Anal. Chem. 1980, 58,335 R-356 R Ouantltatlve Analyslr
(1N) Trussell, A. R.; Lieu, F. Y.; Moncur, J. G. A&. Idenfif. Anal. Org. Pollut. Water 1981, 1, 171. (2N) Gray, G.; Olson, A. C. J . Agric. FoodChem. 1985, 33, 192. (3N) Novak, J.; Roth, M. J . Chromafogr. 1984, 292, 149. (4N) Tong, H. Y.; Karasek, F. W. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 2124. (5N) Knighton, W. B.; Grlmsrud, E. P. J. Chromatogr. 1984, 288, 237. (6N) Wright, C. W. HRC CC, J . Hlgh Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromafogr. Commun. 1984, 7, 83. (7N) Pacholec, F.; Poole. C. F. J. Chromatogr. 1984, 302, 289. (EN) Curvers, J.; Noy, T.; Cramers, C.; Rijka, J. J. Chromafogr. 1984, 289, 171. (9N) Smith, S. L. J. Chromafogr. Sci. 1984, 22, 143. (10N) Ryan, J. F.; Gebhart, J. E.; Rando, L. C.; Tomer, K. E.; Pelllzzari, E. D.; Bursey. J. T. “Adv. Identif. Anal. Org. Pollut. Water”; Keith, L. H., Ed.; Ann Arbor Sci.: Ann Arbor, MI, 1981; Vol. 1, p 49. (11N) Coiby, B. N. Report 1983, EPA-600/2-83-127. PB 84-127711, avail. NTIS from Gov. Rep. Annouce. Index 1984, 84, 129. (12N) Odham, G.; Larsson, L.; Maardh, P. A. “Gas Chromatogr./Mass Spectrum. Appl. Mlcrobiol.”; Odham, G., et al., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1984; p 303. (13N) Masumoto, K.; Yamomoto, T.; Shishido, J. Annu. Rep. Osaka Cify Insf. Public Health Mviron. Sci. 1982, 45, 20. (14N) Sauter, A. D.; Faas, L.; Kurth, G. R.; Shackelford, W. M.; Cline, D. M. “Adv. Identif. Anal. Org. Pollut. Water”; Keith, L. H., Ed.; Ann Arbor Sci., Ann Arbor, MI, 1981; Vol. 2, p 571. (15N) Schwartz, T. R.; Campbell, R. D.; Stalilng, D. L.; Little, R. L.; Petty, J. D.; Hogan, J. W.; Kaiser, E. M. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 1303. (16N) Kenmotsu, K.; Kondo, M.; Maeda, I.; Matsunaga, K.; Ishida, T. Okayama-ken Kankyo Hoken Senta Nenpo 1984, 8, 189. (17N) Zlegler, E.; Schomburg, G. J . Chromatogr. 1984, 290, 339. (18N) Wegscheider, W. ACS Symp. Ser. 1985, No. 284, 167. METHOWLOaY
(4P) Kling, H. W.; Hartkamp, H.; Buchholz, N. Fresenius’ Z . Anal. Chem. 1985, 320(4), 341-6. (5P) Grob, K.; Habich, A. J. Chromatogr. 1985, 321(1), 45-58. (6P) Ioffe, B. V. J . Chromatogr. 1984, 290, 363-75. (7P) Hussam, A.; Carr, P. W. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57(4), 793-806. (8P) Pausch, J. 8. J. Chromatogr. Scl. 1984. 22(4), 161-4. Multldlmenrlonal Gar Chromatography
(la) Schomburg, 0.; Koetter, H.; Stoffeis, D.; Relsslg, W. Chromatographia
1984, 19, 382-90. (20) Cowper, C. J. La6 Pracf. 1985, 34(1), 77-80. (3Q) Wright, D. Am. Lab. 1985, 17(8), 74, 76-81. (40) Gordon, B. M.;Rix, C. E.; Borgerding, M. F. J . Chromafogr. Sci. 1985, 23(1), 1-10, 154) Schombura G.: Weeks, F.; Mueller, F.; Oreans, M. Chromafographia ’ 1982, 16, 87191. (60) Purnell, J. H.; Williams. P. S. J. Chromatogr. 1984, 292(1), 197-206. (7Q) Purneli, J. H.; Williams, P. S. J. Chromatogr. 1985, 327(2), 249-54. (8Q) Purneli, J. H.; Rodriguez, M.; Wliilams, P. S. J . Chromafogr. 1985, 323(2), 402-5. (90) Purneli, J. H.; Williams, P. S. J . Chromafogr. 1985, 325(1), 1-12. ( l o a ) Cortes, H. J.; Pfeiffer, C. D.; Richter, B. E. HRC CC,J. High Resolut. Chromafogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1985, 8(8), 469-74.
