Facile and Rapid Growth of Nanostructured Ln-BTC MetalâOrganic

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Facile and Rapid Growth of Nanostructured Ln-BTC MetalOrganic Framework Films by Electrophoretic Deposition for Explosives sensing in Gas and Cr 3+ Detection in Solution Jifei Feng, Xue Yang, Shuiying Gao, Jianlin Shi, and Rong Cao Langmuir, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03170 • Publication Date (Web): 27 Nov 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 29, 2017

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Facile and Rapid Growth of Nanostructured Ln-BTC Metal-Organic Framework Films by Electrophoretic Deposition for Explosives sensing in Gas and Cr 3+ Detection in Solution Ji-fei Feng, †,‡,§,∥Xue Yang, †Shui-ying Gao,* † Jianlin Shi‡,§,∥and Rong Cao*†,§,∥

†

State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the

Structure of Mater, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou 350002,.China. ‡.

School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech, Shanghai 201210, P.R.

China. §.

State Key Laboratory of high Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure,

Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China ∥.

University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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ABSTRACT

Until now, it is a still challenge to prepare lanthanide metal-organic framework films on the traditional substrate, like zinc plate, indium oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glasses in a rapid and facile method. In this paper, continuous and dense Ln-BTC MOFs films on the unmodified low-cost substrates have been rapidly and easily fabricated though the newly developed electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method in 5 minutes. Moreover, the as-prepared luminescent films were successfully used for the detection of nitrobenzene (NB), trinitrotoluene (TNT) in gas phases, as well as NB, Cr3+ ions for the detection of in solution. INTRODUCTION Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are promising porous materials in many applications, such as gas storage, separation, catalysis, sensing, and proton conduction.1-8 As a subfamily of MOFs, lanthanide MOFs, (Ln-MOFs) have attracted great attention due to their excellent luminescent properties such as high quantum yields, characteristic sharp-line emissions and long lifetime that have promising applications in lighting-emitting devices, and ion or small molecule sensing.9-23 The attractive properties of Ln-MOFs have motivated scientists to grow or deposit these materials on substrates in order to fulfil their practical application. Recently, a number of interesting methods have been reported for the fabrication of Ln-MOF films, such as in-situ growth10,20, spin-coating13, and electrodeposition.18,22 Although dense films can be prepared through these techniques, the in-situ method requires several hours or even several days to grow the film. In the spin-coating method, the film can be deposited for several cycles that require more time to complete, and the electrodeposition method can be used to


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fabricate the film only MOFs contain the same metal elements with the substrate. Due to the high-cost of lanthanide substrates, it is impractical and difficult to electrochemically deposit LnMOFs on lanthanide foils in some actual applications. To overcome this problem, some researchers have reported breakthrough technologies for fabrication of Ln-MOF films. Fransaer et al have reported that terbium-containing MOFs can be deposited on a Tb3+-doped ZnO substrate using electrochemical method.22 Similarly, our group reported that Ln-MOFs films can be fabricated on a Ln(OH)3/FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide)substrate using the electrochemical–assisted microwave deposition method.18 However, these two methods can complete the preparation of the Ln-MOFs film on the modified substrates. Thus, rapid and facile fabrication of Ln-MOFs film on unmodified low-cost substrates is very challenging. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a practical technique for fabricating thin films, especially from nanoparticle building blocks. Figure 1a illustrates the EPD method with a DC electric field applied to a suspension of charged particles in a nonpolar solvent, resulting in particle transport and deposition onto a conductive substrate. Semiconductor, metal and insulator materials can be deposited on conductive substrates using the electrophoretic deposition method. The Hupp group has reported that four different MOFs materials, i.e., UiO-66, ZIF-8, HKUST-1 and NU-1000 MOFs can be deposited on FTO substrates using this method.17 Moreover, Tb-SA film has been proved which can be prepared by this method.24 However, it requires 30 minutes to complete the preparation of the film. Inspired by these works, we present direct, rapid and facile fabrication of dense and continuous Tb-BTC (H3BTC=Trimesic acid), Eu-BTC and Eu0.45Tb0.55-BTC Metal-Organic Framework


