Experimental Results and Theoretical Modeling of the Growth Kinetics

Feb 20, 2015 - School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South ... If the concentration of reagents was high enough to produc...
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Experimental Results and Theoretical Modeling of the Growth Kinetics of Polyamine-Derived Silica Particles Ahmad Seyfaee,† Frances Neville,*,‡ and Roberto Moreno-Atanasio† †

School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia



S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: Polyamine-derived silica particles are proposed to grow due to primary particle (25 nm) are formed via aggregation of primary particles with a diameter of around 25 nm.38 To model the particle growth, a semiempirical mathematical model based on the DLS results has been proposed and developed. This model uses the final particle diameter as an input parameter. The comparison of the model results with DLS experimental data (Figures 5 and 6) showed the necessity of other particle population existence in order to predict the experimental data accurately. Depending on the TMOMS and PEI/PB concentrations, different numbers of primary particle populations were required to fit our model to the experimental data. The higher the TMOMS concentration, the more populations were needed. However, this process only took place if the concentration of TMOMS was high enough to produce particles with a diameter greater than 350 nm. The exponent n, for production of primary particles, was found to be even for the best fits. This value was 2 for all of the first and second populations of particles (k2α3) and was 1 for all of third populations (k2α). These exponents clearly indicate that the production rate of particles in the third population is slower than in the other cases. The modeling shows that aggregation rates of primary particles increased with TMOMS and PEI/PB concentration. However, the primary particle production rate coefficients increased with decreasing concentrations of TMOMS while maintaining the same PEI concentration. Nevertheless, the equilibrium diameter of the particle was mainly related to TMOMS concentration. In conclusion, our model has demonstrated the complexity of PEI−silica particle formation as the result of a sensitive balance between primary particle production and aggregation and it has aided us to achieve a better understanding of how to control the growth of TMOMS silica particles catalyzed by polyethylenimine.

CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we have confirmed that there is a minimum concentration of TMOMS that is required for particle formation to occur. In addition, we have determined that

The paper was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the paper.



ASSOCIATED CONTENT

S Supporting Information *

Mathematical derivation of the theoretical model; (Table S1) parameter results of modeling for different particle synthesis ratios with the full detailed number results. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.



AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*F. Neville. E-mail: [email protected]; Frances. [email protected]. Phone: +61 (0)249216458. Fax: +61 (0) 249216920.



Author Contributions

Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest. 2473

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00093 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 2466−2475

Article

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research



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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A.S. is the recipient of an international postgraduate research scholarship of the University of Newcastle.



ABBREVIATIONS DLS = dynamic light scattering PB = phosphate buffer PEI = polyethylenimine TEOS = tetraethoxysilane TMOMS = trimethoxymethylsilane TMOS = tetramethoxysilane



NOMENCLATURE

Letter Definition Unit

C(t) = concentration of primary particles at time t (mol·L−1) C∞ = final concentration of primary particles (mol·L−1) D = particle diameter (nm) D∞ = equilibrium diameter (nm) k1 = rate constant for aggregation of primary particles (s−1) k2 = rate constant for production of primary particles (s−1· (mol−1·L)m−1) kH = hydrolysis constant in the model of Bogush and Zukoski20 (s−1) m = exponent representing the production of primary particles (m = 2 or 4) Mw = molecular weight (g/mol) Ni = number of particles in each population, i Ni0 = number of particles in each population, i, at the start of growth-region (t = 0) n = exponent representing the production of primary particles (1 or 2) r = rate of reaction (mol·s−1) t = time (s) Vsolution = volume of liquid in control volume around particle (L) Vparticle = volume of the particle (nm3) X = cubed diameter difference (D3 − D3∞) (nm3) X0 = cubed diameter difference (D30 − D3∞) (nm3)

Greek Letters

α = conversion coefficient (mol·L−1·nm−3) ρparticle = particle density (g·nm−3)

Subscript and Superscript

0 = start of reaction ∞ = end of reaction i = ith type representation



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DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00093 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 2466−2475