Chemometrlco (1R) Harper, A. M. Chromafogr. Sci. 1985, 29, 373-98. (2R) Dunn, W. J., 111; Stalllng, D. L.; Schwartz, T. R.; Hogan, J. W.; Petty, J. D.; Johansson, E.; Wold, S. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56(8), 1308-13. (3R) Chien, M. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57(1), 348-52. (4R) Van Hare, D. R.; Rogers, L. B. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57(3), 628-32. (5R) Walters, F. H.; Deming, S. N. Anal. Lett. 1984, M(A19), 2197-203. (6R) Ramos, L. S.; Burger, J. E.; Kowalski. B. R. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57(13), 2620-5.
Pyrolysis (IO) Liebman, S. A.; Levy, E. J. “Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 29: Pyrolysls and GC in Polymer Analysis”; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1985. (20) Liebman, S.A,; Wampler, T. P. Chromatogr. Sci. 1985, 29. 53-148. (30) Ahlstrom, D. H. Chromatogr. Scl. 1985, 29, 209-76. (40) Liebman, S. A.; Levy, E. J . Chromatogr. Sci. 1985, 29, 1-14. (50) Liebman, S. A.; Wampler, T. P.; Levy, E. J. J. High Resolut. Chromafogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1984, 7(4), 172-84. (60) Wampler, T. P.; Levy, E. J. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 1985, 8, 65-71. (70) Whiton, R. S.; Morgan, S. L. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57(3), 778-80. ( 8 0 ) Levy, E. J.; Walker, J. Q. J . Chromatogr. Sci. 1984, 22(2), 49-55. (90) Venema, A.; Veurink, J. J . Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 1985, 7(3), 207-13. (100) Flynn, J. H.; Florin, R. E. Chromatogr. Sci. 1985, 29, 149-208. Headspace Gas Chromatography (IP) Nunez, A. J.; Gonzalez, L. F.; Janak, J. J . Chromatogr. 1984, 300(1), 127-62. (2P) Vltenberg, A. 0. J. Chromafogr. Sci. 1984, 22(3), 122-4. (3P) Vltenberg, A. G.; Reznik, T. L. J. Chromafogr. 1984, 287(1), 15-27.
Mlrcellaneour
(IS)Zabrokritskii, M. P.; Chizhkov, V. P.; Rudenko. B. A. HRC CC, J. High Resoluf. Chromafogr. Chromatogr, Commun. 1985, 8(4), 170-6.
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(2s) Gilbert, S. G. Adv. Chromatogr (N . Y . ) 1984, 23, 199-228. (35) Poole, C. F.; Schuette, S. A. HRC CC,J . High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromafogr. Commun. 1983, 6(10), 526-49. (45) Katsanos, N. A,; Karaiskakis, G. Adv. Chromatogr. (N.Y.) 1984, 24, 125-80. (5s) Karaiskakis, G. K.; Niotis, A.; Katsanos, N. A. J . Chromatogr. Sci. 1984, 22(12), 554-8. (6s) Phillips, J. B.; Luu, D.; Pawliszyn, J. B.; Carie, G. C. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57(14), 2779-87. (7s) Zlatkis, A.; Weisner, S.; Ghaoul, L.; Shanfield, H. J. Chromafogr. Ll6r. 1985, 32. 449-59. (8s) Grob, K.; Schilling, B. J . Chromafogr. 1984, 299(2), 415-19. (9s) Grob, K., Jr.; Karrer, G.; Rlekkola, M. L. J . Chromatogr. 1985, 334(2), 129-55. (10s) Kischmer, P.; Oehue, M. HRC CC, J. High Resolut Chromatogr . Chromatogr. Commun. 1984, 7(6), 306-11.
