Equipment und Design This is a foolproof method for showing piping changes and adjustments by David E. Pierce the unsung heroes of our A chemical industry are the ma.ster MONG
mechanics and pipe fitter foremen who, for many years, have been translating t o working installations a mass of oral instruction, sometimes supplemented by very crude sketches on the backs of enr-elopes and other assorted substitutes for drawing papel'. We have often lamented the brief instruction given us in freehand Figure 1 b. Freehand pencil sketch of sketching versus the hours spent in proposed piping changes learning to make three dimensional A new pipe i s to b e installed and the two old drawings. Of the latter we have pipes with crass markings are lo be removed made practically none tiiu.ing our entire professional life \\,liereas the Figure l a . Photograph of area freehand sketches, if ])le(~et3end t,o where pipirg\changes are to be made end, would reach from lici,e back to the college doors. The sltill a.nd ingenuity with whicli t,he mechanics carried out our fragmentary directions is a tribute to t,lleir understanding and craftsmanship rather than to our skill in communications. This \vhole pioldern of' passing on t,o others our ideas and desires is, a>ccordiiig to a very earnest group of people, merely one phase of the larger problem of semantics. This science deals with all phases of human relations and with the ways in which minds meet or fail to meet. The specific problem in semantics tha.t we are interested in a t the moment has to do with changes in piping and equipment, alterations and relocation, all having a pronounced effect on the cost of plant maintenance. The problem of giving instructions so that the desired changes are completed within the allowable time is quite diffdrent in our large, modern plants with their complex piping and conduits than i t n.as in the smaller plants of another day. Among the difficulties, lack of upto-date drawings may prevent the engineer from merely having to mark an old print to show the new arrangement of equipment, piping, and Figure I C . Combination of the transparent film print of the sketch and the yalves. Even in the best of en- photograph showing exactly what piping changes are necessary and where gineering departments, i t sometimes In actual practice the photograph will b e black and white and the print will be sepia; just the happens that the drawings made reverse of what i s shown July 1955
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CilEMISTRY
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I1 1I GUIDED I 1 MISSILES 1
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Equipment and Design
To those qualified in the techniques of
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The Laboratories are engaged, among otlicr projects, in a highly advanced research m i d development program devoted to production ofthe Hughes guided missile.
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ENGINEERS or APPLIED PHYSICISTS
familiar with non-metallic materials are required to plan, coordinate, and conduct special laboratory and field test programs on missile components. These men should have experience in materials development, laboratory instrumentation, and the design of test fixtures.
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RESEARCH CHEMIST
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The Plastics Department of the Microwave Laboratory has need for an individual with a Ph.D. Degree, or equivalent experience in organic or physical chemistry, to investigate the basic properties of plastics. The work involves research into the properties of flow, the mechanisms of cure, vapor transmission, and the electrical and physical characteristics of plastics.
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RESEARCH A N D D EVELOPM E NT L A B 0 RAT0 R I ES
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ScientiJc and Engineering Stafl
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CULVER CITY, L G S A N G E L E S COUNTY, CALI FOR N I A
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Circle NI. 62 A on Readers’ Service Card, page 101 A
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Work load of drafting room can be relieved
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when piping was installed in Building A 5 years ago are not even reasonable facsimiles of the way the piping looks today. When the drafting load is heavy, the work that is deferred “until we have time” is usually the correcting of maps and of layouts of piping and equipment. Consequently, an urgent job of altering an old drawing to show changes needed tomorrow may run into major trouble today because the old drawing is meaningless. Even when old drawings are available, prudence requires more or less checking in the field to make sure that they are correct. This takes expensive time and to that is added the drafting time required to make the revised drawings. The engineering cost of making alterations, therefore, may seem inordinately high to the oldtimer who used to show his master mechanic what was wanted by a crude chalk drawing on the nearest tank or by pointing with his finger.
A modern solution to many of the drafting problems of this sort-Le., of alteration and relocation-has resulted from a combination of the camera, the pencil, and the dry development reproduction process. This new method was discussed by Herald A. Burns and William R. Sutton, of the Production Engineering Department, Ansco Division of General Aniline & Film Corp., a t the Chicago meeting of the Photographic Society of America, October 5 , 1954. Their paper was published in the February, 1955, issue of Photographic Science and Technique. We believe that the method can be of practical help in most chemical plants which have grown beyond the phase of sketches on the backs of envelopes. Accordingly, we have obtained from Herald Burns some additional information and several specific examples of the way to “do it yourself.” Figure l a shows the corner of a room in which piping changes are to be made. Using a camera with an f/3.5-lens, preferably one having a short focal length which permits a wide field of view with maximum sharpness in both foreground and background, you take your flash shot. Incidentally, you don’t need high speed, press-type film but rather the
kind you use to photograph your small son (or grandson). Except where there are very deep shadows and a large amount of piping, one flash bulb will supply all the light needed. From the resulting negative (2l/4 X 2l/4 inches in the case of pictures shown here) you make an 8 X 10 inch enlargement. The next step is to place a sheet of tracing paper over the enlargement. On this, the desired changes only are shown. The sketching is done with a pencil, usually freehand. The result (Figure l b ) shows a new pipe that is to be installed and two others that are to be removed. The latter are clearly shown by cross markings. A few additional lines serve to locate the old and new piping with reference to existing lines. A sepia foil print is now made from the sketch, using film base coated with a diazo compound, printed and dry developed in one of the machines in common use in most drafting rooms. Burns, of course, used an Ozalid foil and machine because of his company affiliations. The transparent film, thus obtained, is shown in Figure IC. Stapled to the enlargement of the original picture, it is now ready for use in the field. The pipe fitter who is to make the changes has no blueprints to puzzle over. He lifts the foil to orient himself with the existing piping then proceeds to make the changes shown on the foil print. This up-to-the-minute technique communicates instructions unerringly
The savings in time effected by using this combination of camera, pencil, and machine instead of conventional drafting methods have been very great, we are told. Also, it is practically foolproof because even a man with no facility in reading blueprints can understand this combination of photograph and transparent sketch. Furthermore, the record is finally placed on the engineering drawings whenever a draftsman is free to make the translation to his file copies. That may be months after the alteration has been completed. We recommend this new procedure. Correspondence concerning thin column will be forwarded if addressed to the author, c/o Editor, INDUSTRIALAND ENQINEERINQ CHEMIBTRY, 1155--16th St,., N . W . , Washington 6, D. C.
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 47, No. 7
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