Factors Influencing Major, Minor, and Trace ... - ACS Publications

5 Factors Influencing Major, Minor, and Trace Element Variations in U.S. Coals Peter C. Lindahl and Robert B. Finkelman 1

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Downloaded by TUFTS UNIV on December 2, 2015 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: April 2, 1986 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1986-0301.ch005

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Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemical Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 Reservoir and Facies Division, Exxon Production Research Company, Houston, TX 77001

This general review of factors influencing major, minor, and trace element variations in U.S. coals provides an interpretation of coal inorganic elemental data found in the literature. Variations due to ash-related, rank-related, geochemical, and geological factors are discussed.

A l t h o u g h c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s e x i s t f o r thousands o f c o a l samples, more d a t a w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o e l u c i d a t e e l e m e n t a l t r e n d s w i t h i n c o a l b a s i n s and t o h e l p d e c i p h e r t h e g e o l o g i c a l and g e o c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l s on t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n and mode o f o c c u r r e n c e . However, i n c r e a s e d numbers o f a n a l y s e s w i l l n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p r o v i d e a l l t h e answers. W i t h an u n c r i t i c a l a c c u m u l a t i o n o f d a t a , we r u n t h e r i s k o f e n d i n g up i n f o r m a t i o n r i c h b u t knowledge p o o r . The purpose o f t h i s paper i s t o p r o v i d e a c r i t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of c o a l i n o r g a n i c elemental data i n the l i t e r a t u r e . Several v a l u a b l e c o m p i l a t i o n s o f e l e m e n t a l d a t a e x i s t f o r U.S. c o a l ( 1 - 4 ) . We have borrowed f r e e l y from t h e s e c o m p i l a t i o n s t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e i r v a l u e i n e l u c i d a t i n g j u s t one a s p e c t o f c o a l g e o c h e m i s t r y : t h e f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g inorganic elemental v a r i a t i o n s . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s p e c i f i c elements c a n be u s e f u l i n d i c a t o r s o f some c o a l q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Huggins e t a l . (5) and R e i d (6) demonstrated t h a t t h e aluminum, s i l i c o n , p o t a s s i u m , c a l c i u m , magnesium, and sodium v a l u e s o f a c o a l a s h c a n be u s e d t o e s t i m a t e ash f u s i o n temperature. The S i / A l r a t i o o f c o a l a s h h a s been u s e d as a n i n d i c a t o r o f t h e a b r a s i v e n e s s o f a c o a l . Sodium i s a major c o n t r i b u t o r t o b o i l e r f o u l i n g and m e t a l c o r r o s i o n and c o n t r i b u t e s to agglomeration i n f l u i d i z e d - b e d r e a c t o r s . T r a c e elements a r e g e n e r a l l y d e f i n e d as those elements w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s below 0.1 wt. % (1000 ppm). D e s p i t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e p a r t s - p e r - m i l l i o n range, c e r t a i n t r a c e elements c a n have a s i g n i f i c a n t impact on c o a l 0097-6156/ 86/ 0301 -0061 $06.00/0 © 1986 American Chemical Society

In Mineral Matter and Ash in Coal; Vorres, K.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