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Emission Spectrometry Peter N. Keliher,*’ Walter J. Boyko, Robert H. Clifford, John L. Snyder, and S u e F. Zhu Chemistry Department, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085
This is the 20th article in the series of biennial reviews in the field of emission spectrometry/spectroscopy and is the fourth written by the Villanova University author group (52A). This year Robert H. Clifford, John L. Snyder, and Sue F. Zhu join us as coauthors replacing Joseph M. Patterson, 111, and J. Wilson Hershey, who assisted with the last review. This review article will survey selectively the emission spectrochemical literature of 1984 and 1985. By agreement, however, flame emission publications are reviewed in the section of this review issue entitled “Atomic Absorption, Atomic Fluorescence, and Flame Spectrometry” authored by James A. Holcombe and Thomas M. Rettberg of the University of Texas. This follows previous custom. Because of the late arrival of some journals appearing in December 1985, we may have missed some references of importance, and it is hoped that these will be discussed in the next biennial review. In general, we are following the format that we have used in our previous reviews (9A, 10A, 52A). Because of space Reprints of this review are available upon request. 0003-2700/86I0358-335R$06.50/0
considerations, however, we have had to be particularly selective and we have not attempted to provide an all-inclusive bibliography. In this fundamental review, the emphasis will be on developments in theory, methodology, and instrumentation. Applications will be cited only insofar as they advance the state of the art or have particular current relevance. References are cited only if they are of particular importance to analytical chemists and spectroscopists; articles of primary interest to astronomers and/or physicists are not, in general (with some exceptions in section B), cited. Readers should note that detailed and specific application information is available from Analytical Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, and also the more specific Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectrometry Abstracts published by the PRM Science and Technology Agency (3A). In addition, the latest Application Reviews issue of Analytical Chemistry (1A) contains many recent spectrochemical application references. Readers should also note the excellent annual series Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS) (24A, 44A) published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, 0 1986 American
Chemical Society
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London, W1V OBN, United Kingdom. For the past 14 years, these annual reports have provided detailed information on emission spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry and, in previous reviews (9A, IOA, 52A), we have always recommended them to those with an interest in the field. Whereas our biennial selective review provides several hundred references, each of the ARAAS annual reviews provides over 2000 references including a wealth of information on meeting presentations all over the world. Volume 14, reviewing 1984, has just appeared (24A) and the editors, Malcolm S. Cresser and Les Ebdon, are commended for their outstanding effort. Now, sadly, ARAAS will no longer be published as an annual hardcover book. Arising out of the ARAAS ashes, however, like phoenix, is a new ‘ournalJournal of Analytical Atomic Spectometry (JAAA). JAAS will include ARAAS reviews (which will now be called Atomic Spectrometry Updates) and will be published six times a year with the first issue dated February 1986. In general, we feel that there are already enough journals but we do feel that JAAS will be most successful and of great interest to emission spectroscopists. We applaud the choice of Judith Brew as Editor (12A) and the backup and support of the Royal Society of Chemistry will certainly help this new journal. Ottaway (65A) has very recently commented on the philosophy of JAAS. In going throu h the 1984-1985 literature, we have selected the following pufdications as being most relevant and most emission spectrometry papers published in these journals are cited in this review: Analyst (London), Analytica Chimica Acta, Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Letters, Applied Optics, Applied