemical bondTITLES OF INTEREST ing, was led to an eventual acceptance of Lewis' concept of the shared electron pair, is -1979traced in Chapter 5 (The Search for Electromers). Noyes' futile quest for t h e preparative isolation of NWCla- and N3-CIS+, encouraged by Lauder W. Jones'"electromeric" interpretation of the results af Jacob Calculations of Chemical Meisenheimer's study of hydroxylamine deTechnological Processes rivatives, forms the substance of Stranges' I.P. Mukhlyonov (Editor), Translated from narrative a t this point. I found it to be the the Russian by 0.A. Glebov, MIR Publishmost fascinating portion of the hook. ers, Moscow, USSR. Distributed by ImChapter 6 (The Decline of the Elecrostatic ported Publications, Inc., Chicago. IL, or Polar Theory of Valence) places before us 1979. 276 pp. Figs. and tables. 14.5 X 22 the "dualism" of William C. Bray and Gerald cm. $9.00. E. K. Branch wherein the roots of the o x i d a ~ P tion number concept become apparent. J. J. Thomson re-emerges here in the context of his studies (1911-1914) of the physical properties of gases. T h e portrait is of one of the architects of a general theory of "directive" electrostatic valence becoming conFrom Armstrong to Nuffield, Studies in vinced of the existence of a "second type of Twentieth-Century Science Education chemical bond" present in those molecules in England and Wales containing atoms "not electrically charged." E W. Jenkins, John Murray Publishers. The immediate antecedents of the shared Ltd., London, England, 1979. x 318 pp. electron pair concept appear in the discussion Figs. and tables. 15.5 X 23.5 cm. of the one-electron valence theory of William Arsem, the "electroatornic" theory oS .Tohannes Stark, the single~electron~direetive valence models of Bray and Branch and in Stuart J. Bates' proposal that the "displacement" of two electrons in each of two bonded atoms might be conceived "in much the same manner as the attraction of two magnets." The JACS paper of 1916 ("The Atom and the Molecule"), growing out of Lewis' pedagogic hdvances in Thyroid Neoplasia, 1981 deployment of his cubic atom model of 1902 Mario Andreoll, Fabririo Monaco, and and his "Valence and Tautomerism" paper Jacob Robbins (Editors),Field Educational of 1913. is analyzed in Chapter 7. With Lewis' Italia. Rome, Italy, 1981. xxiv 363 pp. introduction of what Stranges describes as "the revolutionary idea that polar and nom Figs. and tables. 16.5 X 24 cm. polar bonds were essentially the same, a pair of electrons shared by the two bonded atoms," we seem to be in the presence of a renunciation or the rigid polar~nonpolar distinction found in the paper of 1913. Aecepting Stranges' assessment on this point, 3arbon-13 NMR Spectral Problems one must recognize nevertheless that the Robert B. Bafes and William A. Beavers, relation between the earlier and later conThe Humana Press, Inc., Clifton, NJ, 1981. ceptions embodied in these two papers raises xxi 259 pp. Figs. 21 X 21 cm. $29.50. some trouhlesome questions of interpretation PB $12.95. and understanding. The most visible of these is the Solluwing. Haw are typical ionic salts envisaged in Lewis' chemical cosmos of 19161 T h e present work is designed to give adT h e language which he used generally to characterize "polar" species is that which a modern reader would apply to polar covalent molecules. Yet many of his examples (NaCI, ioectroseoov. , Some familiaritv with other ~ - ~ NaI, KCI) are ionic salts. It appears as if ;peetrometric techniques is assumed, but no Lewis was either unaware of, or unaffected ,rim knowledge of C-13 NMR is necessary. by, W. I,. Bragg's paper of 1913 on the X-ray A discussion oSC-13 NMR spectroscopy is analysis of crystals and the "Molekulare Eioliowed by 125 problems, each consistmgof
a molecular formula, two types of C-13 NMR spectra (partially and completely proton decoupled, with connecting lines to facilitate multiplicity assignments), an integrated H - l NMR spectrum, and the most important IR, UV, and MS data. These problems have been tested by students at the University of Ariz o n a Though the structures are, in general, more complex than those in problem books in which C ~ 1 3NMR is not used, with the combination of C-13 NMK and the other methods, the reader should be able in most cases to deduce the exact structure, and in those that prove refractory, to reduce the oussible structures to iust a few. Answers are
on each page for the reader's use in solving the problems. T h e problems are arranged roughly in order of increasing difficulty, with those in the first section having completely resolved C-13 NMR spectra in the sense that they contain no coincidental overlaps of carbon absorptions.
Chemistry of Water and Microbiology N. F. Voznaya, Translated from the Russian by Alexander Rosinkin, MIR Publishers. Moscow. USSR. Distributed by Imported Publications. Inc., Chicago, IL. 1981. 347 pp. Figs. and tables. 14.5 X 22 cm. $10.00.
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Cryochemistry G. 6. Sergeevand V A. Batyuk(trans1ated from the Russian by B. V. Kuznetsov), MIR Publishers, Moscow, USSR. Distributed by Imported Publications, Inc., Chicago, IL, 1981. 298 pp. Figs. and tables. 14.5 X 22 cm. $12.00.
Detection and Measurement of Hazardous Gases C. F. Cullis and J. G Firth (Editors), Heinemann Educational Books. Inc., Exeter, NH, 1981. ix 226 pp. Figs. and tables. 16 X 24 cm. $35.00.
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Electrons in Metals
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Volume 60
T h e author's plan is to present a generally elementary introduction to the present understanding of the more familiar rharacteristics and properties that set metals apart
Number 2
February 1983
A65
