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Enhancing Thermal Stability and Lifetime of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells via Molecular Engineering of the Hole Transporting Material spiro-OMeTAD Tadas Malinauskas, Daiva Tomkut#-Lukšien#, Rüdiger Sens, Maryte Daskeviciene, Robert Send, Henrike Wonneberger, Vygintas Jankauskas, Ingmar Bruder, and Vytautas Getautis ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/am5090385 • Publication Date (Web): 08 May 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 12, 2015
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Enhancing Thermal Stability and Lifetime of SolidState Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells via Molecular Engineering of the Hole Transporting Material spiroOMeTAD Tadas Malinauskas,a Daiva Tomkute-Luksiene,a Rüdiger Sens,b Maryte Daskeviciene,a Robert Send,b Henrike Wonneberger,b Vygintas Jankauskas,c Ingmar Bruder,*,b Vytautas Getautis*,a a
Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas,
50254, Lithuania b
c
BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str.38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
Department of Solid State Electronics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 9, Vilnius, 10222,
Lithuania. KEYWORDS charge transport, morphological stability, hybrid solar cells, amorphous materials, spiro compounds.
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ABSTRACT Thermal stability of hybrid solar cells containing spiro-OMeTAD as hole transporting layer is investigated. It is demonstrated that fully symmetrical spiro-OMeTAD is prone to crystallization and growth of large crystalline domains in the hole transporting layer is one of the causes of solar cell degradation at elevated temperatures, as crystallization of the material inside the pores or on the interface affects the contact between the absorber and the hole transport. Suppression of the crystal growth in the hole transporting layer is demonstrated to be a viable tactic to achieve significant increase in the solar cell resistance to thermal stress and improve the overall lifetime of the device. Findings described in this publication could be applicable to the hybrid solar cell research as a number of well performing architectures rely heavily upon doped spiro-OMeTAD as hole transporting material.
Introduction Modern society is facing ever growing concerns over climate change caused by the combustion of fossil fuels.1-3 Of the available renewable and clean energy sources, solar energy is the most abundant. Therefore, it’s no surprise that there has been a recent surge in the development of photovoltaic technologies.4 Photovoltaic devices based on crystalline, inorganic semiconductors have reached impressive power conversion efficiencies of over 28% in single-junction, and 37% in multi-junction device architectures under full-sun illumination.5 However, this class of photovoltaics suffers from its high production and energy costs, which result in long financial and energy payback times.6-9 This has promoted the development of solution processable solar cells,10-13 which benefit from low-cost materials, cheap, high throughput manufacturing methods and low energy expenditure.14 The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been a long-standing
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candidate to fulfil this long list of requirements. For the solid-state version (ssDSSC), power conversion efficiencies of over 20% have been predicted,15 while utilizing low-cost materials,16 low temperature processing (