Spectroscopy, Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, Atomic Spectroscopy, Canadian Journal of Spectroscopy, CRC Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Science and Technology, Fresenius’ Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie, ICP Information Newsletter, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Education, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Microchemical Journal, Optica Acta, Progress in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, Review of Scientific Instruments, Science, Spectrochimica Acta Part B, Spectroscopy Letters, and Talanta. Papers published in unreviewed magazines such as American/International Laboratory, Laboratory Practice, Research and Development, etc. are not generally cited. However, where we feel that a publication is of fundamental importance, it is cited whatever the source. We also note here the birth of yet another “freebee” magazine supported by advertisers. This one is called simply “Spectroscopy” and is published monthly by the Aster Publishing Corp. We compliment the publishers on the professional look and style of this new magazine and we enjoy reading the column (edited by Mark E. Tatro) entitled ”Atomic Spectroscopy Advances”. Information on “Spectroscopy” can be obtained directly from the publisher (78A). 1986 Notes: Applied Spectroscopy goes from six to eight issues per year and Progress in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy drops the “atomic” in favor of a more general title Progress in Analytical Spectroscopy. The ICP Information Newsletter (edited by Ramon M. Barnes) continues to be the “club” newsletter containing important information on current trends in atomic spectrometry. No emission spectrometry laboratory should be without it! A comment should be made regarding the citation of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) publications in this review. Although these papers do not normally involve optical emission spectrometry (the optical emission is replaced by the mass spectrometer), they are, nevertheless, cited in this review since they are of great importance to those interested in ICPs.
BOOKS AND REVIEWS Several important books have been published during the past 2 years. Boumans has published the second edition of ”Line Coincidence Tables for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry” (6A, 7A). Coincidence tables for 892 prominent ICP lines of 67 elements are given. The data on interferences are based on conversions from the NBS “Tables of Spectral Line Intensities” to tables of argon ICP relevance. The tables are primarily intended for the rapid 336R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 58, NO. 5 , APRIL 1986
selection of suitable lines for a particular analysis. Fassel and his research associates have compiled “Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. An Atlas of Spectral Information” (86A). The attractive feature of this atlas is that it has been prepared from actual spectra emitted by ICPs operated under the optimized conditions usually employed for sample analysis. This means that this compilation includes lines that are not to be found in tables intended for use with conventional emission sources, or in ICP atlases that have been based upon them, even though many of the ICP lines are analytically useful. Although this book is extremely expensive, $192.25 US. (ouch!!!), it is nevertheless still worth it in terms of the very useful information that can be gleaned from it. Appendix A contains 232 wavelength scans of 70 elements. Appendix B contains listings by element and by wavelength of prominent lines emitted in the ICP. Appendix C contains scans of several coincidence Drofiles. each with Drofiles of 10 of the most prevalent concdmitants superimposed. In what can only be described as an ABSOLUTELY MAGNIFICANT SPECTRAL COLLECTION, Qiu and Chenn (67A) a t Fudan Universitv (Shanghai. PeoDle’s Republic of China) have put togethir ’an atras givin ‘detailed spectral data at 2 A/mm and 4 A/mm from 1937 through 6593 A. The 96 pages of 4 A/mm spectra and the 111pages of 2 A/mm spectra come in an attractive briefcase and a useful separate tabulation of spectra comes as part of this package. The price of this atlas is a mere (no “ouch” here) $30 plus a $25 charge for postage and register fee. This is a bargain-the briefcase alone is worth $30. Ordering information is given in the reference (67A). Varma’s