BSKS Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. Hugo B. Fischer, E. John List, Robert C. Y. Koh, Jorg Imberger, Norman H. Brooks. 483 pages. Academic Press, Inc., 11 1 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003
Reviewed by John P. Connolly, Donald J . O’Connor Environmental Engineering & Science program Manhattan college Bronx. N.Y. 10471 This volume is a timely and muchneeded text by a group of engineers, most of whom are recognized experts in their respective specialties. The book is logically structured, proceeding from theoretical development to practical application. Chapter 1 provides background material and a brief overview. In Chapters 2-4, the theoretical groundwork is laid for the application to natural water systems presented in Chapters 5-8. The authors discuss basic concepts of mixing and develop the advection-diffusion equation. The last two chapters consist of a discussion of buoyant jets and plumes, and the design of ocean outfall diffusers. Each author composed one or a few chapters, reflecting primarily their own previous work, much of which has contributed notably to the field of mixing in natural waters. Summarized in the chapters is much valuable information that engineers and scientists in research and practice will find helpful. The numerous practical examples included clearly illustrate the utility of the concepts presented. The range of dispersion coefficients encountered in various systems is presented, and the reasons for the differences are discussed in light of the basic factors the theoretical sections describe. The theoretical development is comprehensive and for the most part clearly presented. The discussion of turbulent diffusion presented in Chapter 3, however, is not as clearly presented as it has been in other contemporary texts. The text is primarily concerned with mixing and dispersion, as the title explicitly states. However, in consideration of the equal and at times predominant role of transport due to ad894
Environmental Science & Technology
vection, the coverage in this regard is not as complete as that for dispersion, In practice, many water quality analyses are performed using steady-state advective models, and it is a weakness of the text that it does not discuss the conditions under which such models are appropriate. Most information presented in the text concerns the analysis of conservative substances, and is very useful in this regard. However, the discussion of nonconservative substances is generally simplistic. The few pages devoted to this topic cover first-order decay, using examples with a decay coefficient on the order of 0.1 per day. But reaction coefficients in natural systems vary by many orders, and in many cases are nonlinear. The magnitude of the reaction or transfer coefficient is an important factor in the selection of the appropriate model, as indicated by various dimensionless numbers, e.g., KE/U2, in which K is the reaction coefficient; E , the dispersion coefficient; and U,the longitudinal velocity. A discussion of such effects would have added greatly to the value of the text. The volume does not consider the importance of mixing at different scales of reaction and advection. The dearth of references in this regard is surprising, since a goal of the authors was to address pollutants. In addressing conservative substances, the authors concentrate on dissolved constituents. However, many constituents are in the particulate form, and a discussion of their transport would have been appropriate. When one considers the authors’ backgrounds, it is disappointing that such a presentation was not included. A final criticism of the book is that although each chapter presents a good summary of a particular topic, the text as a whole lacks a synthesis and overview. The fundamental equations are presented in cach chapter, but there is no cohesive discussion of such a unit. This may be unavoidable in a text of this type; it is partially compensated for by the logical structure maintained throughout. For an understanding of dispersion of conservative pollutants, the text is a useful addition to the library of the environmental engineer.
Water Clarification Processes: Practical Design and Evaluation. Herbert E. Hudson, Jr. xiv 353 pages. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th St., New York, N.Y. 10020. 198 1. $26.50, hard cover. Many aspects are covered, including plant operation records, jar testing, sedimentation, filters, mixinglflocculation, and uses of chemicals. New plant designs, laboratories, and numerous other pertinent items are discussed, as is upgrading of plants.
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Soil Biochemistry. Vol. 5. E. A. Paul, J. H . Ladd, Eds. xv 480 pages. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1981. $65, hard cover. This work emphasizes the biochemical turnover of specific elements and organic compounds in soil, and takes a special look at resistant compounds and the effects of heavy metals. Biomass measurements, intra- and extracellular enzymes, nitrogen fixation, urea transformation, and nutrient and enzyme flows are discussed.
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Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust. National Research Council. xv 169 pages. National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D.C. 20418. 1981. $9.75, paper. This work examines mainly lightduty vehicles. It focuses on genotoxic (mutagenic, carcinogenic) compounds in the exhaust, in-vivo and in-vitro studies, carcinogenetic mechanisms, bioassays, physiological effects, and epidemiology. Research needs are also examined.
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Environmental Impact Statement Di367 rectory. Marc Landy, Ed. xi pages. Plenum Press, 227 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. 10011. 1981. $15, hard cover. This work contains about 4000 entries from 300 documents, and a survey of 500 agencies. It gives a list of where to go by agency or department, in government and private agencies, to obtain information necessary to the preparation of an environmental impact statement.
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BOOKS conrinued Fundamentals of Industrial Toxicology. Kim Anderson, Ronald Scott. viii 120 pages. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Box 1425, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106. 1981. $14.95, hard cover. As more regulations for the workplace take effect, those involved would do well to obtain at least some idea of what they face. This work offers an introduction to industrial toxicology, including physiological effects, doseresponse relationships, classification of contaminants, and types of exposure. Knowledge of such topics will become increasingly essential to future industrial managers.