62

MINERAL

MATTER

AND ASH

IN

COAL


utilization. F o r example, Be and the c h a l c o p h i l e e l e m e n t s , As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Se, w h i c h a r e r e l e a s e d d u r i n g c o a l c o m b u s t i o n o r l e a c h e d from c o a l waste p r o d u c t s , c a n p r e s e n t s i g n i f i c a n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l h a z a r d s ; h a l o g e n s such as CI and F c a n cause s e v e r e b o i l e r c o r r o s i o n ; and v o l a t i l i z e d N i , T i , o r V c a n cause c o r r o s i o n and p i t t i n g o f m e t a l s u r f a c e s . On t h e p o s i t i v e s i d e , some t r a c e elements ( e . g . , Ge, Zn, U, and Au) may e v e n t u a l l y p r o v e t o be economic b y - p r o d u c t s o f c o a l u t i l i z a t i o n , w h i l e o t h e r elements ( e . g . , B) may be u s e f u l i n h e l p i n g t o u n d e r s t a n d d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t s and t o c o r r e l a t e c o a l seams (7.8). I n e a r l y s t u d i e s o f major, minor, and t r a c e elements i n c o a l ( 9 - 1 3 ) , c o a l ash was a n a l y z e d u s i n g e m i s s i o n s p e c t r o s c o p y . Recent s t u d i e s (3.4.14.15) have employed s e v e r a l q u a n t i t a t i v e m u l t i e l e m e n t i n s t r u m e n t a l methods. The i n s t r u m e n t a l methods u s e d a t t h e I l l i n o i s S t a t e G e o l o g i c a l Survey and the U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l Survey a r e shown i n T a b l e I . Because a p a r t i c u l a r a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e i s b e t t e r s u i t e d f o r c e r t a i n elements t h a n f o r o t h e r s , a c o m b i n a t i o n o f methods i s u s u a l l y n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e a l l elements o f i n t e r e s t . Methods f o r d e t e r m i n i n g i n o r g a n i c elements i n c o a l must be a c c u r a t e and p r e c i s e . In a d d i t i o n , i f p o s s i b l e , t h e y s h o u l d d e t e r m i n e a l a r g e number o f elements o f i n t e r e s t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , r e q u i r e r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e sample p r e p a r a t i o n , be c a p a b l e o f a u t o m a t i o n , p r o d u c e an o u t p u t c o m p a t i b l e w i t h c o m p u t e r i z e d d a t a p r o c e s s i n g , and be r a p i d . I n o r g a n i c element c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c o a l show v a r i a t i o n s from a m i c r o s c o p i c t o a worldwide s c a l e . From a r e s o u r c e e v a l u a t i o n p e r s p e c t i v e , the most s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n s o c c u r w i t h i n and between c o a l seams and b a s i n s . The r e s t o f the p a p e r w i l l d i s c u s s f a c t o r s t h a t cause t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s . Discussion Ash R e l a t e d V a r i a t i o n s . The amount o f ash i n a c o a l i s a major f a c t o r i n f l u e n c i n g i n o r g a n i c element c o n t e n t . In general, trace element c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c r e a s e as ash c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e s . This r e l a t i o n s h i p r e f l e c t s the f a c t t h a t most i n o r g a n i c elements i n c o a l are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h minerals (7). F i g u r e s 1 and 2 i l l u s t r a t e t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r Κ i n e a s t e r n Kentucky c o a l s and f o r T i i n c o a l s from the U i n t a Region i n Colorado. The above r e l a t i o n s h i p a l s o h o l d s when comparing i n o r g a n i c element c o n c e n t r a t i o n s among c o a l b a s i n s . T a b l e I I compares major, minor, and t r a c e element d a t a f o r c o a l s from the B l a c k Mesa F i e l d , the Powder R i v e r R e g i o n , and the San J u a n R e g i o n . As shown i n T a b l e I I , the c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f the f o l l o w i n g elements i n c r e a s e as the ash c o n t e n t s o f the c o a l s i n c r e a s e : S i , A l , Na, K, Cu, Th, V, L i , Pb, and Se. The r e a s o n f o r the v a r i a t i o n o f t h e s e elements w i t h ash c o n t e n t i s t h a t most o f t h e s e elements a r e , o r were, a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the d e t r i t a l s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s , i . e . , t h o s e m i n e r a l s b r o u g h t i n t o the d e p o s i t i o n a l b a s i n s d u r i n g the f o r m a t i o n o f the c o a l s . C h e m i c a l a l t e r a t i o n o f m i n e r a l s w i t h i n the c o a l b a s i n c a n r e m o b i l i z e some elements, which t h e n p r e c i p i t a t e as n o n s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s , e.g., Cu and Pb, as s u l f i d e s o r s e l e n i d e s ( 1 6 ) . The good


5.

Major,

LINDAHL AND FINKELMAN

Minor,

and Trace Element

T a b l e I . I n s t r u m e n t a l Methods Used i n C o a l A n a l y s i s by I l l i n o i s S t a t e G e o l o g i c a l Survey (ISGS) and the U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l Survey (USGS) Element(s) ISGS

I n s t r u m e n t a l Method Atomic A b s o r p t i o n Spectrophotometry

a

N i , Zn, Pb, Cu,

Cd

Determined USGS Mg, Mn,

Na, Pb,

63

Variations the

b

Cd, Cu, L i Zn, Hg


Ion-Selective Electrode As, Sb, Se, Na, Cs, W, Eu, Fe, Hf, Sc, Tb, Ba, Rb, L a , Yb, Br, Ta, Ca, Lu, Co, Th, Nd, Cr, Zn, Sm

Neutron A c t i v a t i o n Analysis

Rb, As, Hf, Sm, Th, Br,

Emission Spectrometry - D i r e c t Reader

Be, Ge, Z r , Cr, Co, Mo, N i , Zn, B, S r , V, Cu, Cd

Emission Spectrometry - Photographic

Be, Ge, Z r , Cr, Co, Mo, Ag, Sn, N i , Zn, Pb, V, Cu, Mn

B, Ga, N i , Z r , Ba, Ge, Sc, Be, L a , S r , Co, Mo, V, Cr, Nb, Y

X-ray Fluorescence

Na, K, Br, Fe, CI, Mg, Ca, A l , S i , P, Ti, V

Al, Ti,

a

Cs, Ba, Ga, I n Sb, Se, I , Sc, Ta, W, L a , Ce, Eu, Tb, Dy, Lu, U, Yb, Na, K, Fe

