EPA's Registration Requirements For Insect ... - ACS Publications

9

Downloaded by NATL UNIV OF SINGAPORE on May 5, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1976 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1976-0023.ch009

EPA's Registration Requirements For Insect Behavior Controlling Chemicals—Philosophy and Mandates WILLIAMG.PHILLIPS, Ph.D. Ecological Effects Branch, Criteria and Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash.,D.C.20460

For those of you who do not know, I regretfully report that Dr. Len Axelrod suffered a fatal heart attack a few weeks ago, and needless to say, I feel very humble standing here in his place. During the few years in which I had the distinct pleasure of associating with Len, he always received my deepest respect, not only as a scientist, but as a humanitarian who was greatly concerned with the welfare and survival of man and his environment. So, without any further adieu, I would like to dedicate this presentation to Dr. Leonard R. Axelrod. During the past year, Criteria and Evaluation Division has worked closely on a contract with the Zoecon Corporation. The purpose of this contract was to provide scientific and technical data to enable the Environmental Protection Agency to develop guidelines for the registration of pheromones and insect growth regulators. Part of what I am about to present is from the Zoecon Contract, as we take our first major step in developing the necessary guidance and criteria for the development and registration of chemicals for insect behavior control.

Since we are just beginning to develop these guidelines, I am not going to discuss the specifics on what needs to be done for evaluating efficacy, environmental chemistry, safety, etc. However, I w i l l attempt to address the past, present, and future i n our association with these materials for use not only as alternatives f o r some of the more highly persistent t r a d i t i o n al pesticides, but also as an aid in reducing the chemical load entering the environment. Historical Background Although European naturalists as early as the 17th Century u t i l i z e d caged v i r g i n female moths to lure males f o r their c o l l e c t i o n s , the f i e l d o f chemical communication did not acquire appreciable sophistication until quite recently. In 1959, 135

Beroza; Pest Management with Insect Sex Attractants ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1976.


136

PEST

M A N A G E M E N T W I T H INSECT SEX

ATTRACTANTS

K a r l son and L u s c h e r c o i n e d t h e term "Pheromone" t o r e f e r t o s u b s t a n c e s which a r e e m i t t e d t o t h e o u t s i d e by a n i n d i v i d u a l and r e c e i v e d b y a second i n d i v i d u a l o f t h e same s p e c i e s w h i c h r e s p o n d s i n a s p e c i f i c manner, such a s a b e h a v i o r a l r e s p o n s e . (The s i n g u l a r term "Pheromone" r e f e r s t o o n e o r s e v e r a l c h e m i c a l compounds e l i c i t i n g t h e r e s p o n s e ) . Two y e a r s l a t e r , t h e German c h e m i s t B u t e n a n d t and c o - w o r k e r s c u l m i n a t e d a 2 0 - y e a r e f f o r t by i d e n t i f y i n g the'male sex a t t r a c t a n t f r o m 500,000 s i l k w o r m moth f e m a l e s , t h e f i r s t such n a t u r a l c h e m i c a l message system t o be decoded. T h e s e two e v e n t s p l u s a n i n c r e a s e d i n t e r e s t i n a l t e r n a t e p e s t c o n t r o l methods have h e l p e d s t i m u l a t e numerous r e s e a r c h programs d i r e c t e d toward t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e b i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e c h e m i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f pheromones. F o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e EPA G u i d e l i n e s f o r R e g i s t r a t i o n , t h e term "Pheromones" w i l l a l s o i n c l u d e non-pheromone c h e m i c a l s , which e l i c i t o r m o d i f y b e h a v i o r a l r e s p o n s e s . I n c l u d e d i n t h i s c a t e g o r y w i l l b e a t t r a c t a n t s d i s c o v e r e d by e m p i r i c a l s c r e e n i n g . A Sampler o f B e h a v i o r a l F u n c t i o n s To d a t e pheromones have been found t o m e d i a t e a d i v e r s e r e p e r t o i r e o f behavior p a t t e r n s ranging from those i n u n i c e l l u l a r organisms t o those i n the primates. As a p a r t i a l s a m p l e r , i n s e c t pheromones have been f o u n d t o r e g u l a t e such phenomena a s a g g r e g a t i o n r e s p o n s e s , i n c l u d i n g t r a i l f o l l o w i n g a s i n a n t s a n d t e r m i t e s , h o s t c o l o n i z a t i o n a s i n a t t r a c t i o n o r mass a t t a c k o f bark b e e t l e s t o t r e e s , a n d r e c r u i t m e n t ( " C a l l i n g " ) o f s e x u a l p a r t n e r a s i n a t t r a c t i o n o f m a l e s t o f e m a l e moths. I n o t h e r c h e m i c a l s t i m u l i s y s t e m s , d i s p e r s i o n away f o r m t h e r e l e a s e d pheromone o c c u r s . T h i s o c c u r s i n t h e c a s e o f a n a l a r m s u b s t a n c e e m i t t e d from a n a t t a c k e d a p h i d which c a u s e s t h e a p h i d ' s n e i g h b o r s t o e s c a p e p r é d a t i o n by r a p i d l y d r o p p i n g from t h e p l a n t . A l a r m pheromones can a l s o s e r v e t o mark a n enemy f o r a t t a c k b y a d d i t i o n a l i n d i v i d u a l s , a phenomenon many o f us have e n c o u n t e r e d a f t e r b e i n g s t u n g by a s o c i a l hymenopteran such a s a bee o r a wasp. O t h e r p a t t e r n s o f pheromone r e s p o n s e i n c l u d e c o l o n i a l b e h a v i o r i n many s o c i a l Hymenoptera ( s u c h a s bees and a n t s ) a n d t h e Isoptera ( t e r m i t e s ) . G e n e r a l l y , t h e queen e m i t s t h e "master" pheromone w h i c h s e r v e s many f u n c t i o n s i n c l u d i n g c o l o n y members h i p i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and e l i c i t i n g t h e r e t i n u e b e h a v i o r o f f e e d i n g and grooming t h e queen. Examples o f some o f t h e c h e m i c a l s t h a t m e d i a t e b e h a v i o r a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e I. More e x t e n s i v e i n f o r m a t i o n can be f o u n d i n r e c e n t r e v i e w s b y J a c o b s o n and S h o r e y . The s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e m e s s e n g e r r e c e p t i o n s y s t e m t o t h e pheromone i s o f a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y n a t u r e . I n t h e male s i l k w o r m moth, a s i n g l e pheromone m o l e c u l e can e l i c i t f i r i n g o f a n o l f a c t o r y neuron on t h e male a n t e n n a , whereas some 200 m o l e c u l e s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r a n o v e r t b e h a v i o r a l r e s p o n s e a s male movement toward t h e o d o r s o u r c e .