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films on the unmodified zinc, FTO and ITO(Indium tin oxide)substrates by the electrophoretic deposition method in 5 minutes in this paper. Moreover, as-synthesized Tb-Film has been proved that can be applied to detect the nitrobenzene (NB), trinitrotoluene (TNT) in gas phase and NB, Cr ions in solution. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Chemicals Trimesic acid was purchased from Adamas Reagent, Ltd. Ln(NO3)3·6H2O was purchased from Beijing HWRK Chem Co., Ltd. They were all used without further purification. All reagents and solvents were commercially available and used as received. Ultrapure water (18.24MΩ cm-1) is used directly from a Milli-Q water system. Preparation of Tb-BTC MOFs. Solution A was obtained by dissolving 46 mg (0.1 mmol) Tb(NO3)3·6H2O in 5 mL deionized water. Solution B was formed by dissolving 22 mg (0.1 mmol) benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) in 5 mL ethanol under stirring. In a typical synthesis of Tb(BTC)(H2O)6, solution A was added into solution B under vigorous stirring at room temperature and a large amount of white precipitate occurred immediately. After stirring for one hour, the precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed several times with ethanol and water, and dried in air at room temperature. Preparation of Eu-BTC MOFs. Solution A was obtained by dissolving 46 mg (0.1 mmol) Eu(NO3)3·6H2O in 5 mL deionized water. Solution B was formed by dissolving 22 mg (0.1 mmol) benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) in 5 mL ethanol under stirring. In a typical synthesis of Eu(BTC)(H2O)6, solution A was added into solution B under vigorous stirring at room temperature and a large amount of white precipitate occurred immediately. After stirring


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for one hour, the precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed several times with ethanol and water, and dried in air at room temperature. Preparation of Tb0.55Eu0.45-BTC MOFs. 100 mg of Tb-BTC MOFs were suspended in 25 ml ethanol, and then 115 mg Eu(NO3)3·6H2O was added into the solution. The mixture were stirred vigorously for 24 h, the precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed several times with ethanol and water, and dried in air at room temperature. Preparation of Ln-BTC film on zinc plate substrate. Zinc plate, ITO, FTO were cleaned by sonication for 20 min each in acetone, ethanol, and water before drying under N2. Two ZnO plates were used as positive electrode and negative electrode. Then, 10 mg of Ln-MOFs were dispersed in 20 ml CH2Cl2 solution under ultrasonic condition. Under different voltage and different deposition time, the Ln-BTC film can be obtained on the positive electrode. Asprepared film dried in air at room temperature (approximately 25 oC). Instruments X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the films were collected on a Bruker Miniflex600 using graphite-monchromated Cu Kα radiation in the 2θ range of 5-50° with step size of 0.02°. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement was carried out on a Phenom G2 instrument. Fluorescence spectroscopy data were recorded on a FLS980 fluorescence spectrophotometer. The simulated powder patterns were calculated using Mercury 2.0.


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Figure 1 (a) Schematic of the electrophoretic deposition method, and (b) the crystal structure of La (BTC)(H2O)6. Color code: La, pink; O, red; C, grey; H, white. This is obtained from the CIF of La(BTC)(H2O)6,23(c) PXRD patterns of simulated the La(BTC) (H2O)6 (black),the Tb-BTC film (red), the Eu-BTC film (blue), and the Eu0.45Tb0.55-BTC film on the zinc plates (pink),(d) the emission spectra of Tb-BTC film (red),Eu-BTC film (pink) and Eu0.45Tb0.55-BTC film (blue) on the zinc plate upon excitation at 300 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As shown in Figure 1a, two zinc plates were used as the negative electrode and positive electrodes. Ln-BTC MOFs with nano rod-structures were suspended in a dichloromethane


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solution during the EPD process. Under an applied DC field, Ln-MOFs were successfully deposited on the positive electrode within a few minutes (Figure 1c). Moreover, because LnBTC MOFs are a promising material that can detect small molecules and ions,19 as-prepared Tb– BTC films were applied as sensors for the detection of TNT, and NB in gaseous phase, and NB, Chromium ions in solution. To explore the driving force of EPD deposition, the coordination environment of Ln-BTC MOFs were studied. The PXRD data of the Ln-BTC MOFs, as shown in Figure S1, are in agreement with the simulated La(BTC)(H2O)6, demonstrating that our material is isostructural with La(BTC)(H2O)6. In this structure (Figure 1b), the carboxylate groups have three different coordinate styles, bidentate, unidentate, and a free carboxylate group. Moreover, the free group gives rise to some negative charges on the surface of the MOFs. Therefore, Ln-BTC MOFs can be deposited on positive electrode due to the negative charges that arise during the EPD process. The SEM images, as shown in Figure 2, exhibited the as-synthesized Tb-BTC, Eu-BTC, and Eu0.45Tb0.55-BTC films on zinc plates were continuous and dense, with the thickness of 55 µm, 67 µm and 33.5 µm, respectively. In addition, the MOFs in films had nano rod-structures which were consistent with MOFs particles. Moreover, the film thickness can be controlled by the DC voltage. Upon changing the voltage from 30 V to 120 V, the film thickness film could increase from 62 µm to 91.5 µm. We also controlled the deposition time to change the surface compactness. While the film was prepared in one minute, it was not continuous and dense. As deposition times from one minute to five minutes, the film became more and more dense. (Figure S2) Moreover, a continuous and dense Tb-BTC film could be obtained on the ITO and FTO substrates in 5 minutes under application of the 90V DC voltage. (Figure S3 and S4)