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Sludge Treatment. W. Wesley Eckenfelder, Chakra J. Santhanam, Eds. xii 591 pages. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 198 1. $75, hard cover. This work fully describes the most effective designs and operation of sludge treatment facilities available with the newest technology. The design criteria presented will function within EPA regulatory frameworks. A critical assessment of research and development in the field is provided.
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International Organization and the Conservation of Nature. Robert Boardman. xiii t 21 5 pages. Indiana University Press, 10th and Morton Sts., Bloomington, Ind. 47405. 198 I . $22.50, hard cover. Water and air pollutants respect no international boundaries. Conservation of resources, especially irreplaceable ones, is necessary worldwide, and requires a global strategy, the author states. He demonstrates this need by relating case histories, among them problems in polar regions, developmental pressures in East Africa, and migratory bird protection. Analytical Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Lilton L. Lee, et al. xi 462 pages. Academic Press, 1 1 I Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003. 198 1. $60, hard cover. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been suspected as carcinogens. This work examines their properties, toxicology and metabolism, sampling, separation, and analytical methods. Among analytical methods discussed are chromatography, spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and other techniques.
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Nutrition and Environmental Health: The Influence of Nutritional Status on Pollutant Toxicity and Carcinogenicity. Vol. 2. Edward J. Calabrese. xvi t 468 pages. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. IO01 6. 198 I . $45, hard cover. This volume covers minerals and macronutrients, as well as numerous inorganic, organic, and organometallic substances. Also discussed is the organism’s use of macronutrients as possible detoxification vehicles for carcinogens and other toxic contaminants. Ocean Dumping of Industrial Wastes. Bostwick H . Ketchum et al., Eds. ix 525 pages. Plenum Press, 227 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. 10011. 198 1. $59.50, hard cover. Ocean dumping, once regarded as an attractive, inexpensive option, is fast losing its appeal. This book covers regulatory aspects of ocean dumping, U S .practices and rules, and international agreements. New chemical, physical, and biological data are brought to light. Dispersion characteristics, bioassays, and similar subjects are discussed.
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Volume 15, Number 8, August 1981
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Cancer Causing Chemicals. N . Irving Sax. ix 466 pages. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th St., New York,N.Y. 10020. 1981. $39.95, hard cover. Among topics covered are many carcinogens in the workplace and what is being done to control them. Regulations, relevance to the general population, and theoretical science are also presented by experts in the field. An alphabetical listing of 2400 basic carcinogens is given.
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Drought Gardening. Sue Hakala. 32 pages. Garden Way Publishing, 15 16 Ferry Rd., Charlotte, Vt. 05445. 198 1. $ 1 S O (+75$ for postage), paper. What if water runs short, or there is a dry season? Can “gray water” be used in a garden, rather than being sent down the sewer’?This short book explains how to maintain a successful garden despite water shortages, which may become more frequent, and how to make the best use of available water. EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Data Base Supplement. G. A. Milne, S. R. Heller. Stock NO. SN-003-003-02268-3. SUperintendent of Documents, U S .
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Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 1981. $42/set. Contains 8807 mass spectra. Each spectrum is in bar graph format over full mass range, with Chemical Abstracts Index subject name and registry number, and molecular formula and weight. The original four volumes (plus fifth index volume) are also available for $100/set; ask for Stock NO. S N 003-003-01987-9.
Nuclear Technology. May 198 1 issue. Roy Post, Ed. American Nuclear Society, 555 North Kensington Ave., La Grange Park, 111.60525. 198 1 . $29. This issue features pBpers that explain w h y releasing radioactivity during nuclear accidents has much less severe consequences in terms of public health than predicted. Chemical Hazards in the Workplace: Measurement and Control. Gangadhar Choudhary, Ed. 628 pages. American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1981. $43, hard cover. This book, ACS Symposium Series No. 149, covers monitoring and control, methodology, special toxicants, quality assurance, and new technolo-
gies. Analytical techniques, medical monitoring, and compliance are among other topics discussed. Developments in Arid Zone Ecology and Environmental Quality. Hillel I . Shuval, Ed. xiv 4 18 pages. Balaban International Science Services, S. Pomerantz, 2242 Mt. Carmel Ave., Glenside, Pa. 19038. 1981. $44 ($33 before Sept. 1). Published in Israel, this book examines water degradation and protection in arid zones where water is a precious commodity. Air pollution aspects are also discussed, as are new techniques to reuse waste and conserve soil by aerobic sludge composting.
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Stanford Journal of International Law, Vol, 17:2, “Issues in the International Environment.” The Business Manager, Stanford Journal of International Law, Stanford Law School, Stanford, Calif. 94305. 198 1 . $9. This volume examines protocols against pollution, emergence of environmental consciousness in developing nations, new mandates and innovations, and related matters.
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