recently published two volume handbook of atomic absorption (82A, 83A) contains much information that will be useful in emission spectrometry. Knowles and Burgess have edited “Practical Absorption Spectrometry’’ (53A), a very useful book. Throughout the book there are many useful experimental hints that will be of value to spectroscopists. Particular chapters include, “Spectrometer Design”, “Light Sources and Optical Components”, “Monochromators”, “Detectors”, and “Measuring the Spectrum”. Minear and Keith continue their series of books on water analysis; Volume 2, Part 2 discusses inorganic species (61A) and includes an excellent chapter on atomic emission methods written by Winge and Fassel. A book entitled “Analytical Spectroscopy” is, in fact, the proceedings of the 26th Conference on Analytical Chemistry in Energy Technology, held in Knoxville, TN, in October of 1983 (56A). The papers in the plasma section illustrate the ever increasing use of the ICP for elemental analysis. Meier and Zakharchenya (59A) have edited a book on optical orientation with about half of the papers coming from authors in the USSR. Several books dealing with various aspects of computers have been recently published. Liscouski has edited “Computers in the Laboratory” (55A) based on an ACS symposium and Malcolme-Lawes has written (57A) “Microcomputers and Laboratory Instrumentation”. Smardzewski’s recent book “Microprocessor Programming and Applications for Engineers and Scientists” (74A) contains useful information as does Jannson’s book on deconvolution (45A) and Miller and Miller’s book on “Statistics for Analytical Chemistry” (60A). Eckschager and Stepanek have written (33A) “Analytical Measurement and Information: Advances in the Theoretic Approach to Chemical Analysis”. Of related interest, Borman has recently written a useful review of “Scientific Software” @A). We do not normally cite books that have not, as yet, been published but we feel that an exception is warranted in the case of “Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Spectrometry”,edited by Akbar Montaser and D. W. Golightly (62A). This will be, we feel, one of the most important books to be published in 1986 and is highly recommended. The book will contain 16 chapters and is divided into four sections: (A) atomic emission in the ICP; (B) complementary ICP techniques, ICP-AFS and ICP-MS; (C) focus on sample introduction and plasma generation; and (D) applications. Several Analytical Chemistry “A page” reports will be of interest to emission spectroscopists. Wohltjen (87A) comments on chemical microsensors and microinstrumentation, Shukla and Rusling (72A) discuss the potential errors and pitfalls associated with analyzing chemical data with computers, Kallman (48A) discusses the analytical chemistry of
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K . l m ls Rolsawr ot Annlyikai cha*by at Vmnova U n i v W . He re&ed M A.B. dsgw (1982) ha SI. Michasl'~ and M.*. (19671and m.0. (1969) & p e s hom ms university of London. Dr. KeIIher also holds h Mploma 01 p.ln W.
Membership (D.I.C.) 01 Imprlal Collegs. Dr. K e I W cam to Villanova In 1969 he was promoted to AssochIe Rolessw in 1974 and to RoleIn 1979. He has publlshsd approxlmateh 55 papen in various areas 01 analytical ehemlstn vim an emphasis on spclromebic memods. He w e d 89 Treasurer 01 ths Divkion 01 AnaMica1 Chemirlry (ACS) from 1978 lhragh 1982 and he is prerenw an Anemate CwncAor lor the Division. He was Chairman 01 ths F&%ation 01 AnaWcal Chnnkby and Spectrosco~~ Soclelies (FACSS) Governing Board in 1979 and w e d as FACSS Exhibn Dkeclor hom 1981 ttxo@ 1985. He is pressnliy Assistant Rqlram Chakman lor me Eastern Analytical SympODium (EAS) and will ytwe as 1967 EAS RCgram chairman. HB ~s O" S B Y W ~ I editorial boards including A~O,T~C SpCWOmby UGd4tS.9 (part 01 WW Jarnal Of A M W l AlWnIC SpCtrC7Zeby). CeMdlm JOUMl Of &%?Cb'WW and ,'. A M W I chemlrby where he Is a member 01 mt Insbumemation Advkmy PBMI. Dr. Kelihw k also Edna 01 lhe M i c r ~ m i c e l J o u r n a lmt , 0Wlal publication 01 the American MIcm chemical Sociely
Jok L Snydm b Wanhgtavardtlw RID. dsgw at VMsnova w**n ths d b d m d Dr. K s M r . k b r&ed hls B.A. (1975) horn Mwslsh Cdlsgs. Orantham. PA. He mSn spnt several yteam m k b y and physrcS In Zambia and Z i m bebwe. Hs received hk M.S. dsgw horn Villah 19S5 and Is pesenny smplDyed at Lancaster Lamatorb. Inc.. in Lancab ler. PA.