Male A t t r a c t i o n

(_Z)-7-Dodecen-l-ol

Cabbage L o o p e r

grandis

Anthonomus

nevadensis

Hexanoic A c i d

Termite

Trail-marking

Alarm

2-Heptanone Isopentyl Acetate

1) 2)

Honeybee

4)

3)

2)

Female & M a l e (+)cis-2-Isopropenyl-lMethylcyclobutanethanol Attraction (Z)-3,3-Dimethylclohexylideneethanol (Zj-3,3-DimethylcyclohexyliDeneacetaldehyde (Aggregation) (£)-3,3-Dimethylcylohexylideneacetaldehyde

Weevil

1)

Boll

* R e f e r e n c e s c a n be l o c a t e d i n J a c o b s o n , Μ . , In R o c k s t e i n , T h e P h y s i o l o g y o f I n s e c t a , 2nd ED., 3:229-276. 1974 ( A c a d e m i c P r e s s , New Y o r k )

Zootermopsis

mellifeva

ni

Triohoplusia

Apis

dispar

Porthetria

Acetate


cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-Methyloctadecane

Gypsy Moth Moth


Valeric Acid

Sugar Beet Wireworm B e e t l e

californiens

Limonius

Response

Chemical

Common Name

Name

Examples o f C h e m i c a l s M e d i a t i n g V a r i o u s B e h a v i o r a l R e s p o n s e s i n I n s e c t s *

S c i e n t i f i c Name

Table I:



138

PEST

MANAGEMENT

WITH

INSECT

SEX

ATTRACT ANTS

E l u c i d a t i o n o f t h e c h e m i c a l s t r u c t u r e s o f pheromones h a s lagged behind the d e s c r i p t i o n o f the general behavioral f u n c t i o n s . G e n e r a l l y , e v i d e n c e o f t h e p r e s e n c e o f a pheromone by o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o r must p r e c e d e b i o a s s a y and i s o l a t i o n . I n 1966, s e v e r a l i n s e c t pheromones were c h e m i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d , and s i n c e t h e n t h e number o f compounds c h a r a c t e r i z e d has i n c r e a s e d s t e a d i l y , d u e i n p a r t t o t h e i n c r e a s e d s o p h i s t i c a t i o n o f the instrumentation f o r chemical a n a l y s i s . As t h e s y n t h e t i c pheromones have become a v a i l a b l e , b i o l o g i s t s have been a b l e t o d e c i p h e r t h e i r e x a c t b e h a v i o r a l f u n c t i o n a n d a p p l i e d e n t o m o l o g i s t s a n d z o o l o g i s t s have been a b l e t o i n i t i a t e programs d e s i g n e d t o u t i l i z e pheromones f o r p e s t p o p u l a t i o n manipulation. Principles G e n e r a l l y , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f pheromones i n t o a c h e m i c a l s y s t e m f o r p e s t p o p u l a t i o n m a n i p u l a t i o n , s u c h a s mass t r a p p i n g o r d i s r u p t i o n o f pheromone c o m m u n i c a t i o n , i n i t a l l y i n v o l v e s c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e pheromone s y s t e m , c h e m i c a l s y n t h e s i s , and l a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d documentation o f the beh a v i o r a l r e s p o n s e s e l i c i t e d by t h e pheromone. Once t h e s t r u c t u r e and evoked b i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e a r e d e s c r i b e d , e v i d e n c e o f t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e pheromone f o r p o p u l a t i o n m a n i p u l a t i o n must be e s t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h f i e l d t e s t i n g under natural conditions. Use o f Pheromones i n P e s t M o n i t o r i n g The most immediate and o b v i o u s use o f s y n t h e s i z e d pheromones has been f o r p o p u l a t i o n m o n i t o r i n g , e s s e n t i a l l y a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e e a r l y n a t u r a l i s t s ' use o f f e m a l e moths t o l u r e m a l e s . A s y n t h e t i c pheromone i n a s t i c k y t r a p , f o r e x a m p l e , l u r e s a n d e n s n a r e s t h e p e s t s . T h e numbers c a u g h t can be used t o e s t i m a t e t h e p e s t ' s r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e and s e a s o n a l development. This i n f o r m a t i o n may p e r m i t d e c i s i o n s t o b e made a s t o t h e e x a c t t i m i n g o f i n s e c t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r maximum e f f e c t i v e n e s s o r even a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r a c o n v e n t i o n a l p e s t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n . For c e r t a i n c r o p s , t h i s p r e c i s e p o p u l a t i o n s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e may a l l o w s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e s t a n d a r d p e s t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n , w i t h t h e use o f o n l y 0.015 t o 0.00003 gram o f s y n t h e t i c pheromone p e r a c r e i n a s i n g l e t r a p . A t y p i c a l case o f such a b e n e f i t occurs with the m o n i t o r i n g o f t h e summer f r u i t t o r t r i x moth i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s . T h e maximum b e n e f i t f o r a n i n s e c t i c i d e s p r a y w i t h t h i s s p e c i e s i s d e r i v e d when t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o c c u r s a few days a f t e r egg h a t c h , j u s t as the l a r v a e are m i g r a t i n g t o t h e i r f e e d i n g s i t e s . T h i s s u s c e p t i b i l i t y window can be p r e d i c t e d a c c u r a t e l y t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f pheromone t r a p s , a n d t h e i r w i d e s p r e a d u s e i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s has r e s u l t e d i n t h e use o f f e w e r i n s e c t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n s w i t h more e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l .


9.

PHILLIPS

EPA's Registration Requirements

139

S i m i l a r m o n i t o r i n g programs f o r a number o f p e s t s s u c h as t h e c o d l i n g moth, t h e peach t w i g b o r e r , and t h e o r i e n t a l f r u i t moth a r e i n t h e r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t s t a g e . P o p u l a t i o n m o n i t o r i n g w i t h c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e pheromone t r a p s has been a d o p t e d by some commercial g r o w e r s as p a r t o f i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management programs. M o n i t o r i n g systems a r e not r e g u l a t e d by t h e EPA s i n c e t h i s pheromone use i s n e i t h e r d e s i g n e d nor c l a i m e d to suppress p o p u l a t i o n l e v e l s .