S i , Ca, S, K, C l , Ρ

Fe,

F i g u r e 1. R e l a t i o n s h i p between Κ c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n the c o a l a s h c o n t e n t f o r 34 c o a l s from E a s t e r n Kentucky. R — 0.86. D a t a from r e f e r e n c e 1.

and

D a t a from R e f e r e n c e ^ D a t a from R e f e r e n c e

3. 14.

20

30

ASH, %


64

MINERAL

MATTER

A N D A S H IN C O A L


0.4

ASH, % F i g u r e 2. R e l a t i o n s h i p between T i c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e c o a l and a s h c o n t e n t f o r 34 c o a l s from t h e U i n t a r e g i o n . R - 0.86. D a t a from r e f e r e n c e 1.

Table

I I . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f S e l e c t e d Elements i n C o a l Samples from B l a c k Mesa ( A r i z o n a ) , Powder R i v e r (Wyoming), and San J u a n (New Mexico) R e g i o n s a

B l a c k Mesa Ash,, Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Ti, Cu, Th, Zn, Cr, Ni, V, Μη, Li, Pb, Se, Ba, Sr, Nb, Zr, a

% % % % % % % % % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

8.0 1.1 0.69 0.78 0.1 0.09 0.04 0.31 0.05 5.5 2.2 5.6 3 2 7 9.7 3.9 2.7 1.6 300 150 1.5 15

Powder R i v e r

San

9.9 1.5 0.78 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.54 0.04 11.2 4.3 20 7 5 15 51 5.9 5.6 1.7 300 200 1.5 15

Juar

21.1 5.4 2.7 0.67 0.1 0.2 0.16 0.54 0.11 13.3 5.9 15.1 5 3 20 29 19.7 13.1 2 300 100 3 50

D a t a from R e f e r e n c e 4; r e s u l t s a r e c a l c u l a t e d on a m o i s t u r e - f r e e c o a l b a s i s (mf c o a l ) .


5.

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Major,

Minor,

and Trace Element

Variations

65


c o r r e l a t i o n between element c o n c e n t r a t i o n and a s h c o n t e n t i n d i c a t e s t h a t most elements have remained w i t h i n t h e c o a l b a s i n d e s p i t e r e m o b i l i z a t i o n (17). Elements n o t i n c r e a s i n g i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h a s h c o n t e n t a r e g e n e r a l l y t h o s e w i t h (a) o r g a n i c a f f i n i t i e s (Ca, Mg, S r , B a ) ; (b) s u l f i d e a f f i n i t i e s (Fe, Zn); ( c ) c a r b o n a t e a f f i n i t i e s (Ca, Mn, Mg); o r (d) s u l f a t e a f f i n i t i e s (Ba, S r , C a ) . S u l f i d e s , c a r b o n a t e s , and s u l f a t e s a r e g e n e r a l l y e p i g e n e t i c phases, t h a t i s , t h e y p r e c i p i t a t e i n t h e c l e a t s and f r a c t u r e s subsequent t o c o a l i f i c a t i o n . Presence o f e p i g e n e t i c phases a f f e c t s element c o n c e n t r a t i o n more t h a n a s h content. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f Z r and Nb would be e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e w i t h a s h c o n t e n t , because t h e s e elements a r e u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the d e t r i t a l compounds o f c o a l . The r e a s o n t h a t t h i s b e h a v i o r i s n o t a p p a r e n t i n T a b l e I I may be t h e p o o r r e s o l u t i o n o f the technique (emission s p e c t r o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s ) used t o o b t a i n the d a t a . Rank-Related V a r i a t i o n s . S e v e r a l elements e x h i b i t a d i s t i n c t v a r i a t i o n i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h c o a l rank. Table I I I i l l u s t r a t e s the g e n e r a l d e c r e a s e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a l k a l i n e - e a r t h elements (Mg, Ca, S r , B a ) , Na, and Β w i t h i n c r e a s i n g c o a l rank. It is g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e s e elements a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o r g a n i c f u n c t i o n a l groups ( e . g . , c a r b o x y l i c a c i d s ) i n low-rank c o a l s . With i n c r e a s i n g c o a l rank, t h e s e groups a r e d e s t r o y e d , t h u s m o b i l i z i n g o r g a n i c a l l y a s s o c i a t e d i n o r g a n i c t r a c e elements.