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Figure 2 (a) SEM image of Tb-BTC film on the zinc plate (left) and cross-sectional image (right),(b) SEM image of Eu-BTC film on the zinc plate (left) and cross-sectional image(right),(c) SEM image of Eu0.45Tb0.55-BTC film (left) and cross-sectional image(right). Under 254 nm UV light excitation, Tb-BTC, Eu-BTC, and Eu0.45Tb0.55-BTC films exhibited strong green, red and yellow luminescence, respectively. Studies of the solid luminescence spectra of the Ln-BTC films showed that Tb-BTC film exhibited characteristic Tb3+ sharp-line emissions at 489 nm (5D4-7F6), 544 nm (5D4-7F5), 584 nm (5D4-7F4), and 620 nm (5D4-7F3) upon excitation at 300 nm. The dominant emission belonged to the hypersensitive 5D4-7F5 transition（


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at 544nm）. The Eu-BTC film displayed a characteristic Eu3+ sharp-line emission at 584 nm (5D0-7F0), 593 nm (5D0-7F1), 616 nm (5D0-7F2), and 690 nm (5D0-7F4). The dominant emission belonged to hypersensitive 5D0-7F2 transition（at 616 nm）. The Eu0.45Tb0.55-BTC film displayed the characteristic Tb3+ and Eu3+ sharp-line emissions, but the dominant emission belonged to the hypersensitive 5D4-7F5 transition (Figure 1d). Because Ln-BTC films could display different color luminescence depending on the Tb3+/Eu3+ ratio, these films are possible to be used as a lighting-emitting device in future. Among these films, the Tb-BTC film displayed stronger luminescent intensity and longer lifetimes (0.616 ms) (Figure S5)

Figure 3 Emission spectra of Tb-BTC film on the zinc plate, immersed in a water solution with different Cr3+ concentrations. The inset showed the change of intensity at 544 nm after addition of different Cr3+ concentrations irradiated at 300 nm.

As previously stated, the detection of some small molecules and ions by Tb-BTC MOFs has been reported. The prepared Tb-BTC films have been applied to detect chromium (Cr3+) ions in a


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water solution and NB in an ethanol solution and NB, TNT in the gas phase. Figure 3 showed the changes in the emission spectra of Tb-BTC film with various concentrations of Cr3+ in water. It was clear that the luminescence was quenched by the Cr3+ ions with a reason that Cr3+ ions could prohibit the energy transition from the ligand to the lanthanide element. Moreover, the film could successfully detect Cr3+ at concentration 10-4 mM (corresponding to 0. 11 ppb). Additionally, the response time of as-prepared film for Cr3+ was 10 seconds. Importantly, this performance was superior to the Tb-BTC stated materials.16

Figure 4 Emission spectra of Tb-BTC film on the zinc plate, immersed in ethanol solution with different NB concentrations. The inset showed the change of intensity at 544 nm after addition of different NB concentrations upon excitation at 300 nm. As-synthesized Tb-BTC films were also used for detection of nitrobenzene (NB) in an ethanol solution. Figure 4 shows the emission spectra of the Tb-BTC film with various concentrations of


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nitrobenzene in ethanol. Importantly, the film can detect NB at concentration of 10-8 M (corresponding to 0.01 ppb). Figure 4 (inset) showed that the intensity of the film luminescence (at 544 nm) with different NB concentrations. When the concentration of NB is 10-8 M, the intensity was quenched to circa 80% of its pristine value. Moreover, the film could rationally detect the nitrobenzene at the lower concentration. Nitrobenzene is a volatile organic compound. Therefore, it is unavoidable, and it is important to detect nitrobenzene in the gas phase. However, the detection in the gas phase is more difficult than that in the liquid phase. To overcome this question, as-synthesized Tb-BTC film was also examined for the detection of nitrobenzene in the gas phase. Figure S6a presented the emission spectra of the Tb-BTC film at different times in nitrobenzene gas phase (123 ppm). After exposure to the nitrobenzene gas for one minute, the intensity of film (at 544 nm) was quenched to circa 83% of its pristine intensity. As shown in Fig. S7b, the intensity of film luminescence (at 544 nm) decreased with the time of exposure to the nitrobenzene gas. After 20 minutes, the decline tendency became progressively smaller. At this time, the intensity was quenched to circa 50% of its pristine intensity. To explore the quenching mechanism, the UV-vis spectrum of nitrobenzene was studied. As shown in Figure S7, nitrobenzene had strong absorption peaks from 250 to 320 nm that overlap with the excitation spectrum of the Tb-BTC film. Therefore, the nitrobenzene molecule could absorb the excitation light that was not sufficiently energetic to excite the MOFs. As a result, the intensity was weaker than the pristine value.