Mass T r a p p i n g f o r P o p u l a t i o n S u p p r e s s i o n and C o n t r o l S e v e r a l d i s t i n c t m e t h o d o l o g i e s f o r pheromone u t i l i z a t i o n i n d i r e c t p o p u l a t i o n m a n i p u l a t i o n have been d e s c r i b e d . The t e c h n i que o f mass t r a p p i n g u t i l i z e s compounds w h i c h l u r e ohe o r b o t h sexes t o a m a t i n g a n d / o r a g g r e g a t i o n l o c u s . In mass t r a p p i n g t h e s e compounds a r e e m i t t e d f r o m a d i s p e n s e r and t h e a t t r a c t e d p e s t becomes e n s n a r e d i n a s t i c k y t r a p o r a d e v i c e o f s i m i l a r p r i n c i p l e . S u c c e s s o f t h i s method depends upon removal o f a s u f f i c i e n t p o r t i o n o f t h e p e s t p o p u l a t i o n so as to r e d u c e damage o r n u i s a n c e t o an e c o n o m i c a l l y o r m e d i c a l l y a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l . E f f i c a c y i n mass t r a p p i n g i n v o l v e s n o t j u s t t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e a c t u a l number o f p e s t s c a p t u r e d i n a t e s t , b u t , a d d i t i o n a l l y , i t r e q u i r e s some i n d e p e n d e n t e s t i m a t e o f t h e e f f e c t on t h e t o t a l p e s t p o p u l a t i o n a n d / o r o f t h e damage r e d u c t i o n . In some s u c c e s s f u l mass t r a p p i n g e x p e r i m e n t s , t h e q u a n t i t y o f pheromone used p e r a c r e was l e s s t h a n 0.04 grams (0.00009 l b s ) o r r o u g h l y 1/10,000 t h e q u a n t i t y per a c r e f o r s e v e r a l c o n v e n t i o n a l p e s t i c i d e s . In t h e c a s e o f o t h e r p e s t s p e c i e s , t h e t o t a l amount o f pheromone p e r a c r e c o u l d be s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n t h i s amount. In mass t r a p p i n g an a t t r a c t a n t - b a i t e d t r a p g e n e r a l l y s e r v e s to capture the pest. Traps are s e t out at a d e n s i t y which i s s u f f i c i e n t enough t o remove t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e b r e e d i n g p e s t population necessary f o r population suppression. F o r e x a m p l e , i n t h e c a s e o f t h e r e d b a n d e d l e a f r o l l e r moth, a s p e c i e s i n w h i c h t h e f e m a l e - p r o d u c e d pheromone l u r e s t h e male f o r m a t i n g , 40 a t t r a c t a n t t r a p s p e r a c r e i n an a p p l e o r c h a r d w i l l remove enough males t o e f f e c t c o n t r o l o f t h i s p e s t , p r o v i d i n g t h a t t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s used on low i n i t i a l p o p u l a t i o n s . F o r t h i s s p e c i e s , a low p o p u l a t i o n c o u l d be a c h i e v e d by a p p l i c a t i o n o f a conventional i n s e c t i c i d e p r i o r to the i n i t i a t i o n of the pheromone program. A low p o p u l a t i o n a l s o would e x i s t i n a w e l l managed commercial a p p l e o r c h a r d . A mass t r a p p i n g p o p u l a t i o n m a n i p u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e would possess the f o l l o w i n g advantages over c o n v e n t i o n a l p e s t i c i d e s : 1. H i g h l y s p e c i f i c c o n t r o l o f t h e t a r g e t o r g a n i s m ; 2. F a c i l i t a t i o n o f b i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l o f n o n - t a r g e t p e s t s ; 3. Use o f a compound w h i c h i s d e s i g n e d t o a t t r a c t r a t h e r t h a n k i l l a t r a t e s c o m p a r a b l e t o n a t u r a l pheromone l e v e l s .