Table I I I .

Ca, Mg, Na, B, Ba, Sr, a

% % % ppm ppm ppm

Rank-Related

Anthracite

Bituminous

0.07 0.06 0.05 10 100 100

0.33 0.08 0.04 50 100 100

D a t a from R e f e r e n c e 1; mf

Variations

3

Subbituminous

Lignite

0.78 0.18 0.10 70 300 100

1.2 0.31 0.21 100 300 300

coal.

An o r g a n i c a s s o c i a t i o n has been p r o p o s e d f o r o t h e r t r a c e e l e m e n t s , such as Be, Sb, Ge, U, and some h a l o g e n s ( 3 . 1 8 ) . F i n k e l m a n (17) s u g g e s t s t h a t o r g a n i c a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e s e elements i s s i g n i f i c a n t m a i n l y f o r low-rank, low-ash c o a l s . Concentrations of organically bound elements i n c o a l c a n d e c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g amount o f d e t r i t u s (Figure 3). V a r i a t i o n s Due t o Geochemical F a c t o r s . Geochemical f a c t o r s , such as Eh and pH o f the p e a t environment, as w e l l as t h e environment d u r i n g and subsequent t o c o a l f o r m a t i o n , c a n have d r a m a t i c e f f e c t s on i n o r g a n i c element c o n t e n t . The e f f e c t o f t h e s e g e o c h e m i c a l


66

M I N E R A L M A T T E R A N D A S H IN C O A L

f a c t o r s c a n be seen i n T a b l e IV, i n which s e l e c t e d data f o r A p p a l a c h i a n and I n t e r i o r P r o v i n c e c o a l s a r e compared. C o a l s from b o t h a r e a s a r e s i m i l a r i n rank and ash c o n t e n t , b u t t h e I n t e r i o r P r o v i n c e c o a l s have s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r c o n t e n t s o f a l l s i x elements. The h i g h e r c o n t e n t o f Ca i s perhaps due t o c a r b o n a t e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n ( h i g h pH), whereas t h a t o f Fe, Cd, Pb, and Zn i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o s u l f i d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n (low E h ) . The h i g h e r c o n t e n t o f Β i n the I n t e r i o r P r o v i n c e may be a t t r i b u t a b l e t o g r e a t e r marine i n f l u e n c e ( h i g h s a l i n i t y ) .

T a b l e IV.

C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f S e l e c t e d Elements i n C o a l Samples from A p p a l a c h i a n and I n t e r i o r C o a l B a s i n s


Appalachian Ash, Ca, Fe,

% % %

13.3 0.12 1.9

Cd, Pb, Zn, B,

ppm ppm ppm ppm

0.7 15.3 20 30

a

b

D a t a from R e f e r e n c e D a t a from R e f e r e n c e

2; mf 4; mf

a

Interior

0

15.7 1.2 3.3 7.1 55 373 100

coal. coal.

The o c c u r r e n c e o f c l e a t - f i l l i n g s p h a l e r i t e and g a l e n a i n the I n t e r i o r P r o v i n c e c o a l s i s a c l a s s i c example o f how e p i g e n t i c m i n e r a l i z a t i o n c a n a f f e c t t r a c e element c o n t e n t ( 1 9 ) . Dramatic i n t r a - and i n t e r s e a m v a r i a t i o n s a r e common. Cobb e t a l . (20) r e p o r t t h a t z i n c c o n t e n t from benches o f the H e r r i n (No. 6) c o a l v a r i e d from 20 t o 14,900 ppm. V a r i a t i o n s Due t o G e o l o g i c F a c t o r s . Ash c h e m i s t r y i s a n o t h e r important f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g elemental v a r i a t i o n s . Its influence i s , however, g e n e r a l l y more s u b t l e t h a n the o t h e r f a c t o r s . In Table V the c o n t e n t s o f s e l e c t e d elements a r e compared f o r A p p a l a c h i a n P r o v i n c e c o a l s and Wasatch P l a t e a u c o a l s . Both are bituminous c o a l s w i t h s i m i l a r ash c o n t e n t s . However, w i t h a few e x c e p t i o n s , the c o n t e n t o f the elements i n the Wasatch c o a l s i s lower t h a n those o f Appalachian c o a l s . The lower c o n t e n t o f c h a l c o p h i l e elements i n Wasatch c o a l s may be due t o a lower p y r i t e c o n t e n t . The lower c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f l i t h o p h i l e elements ( e . g . , L i , Z r , Nb, Th, Sc, Y) b u t h i g h e r S i c o n t e n t may r e f l e c t a h i g h e r q u a r t z c o n t e n t i n the d e t r i t a l component o f Wasatch c o a l s ; t h i s , i n t u r n , may be a r e f l e c t i o n o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n the m i n e r a l o g y o f the s o u r c e rocks. V o l c a n i c ash, which i s p r e v a l e n t i n some o f our w e s t e r n c o a l s c a n have a s i g n i f i c a n t impact on ash c h e m i s t r y .