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Figure 5 Emission spectra of Tb-BTC film on the zinc plate, exposing to TNT gas phase. The inset showed the change of intensity at 544 nm after addition of different TNT concentrations irradiated at 300 nm. The as-prepared Tb-BTC film was also used to detect the TNT in gas phase. Here, the TNT was diluted into 80 ppm with the absolute ethanol solution. Then the TNT solution (100 µL) was injected into the sealed contained with the film every time. After 30 seconds, the photoluminescence spectra were recorded. As-shown in Figure 5, the emission intensity of film (at 544 nm) decreased with the addition of TNT. Moreover, the detection limitation of the film was 5.3 ppm for TNT. To prove the quenching effect from the TNT, the emission spectra of film exposing to ethanol gas was conducted. (Figure S8) The intensity of the film was enhanced with the addition of ethanol solution which indicated that the solution had not the quenching effect.


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Figure 6 Emission spectra of Tb-BTC film on the zinc plate, exposing to 21.3 ppm TNT gas phase for 4 times (a), and the change of intensity at 544 nm after addition of the same concentration (21.3 ppm) (b) upon excitation at 300 nm. To prove the stability of the film, the photoluminescence measurement was conducted. From the Figure 6, the emission curve was overlapped every times and the intensity at 544 nm was not any loss exposing the TNT gas phase for 4 times which indicated that the optical properties of the film were stable and robust and the film could be reused.

Conclusions In summary, Ln-BTC MOFs films were easily and rapidly fabricated on a low-cost unmodified substrate using the electrophoretic deposition method in 5 minutes. As-synthesized Tb-BTC films have been successfully applied for the detection of chromium ions, NB in solution and for the detection of NB, TNT in the gas phase. Moreover, the film exhibited a low detection limit. Owning to this newly method, Ln-MOFs can be directly fabricated on traditional conductive substrate which enables that the practical use of these materials such as small molecule sensing, and lighting-emitting devices.


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ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting information Detail of materials, measurement equipment, preparation, characterization of the Ln-BTC powers and films and the fluorescence spectra of films. Author Information Corresponding Author *Email: [email protected] [email protected] Acknowledgements This research was supported by 973 Program (2014CB845605 and 2013CB933200), NSFC (21521061, 21331006, 51572260 and 21303205), and Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB20000000). Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.


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(16) Zhou, J. M.; Fu, W. T.; Bouwman, E. One-step growth of lanthanide metal-organic framework (MOF) films under solvothermal conditions for temperature sensing. Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 6926-6929. (17) Hold, I.; Bury, W. J.; Karlin, D. M.; Deria, P. D.; Kung, C. W.; Katz, M. J.; So, M.; Klahr, B.; Jin, D.; Chung, Y. W.; Odom, T. W.; Farha, O.K.; Hupp, J. T. Directed Growth of Electroactive Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films Using Electrophoretic Deposition. Adv. Mater., 2014, 26, 6295-6300. (18) Li, W. J.; Feng, J. F.; Gao, S. Y.; Cao, R. Patterned Growth of Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework Films: A versatile Method for Electrochemical-assisted Microwave Deposition. Chem. Commun. , 2016, 52, 3951-3954. (19) Yang, W. T.; Feng, J.; Zhang, H.J. Facile and rapid fabrication of nanostructured lanthanide coordination polymers as selective luminescent probes in aqueous solution. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 6819-6823. (20) Li, W. J.; Gao, S. Y.; Liu, T. F.; Han, L. W.; Lin, J. Z.; Cao, R. In Situ Growth of Metal−Organic Framework Thin Films with Gas Sensing and Molecule Storage Properties. Langmuir, 2013, 29, 8657-8664. (21) Hu, Z. C.; Deibert, B. J.; Li, J. Luminescent metal-organic frameworks for chemical sensing and explosive detection. Chem. Soc. Rev, 2014. 43. 5815-5840. (22) Campagnol, N; Souza, E. R.; Vos, D. D. E.; Binnemans, K.; Fransaer J. Luminescent terbium-containing metal-organic framework films: new approaches for the electrochemical synthesis and application as detectors for explosives Chem. Commun, 2014, 50, 12545-12547.


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(23) Wen, Y. H.; Cheng, J. K.; Feng, Y. L.; Zhang, J.; Li, Z. J.; Yao, Y. G. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [La (BTC)(H2O)6]n. Chin. J. Struct. Chem., 2005, 24, 1440-1444. (24) Wang, Z. H.; Liu, H. P.; Wang, S. Y.; Rao, Z. L.; Yang, Y. Y.

A

luminescent

Terbium-Succinate MOF thin film fabricated by electrodeposition for sensing of Cu2+ in aqueous environment. Sensors and Actuators B, 2015, 220, 779-787.


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