PEST

140

MANAGEMENT WITH

INSECT

SEX

ATTRACTANTS


P o p u l a t i o n Suppression by D i s r u p t i o n o f Communication A n o t h e r p r o m i s i n g means o f u s i n g pheromones o r a t t r a c t a n t s i n a n i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management program i s t h r o u g h d i s r u p t i o n of pheromone c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a p r o c e d u r e f i r s t d e m o n s t r a t e d by Gaston a n d c o - w o r k e r s . Population manipulation involving d i s r u p t i o n o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n i s d e p e n d e n t upon a t m o s p h e r i c permeation with a s u f f i c i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f communication component c h e m i c a l s t o p r e v e n t o r g r e a t l y a l t e r t h e p e s t ' s o l f a c t o r y p e r c e p t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n toward t h e n a t u r a l pheromone s o u r c e s . R e s e a r c h e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h many moth s p e c i e s have d e m o n s t r a ted t h a t emission o f these communication d i s r u p t a n t s i n t o the a i r p r e v e n t s t h e male's s u c c e s s f u l l o c a t i o n o f t h e f e m a l e , t h e r e b y e f f e c t i n g a r e d u c t i o n o r e l i m i n a t i o n o f m a t i n g . The d i s r u p t a n t employed c o u l d be t h e n a t u r a l pheromone c h e m i c a l s r e c o n s t i t u t e d i n a d i f f e r e n t p r o p o r t i o n o r r a t e , o r a compound w h i c h by i t s e l f i s not p a r t o f the n a t u r a l communication system but which a f f e c t s the b e h a v i o r a l response. S u c c e s s f u l communication d i s r u p t i o n t h u s g e n e r a l l y p r e v e n t s c r o p damage i n t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a t i o n by r e d u c t i o n o r e l i m i n a t i o n o f m a t i n g i n t h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n . E f f i c a c y e v a l u a t i o n again r e q u i r e s p r e c i s e sampling o f t o t a l pest p o p u l a t i o n s and a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e s o f c r o p damage. One t e c h n i q u e f o r d i s p e r s a l o f t h e pheromone i n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e i s e m a n a t i o n o f t h e compound from p o i n t s o u r c e d i s p e n s e r s . Such e v a p o r a t i n g d e v i c e s can be d e p l o y e d a t a s e t number per u n i t a r e a and a r e r e c o v e r a b l e ( i . e . , can be removed a f t e r u s e ) , s o t h a t t h e pheromone i s d i s p e r s e d o n l y i n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e and not s p r a y e d d i r e c t l y o n t o t h e f o l i a g e , c r o p s , s o i l and t a r g e t o r n o n - t a r g e t o r g a n i s m s . A n o t h e r method o f pheromone a p p l i c a t i o n i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t used f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l p e s t i c i d e s . I n t h i s p r o c e d u r e , a pheromone f o r m u l a t i o n ( i n v o l v i n g m i c r o e n c a p s u l a t i o n , w e t t a b l e powders, o r other v o l a t i l e r e l e a s e matrices) i s sprayed with standard p e s t i c i d e equipment. Experiments conducted t o date i n d i c a t e t h a t r a t e s o f only 10 grams (0.02 l b s ) o r l e s s o f pheromone per a c r e per a p p l i c a t i o n may be more t h a n a d e q u a t e f o r c o m m u n i c a t i o n d i s r u p t i o n f o r s e v e r a l weeks. T h e s p e c i f i c t e s t p r o t o c o l n e c e s s a r y t o demons t r a t e e f f i c a c y w i l l be d e p e n d e n t on t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e pheromone compound, t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e chosen, the nature o f the c r o p , the t i m i n g o f the a p p l i c a t i o n , and t h e b i o l o g y o f t h e o r g a n i s m . C u r r e n t EPA P h i l o s p h y The p u b l i c ' s c o n c e r n f o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i s o n e o f t h e f a c t o r s m o t i v a t i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f new a g e n t s f o r i n s e c t popul a t i o n c o n t r o l . A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , most r e s e a r c h , n o t a b l y i n i n d u s t r y i s s t i l l c o n c e n t r a t e d o n hard c h e m i c a l i n s e c t i c i d e s ,



9.