LINDAHL AND


5.

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T a b l e V. C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f S e l e c t e d Elements i n C o a l Samples from A p p a l a c h i a n P r o v i n c e and Wasatch C o a l F i e l d Appalachian Ash, Ca, Fe, Si,

% % % %

Cd, Li, Pb, U, Zn, B, Nb, Ni, Zr, As, Cu, F, Th, Ba, Co, Cr, Mo, Sc, V, Y,

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

a

D

13.3 0.12 1.9 2.7 0.7 27.6 15.3 1.4 20 30 5 15 50 27 24 80 4.9 100 7 20 3 5 20 10

D a t a from R e f e r e n c e D a t a from R e f e r e n c e

5

Wasatch 11.3 0.41 0.26 3.0 0.06 16 5.8 1.2 11 100 0.3 5 30 0.8 9.3 67 1.8 70 1.5 10 0.7 3 15 7

8; mf c o a l . 21; mf c o a l .


b

68

MINERAL

MATTER

A N DA S H IN C O A L

O t h e r F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g t h e I n o r g a n i c Element C o n t e n t . Other f a c t o r s that c o u l d modify the ash chemistry o r the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f i n o r g a n i c elements i n c l u d e t h e s a l i n i t y o f w a t e r s i n c o n t a c t w i t h the c o a l o r p e a t , t h e type o f c h e m i c a l w e a t h e r i n g p r o c e s s ( a r i d v s . humid), and h y d r o l o g i e c o n d i t i o n s ( B r and CI may be e s p e c i a l l y s e n s i t i v e to t h i s f a c t o r ) . In general, these f a c t o r s are s t i l l p o o r l y u n d e r s t o o d . M a r g i n a l e n r i c h m e n t and c o a l t h i c k n e s s a r e a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r s t h a t c a n a f f e c t t h e i n o r g a n i c element c o n t e n t .


Concluding

Comments

I n t h i s paper, we made s e v e r a l b r o a d g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e major, minor, and t r a c e element v a r i a t i o n s i n U.S. c o a l s . Examples were c h o s e n t o i l l u s t r a t e s p e c i f i c p o i n t s ; we do n o t deny t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a l t e r n a t e e x p l a n a t i o n s . We u r g e t h a t i n any i n t e r p r e t a t i v e work t h e s e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s be a p p l i e d carefully. A c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g e l e m e n t a l d a t a o f c o a l would p r o b a b l y r e s u l t i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f anomalous v a l u e s and e l i m i n a t i o n o f suspect data. S e v e r a l q u e s t i o n s might be answered b y s u c h an e v a l u a t i o n ; f o r example, do t h e two Κ v a l u e s i n t h e h i g h ash r e g i o n o f F i g u r e 1 d e v i a t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y from t h e t r e n d o f t h e other data because o f a n a l y t i c a l e r r o r s o r r e c o r d i n g e r r o r s ? Are they l e g i t i m a t e geochemical anomalies? The n a t u r e o f i n o r g a n i c element v a r i a t i o n s , f o r whatever cause, h i g h l i g h t s t h e need t o more j u d i c i o u s l y s e l e c t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e samples f o r r e l i a b l e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s e s . S t a t i s t i c a l tech n i q u e s , such as p r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s i s , s h o u l d h e l p i n r e s o l v i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g major, minor, and t r a c e element v a r i a t i o n s i n c o a l . We encourage a n a l y t i c a l c h e m i s t s and g e o l o g i s t s t o i n t e r a c t c l o s e l y because t h i s i s one o f t h e b e s t ways t o improve t h e q u a l i t y o f a n a l y t i c a l methodology and d a t a , and geological interpretation. I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s paper w i l l encourage more d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g i n o r g a n i c element v a r i a t i o n s i n c o a l s . Acknowledgment P o r t i o n s o f t h e work by PCL were s u p p o r t e d by t h e U.S. Department o f Energy, O f f i c e o f B a s i c Energy S c i e n c e s , D i v i s i o n o f C h e m i c a l S c i e n c e s under c o n t r a c t W-31-109-Eng-38.

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RECEIVED January 24, 1986


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Factors Influencing Major, Minor, and Trace ... - ACS Publications

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