EMISSION SF'ECTRWTRY
the precious metala. Bowman and Vurek (8A) discuss the analysis of microliter biological samples, and Sharp (7ZA) comments on stray light in UV-vis spectrophotometers. Parsons and eo-workers (19A) have reviewed their work on the determination of many metals in the insect boll weevil (Anthnnomus grandis), one of the m a t damaging pests to the cotton industry in the southeastern United States. The e l e mental composition of the boll weevil is monitored to provide data on the migration of the insect. This fascinating paper shows that multivariable data and pattern recognition techniques can be combined and applied to evaluate and interpret complex relationships in a wide variety of m a s and disciplines. Ewing and van Swaay (=A) describe some of the difficulties associated with teachine chemical instrumentation in universities. Their report s h h d be read by all who are associated wit.h teachine" this ~.~~ -~ ~- suhieet. ---,--Table I (rourtesy of Kamon M. Barnes) shows the incredible 'explosion" of ICP-MS papers presented at selected professional meetings during the past few years. ICP-MS papers in the literature are somewhat behind the papers presented at meetings but are rapidly catching up. ICP.MS research papers are discussed in section C of this review and ICP-MY discussion/ reuieu, papers are noted here. Douglas (30A) has described the development of ICP-MS technology at Sciex in Canada and Cantle (22AJ has discussed the VC Plasma Quad ICP-MS system developed in England. Douglas and Houk ( 2 9 0 have reviewed recent developments in IC'P-MS and Date (27Al has commented on ICP-MS appliratiuns development a1 the British Geologiral Survey. Houk (42AJ has reviewed his recent work at Iowa State University and Gray (39AI has described his recent development work in ICP-MS at the University of Surrey. Gray has also recently reviewed (40Al the origins and development of the ICP 81) an atmospheric pressure ion source for MS. Present achievemen& and limitations are discussed and the areas of likely development in the near future are outlined. Harnes has recently compiled ( 4 A Ja reference list of ICP-MS papers from 19rl(l through 1984. Spectruchimica Acta, Part E, continues to be a very major journal in the field of emission spectrometry and several 'special issues- should be noted here. Graphite Furnace Technolog) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (74A) was dedicated to Boris V. L'vov on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his first publication. The 'most fun" article in h s isue is cenainly "How Lvov Introduced the EDL Outside Russia" by H. L. Kahn (47A) in his incredibly unique style. Anyone who haa ever made an EDI. should be required to recite Kahn's article aloud while kneeling!!! Another special issue of Speclrochimica Acta, Parr R, was entitled A Proiile of Current Deuelopmenrs in Atomic Spectroscopy (75A) honoring Professor Kurt Laqua on the occasion of his 65th birthday. This special issue was edited by J. A. C. Rroekaert and R. J. Decker. A special issue of Speclrochimica Acta entitled *Plasma Spectrochemistry 11" (Cuest Editor Ramon M. Barnes) contains the Proceedings of the 19&( Winter Conference on Plasma Spearorhemistry held in San Diego, CA, from January 2 through 6. 19R4 (76A). There are many uerj important papers i n this issue. Another special issue appeared in late 1985; Anal)ficol Spectroscopy: Theory and Applications dedicated lo Professor Velmer A. Fassel of Iowa State University (77AJ. This issue was edited by his colleague of many yeam, Richard N. Kniseley. In view of Fassel's immense contributions to analytical spectrometry, this honor isue waa highly appropriate. The issue contains an article hv Fassel ( 3 6 A l entitled 'There Must Be an Easier Way: Some Reminiscences'. outlining the historical development of his career. Of related interest. Fassel's Wiley Award Address (