PHILLIPS


141

e s p e c i a l l y d i r e c t e d toward m o d i f i c a t i o n s of e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r a l t y p e s such as o r g a n o p h o s p h a t e s , o r g a n o t i n s and c a r b a m a t e s . T h e emphasis i s on a g e n t s w i t h l e s s p e r s i s t e n c e , i m p r o v e d e f f i c a c y , and g r e a t e r s p e c i f i c i t y t o t a r g e t o r g a n i s m s . I n s e c t pheromones i n g e n e r a l a r e h i g h l y selective.;each pheromone i s l i m i t e d t o a p a r t i c u l a r i n s e c t , o r a t m o s t , t o s e v e r a l r e l a t e d s p e c i e s . The most e f f i c i e n t pheromones a p p e a r t o be c h e m i c a l s w h i c h a r e p r o d u c e d by the i n s e c t s t h e m s e l v e s , o r by h o s t p l a n t s . They a r e e f f e c t i v e i n e x t r e m e l y s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s . T h e y a r e a t t r a c t i v e to a p a r t i c u l a r s t a g e o f t h e p e s t i n s e c t , g e n e r a l l y t h e a d u l t s t a g e , and t h e y a r e used o n l y d u r i n g a l i m i t e d t i m e o f t h e y e a r . By t h e i r v e r y n a t u r e , n a t u r a l pheromones have been presumed to be r e l a t i v e l y n o n - t o x i c t o man and o t h e r n o n - t a r g e t o r g a n i s m s . However, e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t ions concerning the p o s s i b l e hazards or adverse e f f e c t s of pheromones t o man and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a r e n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s a f e t y o f t h e i r use as p e s t i c i d e s , e s p e c i a l l y when synthesized. A l t h o u g h pheromones e x h i b i t h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as i n s e c t c o n t r o l a g e n t s , c o m m e r c i a l i n t e r e s t i n c h e m i c a l s w h i c h a r e e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t a s i n g l e s p e c i e s on a s p o r a d i c need b a s i s i s g e n e r a l l y l i m i t e d . U n d e r s t a n d a b l y ; the chemical i n d u s t r y does not w i s h t o b e a r t h e h i g h c o s t o f r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t f o r m a t e r i a l s w i t h l i m i t e d p r o f i t , however, t h e USDA i s c a r r y i n g o u t the d e v e l o p m e n t o f pheromones as p a r t o f t h e i r t h r u s t t o w a r d i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management s y s t e m s . A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e pheromones a r e m a i n l y u s e d as s u r v e y t o o l s f o r m o n i t o r i n g p o p u l a t i o n s and many i n v e s t i g a t o r s f e e l t h a t t h i s use o f pheromones w i l l be t h e key to i n t e g r a t e d p e s t c o n t r o l programs f o r many c r o p s . Pheromone b a i t e d t r a p s f o r m o n i t o r i n g p u r p o s e s have t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c u s e s : 1. To d e t e r m i n e p r o p e r t i m i n g o f s p r a y s ; 2. T o l o c a t e s o u r c e s o f i n f e s t a t i o n f r o m o v e r - w i n t e r i n g areas; 3. To d e t e c t a new p e s t coming i n t o a r e g i o n ; 4. To d e t e r m i n e i f a p e s t i c i d e s p r a y i s a c t u a l l y needed. In t h e f u t u r e , pheromones may be used f o r c o n t r o l o f c e r t a i n i n s e c t s . C u r r e n t t h i n k i n g i s t h a t c o n t r o l w i t h pheromones may be e f f e c t i v e i n two ways. 1. By mass t r a p p i n g o f one or b o t h s e x e s ; 2. By c o n f u s i o n o f t h e i n s e c t s t h r o u g h c o m m u n i c a t i o n d i s r u p t i o n , i . e . , t h e i n s e c t s become c o n f u s e d and d i e b e f o r e m a t i n g occurs. C e r t a i n o f t h e compounds a r e i n c l u d e d i n m a j o r programs b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t as p a r t o f t h e t h r u s t toward i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management, i n p a r t i c u l a r , g o s s y p l u r e f o r p i n k b o l l w o r m , g r a n d l u r e f o r b o l l w e e v i l and d i s p a r l u r e f o r g y p s y moth. Pheromones f o r numerous i n s e c t s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l p u r p o s e s and a s m a l l number a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r c o m m e r c i a l u s e s . B e c a u s e o f t h e l o n g e x p e r i e n c e o f i n d u s t r y and g o v e r n m e n t w i t h c h e m i c a l p e s t i c i d e s , t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s and



