no one on their staffs doing s-ray diffraction work. What is more important, they have no one teaching it to the chemists of the future. Perhaps this is a job for the AMEREAX CHEMICAL SOCIETY,and perhaps this reviewer, a physicist, has 110 business lecturing chemists about what they should learn. After all, it is also true that physicists all too often k n o r little or no chemistry. B u t here, a t any rate, is a proper subject for consideration. LITERATURE CITED
(1) Bernal, J. D., Nature 129, 277 (1932); Chem. & I n d . (London)
51,466 (1932). (2) Bijvoet, J. M., Koninkl. N e d . A k a d . Wetenschap., Proc. 52, 313 (1949). (3) Buerger, &I. lacaulay Institute for Soil Research are reviewed (173) and analyses of plant materials, water, and soil extracts in
plant iiutritioii studies are described (244). I n the rare earth field an earlier direct current arc method is extended to determinations of other rare earths in dysprosium, holmium, and erbium ( 7 4 , a general direct current arc method is described for analysis of rare earth minerals (41), and patterns of distribution of rare earths in various minerals are studied (179). Limestones are analyzed for trace impurities by chemical separation and direct current arc analysis (48). Slags are analyzed in solution by a spark anti rotating graphite electrode (21) and major constituents of copper- and leadmaking slags are determined by fusion with a lithium borate-boric acid mixture and spark excitation (144). Manganese is determined in cement by the flame photometric method applied earlier for alkalies (61). Prospecting for tin deposits is made spectrographically (113) and the analyses of plint and soils are made in studies of copper-tin mineralization (168). A report on improved accuracy in the determination of calcium and magnesium appeared (229)* Among various agricultural products analyzed by spectrometric methods are niilli for major cations by flame photometry (180), corn tissues for a large number of metals (200),opium analyzed for trace elements as a means of locating the origin of the drug (19), and whisky for added distinctive cations (201). Aninial tissues from 20 different normal human organs were analyzed for many trace elements (159); bones, both fossil and contemporary, were analyzed (1%); the relative retention of strontium and calcium by bones was nieasured (4);and cobalt in bone and soft tissues was determined (121). Applications of flame photometry in the clinical laboratory are reviewed with 18 references (239) and tlie flame photometric determination of calcium in biological material after a complicated extraction procedure is described (235). Applications in the petroleum industry are reviewed by Noar (184, 185). Flame photometry is applied t o the determination of 27 metals in Diesel fuels with an automatic recording system (250), and arc or spark excitation with a rotating-disk carbon electrode serves for analysis of lubricating oils (86). More complete recovery is claimed for !vet-ashing than by dryashing of petroleum distillates, aiid details of the method are given for determining metals in the 0.1 to 2.0 p.p.m. range (90). Systematic maintenance control by analysis of crankcase oils is now applied to stationary engines in pipeline service (142). Among miscellaneous applications of spectrometric analysis are determination of calcium ion by a combined flame
photometry and titration method (70), halides are determined indirectly by flanie photometric determination of silver after reaction of silver nitrate with the sample (163), a spark-in-spray method ser ,res for determination of vanadium a id iron in titanium tetrachloride (lecl),direct-reading spectronietry is appl ed to the analysis of alumina, bauxite, and related materials with precisions within 5% (SO) ; lead, zinc, and thallium are determined in air ( 4 2 ) ; paper is analyzed for impurities (31); water is andyzed for numerous trace elements in :he parts per million range (151); and powders are analyzed by blowing the r,ample through a glass tube to deposit it on an electrode (125). I n semiqumtitative methods applied to rapid ana lysis of miscellaneous niaterials, use of a transparent enlargement of coinparison spectra a t the projection comparator [screen as reported to improve visual estimations (103). Application of special reference standards for semiquantita tire analysis is described ( 1 7 4 , and analysis is made with germanium added to tlie sample-carbon mix as refere ice element (25). I n closing this review, attention is called to evaluations of spectronietric methods in which statistical techniques play a prominent part. Two papers provide tho “ough discussions on the general problem of evaluating and comparing metkods, one by Kaiser and Specker (117) and the other by Garton et al. (92). I n another approach, Ogu (187) employs a statistical design in determining working conditions for a method of tiace analysis in which various parameters are evaluated by a randomized block method. Frank, Dallemand, and Fry (84) describe the application of an analysis of variance technique fo1 the investigation of homogeneity of zinc-base standard samples. Wider use of statistical treatments should prove advantageous in the everincreasing problem of choosing between many alterna tive procedures of analysis appearing in the literature. LITERATURE CITED
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