142

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development procedures are best d e f i n e d f o r the " t r a d i t i o n a l " chemical c o n t r o l agents. S a f e t y , e f f i c a c y and environmental r e q u i r e m e n t s w h i c h have e v o l v e d f o r t r a d i t i o n a l i n s e c t i c i d e s a r e t h e s t a n d a r d s by which p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y new c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l a g e n t i s e v a l u a t e d b y t h e EPA. T h e c o s t o f d e v e l o p i n g a n y new and n o v e l method o f i n s e c t c o n t r o l , f a l l i n g w i t h i n t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e EPA, i s g o i n g t o b e a t l e a s t a s e x p e n s i v e a s t h e c o s t o f d e v e l o p i n g a t r a d i t i o n a l chemical i n s e c t i c i d e . In a d d i t i o n t o the b a s e l i n e requirements e s t a b l i s h e d f o r the t r a d i t i o n a l i n s e c t i c i d e s , new a g e n t s (even i n t h e " e x p e r i m e n t a l p e r m i t s " a n d "temporary t o l e r a n c e " p h a s e s ) , may be r e q u i r e d t o u n d e r g o a d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s some o f which may b e new and u n i q u e . P r o p o s e d R e g u l a t i o n s a n d Recommendations S a f e t y - H a z a r d E v a l u a t i o n . Hazard e v a l u a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s s h o u l d s t r o n g l y c o n s i d e r t h e use p a t t e r n a n d t h e b a s i c s a f e t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l m a t e r i a l s . T h e r e q u i r e m e n t s may b e e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t i f t h e pheromone i s a p p l i e d by p o i n t - s o u r c e r e l e a s e v e r s u s b e i n g b r o a d c a s t o v e r a n a r e a i n the f o r m o f a s p r a y o r g r a n u l a r f o r m u l a t i o n . A l s o , w i t h a pheromone, one must c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e compound o c c u r s i n n a t u r e , a n d p o s s i b l y i n what c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . A f u r t h e r d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s m i g h t a l s o b e made between a p o i n t - s o u r c e r e l e a s e mechanism which i s not r e c o v e r a b l e versus a p o i n t - s o u r c e r e l e a s e mechanism which i s r e c o v e r a b l e . E f f i c a c y - U s e P a t t e r n C r i t e r i a - L a b e l i n g . With pheromones i t i s f e l t t h a t some term s h o u l d b e used o t h e r t h a n " c o n t r o l " . T h e r e i s a w i d e v a r i a t i o n o f terms t h a t c o u l d b e u s e d , b u t , g e n e r a l l y , i t i s f e l t t h a t terms such a s " p o p u l a t i o n s u p p r e s s i o n " o r " a i d s i n c o n t r o l " a r e more s u i t a b l e p a r t i c u l a r l y where t h e u s e f u l n e s s a n d e f f i c a c y o f t h e p r o d u c t a r e based on i t s a b i l i t y t o p r o t e c t f o l i a g e a n d / o r on i t s a b i l i t y t o p r e v e n t m a t i n g , t h u s l e a d i n g t o p o s s i b l e p o p u l a t i o n r e d u c t i o n i n a manner o t h e r t h a n by d i r e c t k i l l a s e x p e r i e n c e d w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l h a r d c h e m i c a l s . Perhaps t h e most c o n t r o v e r s i a l a r e a i n o b t a i n i n g pheromone r e g i s t r a t i o n r e v o l v e s aroung t h e f a c t t h a t even though t h e r e may be a r e d u c t i o n i n m a t i n g t h i s does not n e c e s s a r i l y mean t h e r e i s a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f a s p e c i e s . T h i s i s why t h e t e r m " a i d s i n c o n t r o l " may b e more a p p r o p r i a t e f o r pheromones w h i c h a r e employed a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f a n i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management s y s t e m . In a d d i t i o n , r e s i s t a n c e t o pheromones, e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e used f o r m o n i t o r i n g , s h o u l d n o t d e v e l o p , t h u s i n s u r i n g a l o n g e r m a r k e t l i f e f o r pheromones. C a t c h e s i n pheromone b a i t e d o r o r g a n i s m - b a i t e d t r a p s o r mating i n c i d e n c e i n the t r e a t e d areas are s u p p o r t i v e o f e f f i c a c y b u t such d a t a d o not c o n s t i t u t e a d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f e f f i c a c y . F i e l d P l o t Techniques. F i e l d p l o t techniques acceptable f o r t r a d i t i o n a l p e s t c o n t r o l i n g e n e r a l a r e a c c e p t a b l e f o r pheromones b u t may v a r y d e p e n d i n g upon t h e b i o l o g y o f t h e i n s e c t and



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a d a p t a b i l i t y o f t h e p r o d u c t t o c e r t a i n p e s t management p r a c t i c e s . Each i n d i v i d u a l pheromone d e v e l o p m e n t must be c o n s i d e r e d on a c a s e - b y - c a s e b a s i s , and c r i t e r i a such as p l o t s i z e , number o f r e p l i c a t e s , geographical test l o c a t i o n s , etc., should, out o f n e c e s s i t y , be s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n d e p e n d i n g upon t h e p r o b l e m a t hand. A r e a s w h i c h may have t o be i n v e s t i g a t e d i n a d d i t i o n t o what i s p r e s e n t l y done w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l p e s t i c i d e s a r e as follows: (A) N e c e s s i t y f o r o b t a i n i n g more d e t a i l s on t h e b i o l o g y o f t h e i n s e c t , t h e stage o f development present a t time o f a p p l i c a t i o n and t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n each s t a g e . (B) The n e c e s s i t y f o r c o m p i l i n g p a s t h i s t o r y r e c o r d s on i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s , on t h e t r e a t e d a r e a and i n a d j a c e n t a r e a s . (C) T h e n e c e s s i t y f o r c o m p i l i n g r e c o r d s on a d j a c e n t c r o p s and a r e a s , f o r the season o f t h e experiment and, p o s s i b l y , f o r t h e s e a s o n s b e f o r e and a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . Current Registration Status When used as s u r v e y t o o l s i n i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management p r o g r a m s , t h e pheromones a r e n o t s u b j e c t t o t h e F e d e r a l I n s e c t i c i d e , F u n g i c i d e and R o d e n t i c i d e A c t , u n l e s s used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a p e s t i c i d e w h i c h i s s u b j e c t t o t h e A c t . I f used a s a n a t t r a c t a n t i n a c o n t r o l procedure or i n i n s e c t m i t i g a t i o n , pheromones a r e s u b j e c t t o r e g u l a t i o n under t h e A c t . The pheromone f i e l d , a s a p a r t o f t h e s c i e n c e o f e n t o m o l o g y has a d v a n c e d r a p i d l y i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e , and i n p a r t i c u l a r , i n t h e p a s t few y e a r s . A t p r e s e n t , m u s c a l u r e i s r e g i s t e r e d a s a n a t t r a c t a n t i n f l y b a i t s . T h i s pheromone i s s p e c i f i c t o housef l i e s , f o r w h i c h t h e b a i t s a r e s o i n t e n d e d ; however, o t h e r s p e c i e s o f f l i e s may be a t t r a c t e d by o t h e r i n g r e d i e n t s i n t h e b a i t . T h e r a t i o n a l e f o r r e g i s t e r i n g m u s c a l u r e d i f f e r e d from o t h e r b a s i c a t t r a c t a n t s i n t h a t i t s a c t i o n as a s e x a t t r a c t a n t incorporated i n the b a i t , permitted a reduction i n the concentrat i o n o f a more t o x i c c h e m i c a l p e s t i c i d e and i n c r e a s e d t h e e f f i c a c y o f the product. This c o n s t i t u t e d the f i r s t r e g i s t r a t i o n o f a pheromone f o r i n s e c t c o n t r o l . E x t e n s i v e f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s have been c o n d u c t e d by t h e USDA to a s s e s s t h e p o t e n t i a l o f d i s p a r l u r e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e gypsy moth by c o m m u n i c a t i o n d i s r u p t i o n t e c h n i q u e s . Due t o t h e method used a n d t y p e o f r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d , i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y t o employ c r i t e r i a f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n based on f o l i a g e p r o t e c t i o n a n d / o r i n a b i l i t y o f t h e i n s e c t t o mate and p r o p a g a t e t h e s p e c i e s , r a t h e r t h a n on t h e b a s i s o f p o p u l a t i o n r e d u c t i o n o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h d i r e c t k i l l . D i s p a r l u r e i s i n t h e advanced stages o f development under an e x p e r i m e n t a l p e r m i t , and r e g i s t r a t i o n a p p e a r s p o s s i b l e w i t h i n a y e a r o r two. E x p e r i m e n t a l p e r m i t s have a l s o been i s s u e d by EPA f o r c o d l e mone, a s e x a t t r a c t a n t f o r c o d l i n g moth, and g r a n d i u r e , t h e


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b o l l w e e v i l a g g r e g a t i o n pheromone, w h i c h i s c u r r e n t l y registration.

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Current Progress S c i e n t i s t s i n t h e R e g i s t r a t i o n and C r i t e r i a a n d E v a l u a t i o n D i v i s i o n s have begun a j o i n t e f f o r t t o d e v e l o p g u i d a n c e and c r i t e r i a f o r t h e e f f i c a c y and s a f e t y e v a l u a t i o n o f pheromones. The p u r p o s e o f t h i s g u i d a n c e w i l l b e t o a s s i s t r e g i s t r a n t s w i t h the r e g i s t r a t i o n requirements f o r developing and t e s t i n g these compounds, a n d t o a s s i s t t h e r e v i e w p r o c e s s w i t h t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f such p r o d u c t s when s u b m i t t e d f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n . The " G u i d a n c e and C r i t e r i a " p a c k a g e w i l l be d e v e l o p e d i n a s e p a r a t e document p a r a l l e l i n g t h e g e n e r a l r e g i s t r a t i o n g u i d e l i n e s i n f o r m a t , b u t a p p l i c a b l e s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and t e s t i n g o f t h e s e t y p e compounds. T h i s w i l l f u r t h e r e n a b l e us t o c i r c u l a t e and work on t h i s document w i t h t h e R e g i s t r a t i o n D i v i s i o n u n t i l t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s and methods a r e s u i t a b l e t o b o t h C r i t e r i a a n d E v a l u a t i o n D i v i s i o n and t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e r e b y p r e v e n t i n g t h e p r o b l e m o f constantly modifying the general r e g i s t r a t i o n guidelines. The a n t i c i p a t e d c o m p l e t i o n d a t e f o r t h e pheromone g u i d a n c e and c r i t e r i a w i l l b e t h e end o f t h e c u r r e n t c a l e n d a r y e a r , a s we move f o r w a r d i n t h e a r e a o f new p e s t i c i d e p r o d u c t s .


EPA's Registration Requirements For Insect ... - ACS Publications

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