Facts & Figures for Chemical R&D | C&EN Global Enterprise

Facts & Figures for

Chemical R&D Bette Hileman and Janice R. Long, C&EN Washington, and Ward Worthy, C&EN Chicago

Modest growth in R&D funding in the U.S. is expected in 1991. The National Science Foundation estimates total funding will reach about $152 billion this year, an increase of about $6 billion, or 4%, over 1990 levels. When adjusted for inflation, that represents a 2% gain over the previous year. Thus, 1991 looks to be a continuation of the pattern of R&D spending of the past five years. Since 1986, overall R&D spending in the U.S.

1 Overview

has been rising at an annual rate of somewhat less than 2%, after adjusting for inflation, or 7% for the entire period. This is down sharply from the 5 to 9% annual growth rates R&D spending enjoyed earlier in the decade, when real R&D spending grew 40% from 1980 to 1985. And even the modest growth expected in 1991 is not being fueled primarily by federal government support of R&D, which, in real terms, is expected to decline 1% this year, to $66 billion. Such growth as is occur-

Which industries hire chemists and which ones pay best Page 53

Where R&D funds come from and where they go. Who gets U.S. chemical patents and in what fields chemistry pa- 4 Universities & Colleges pers are published Page 37 Who funds academic R&D and which schools do the most. Who spends the most for chemistry and chemical en2 Federal Government gineering. Trends in equipment purSpending for R&D by the government chases, capital spending, and degrees as a whole and by various federal awarded Page 59 agencies, particularly in chemistry and chemical engineering. How funds are divided up among basic, applied, and 5 International developmental research . . . . Page 43 R&D spending in the U.S. compared with other nations, especially Japan 3 Industry and Western European countries. How much industry, especially the Which countries publish most of the Page 69 chemical industry, spends on R&D. chemical literature

32

August 19, 1991 C&EN

ring is being financed primarily by industry, which will increase its support from $75 billion in 1990 to $78 billion in 1991, an increase, after adjusting for inflation, of about 2%. Universities and other nonprofit organizations are also doing what they can to offset the federal government's modest increases in R&D support: Universities' contributions to R&D are expected to rise from $4.5 billion in 1990 to $5.0 billion this year, and other nonprofit institutions are raising their support from $2.3 billion to $2.6 billion. The biggest drop in R&D support comes from the Defense Department, which in 1991 will spend just under $37 billion on R&D, down, even in current dollars, from the $38 billion it spent in 1987. In 1987 32% of total R&D funds were spent on defenserelated R&D; this year defense's share has dropped to 26%. Since most defense R&D is for development work, it's not surprising that this portion of total R&D has also declined. It received 63% of total R&D funds in 1987 but this year will account for only 61%. Basic research has picked up most of the balance, rising from 14% of total R&D spending in 1987 to 16% in 1991. Like R&D spending itself, the fraction of gross national product spent on R&D in the U.S. rose steadily in the early 1980s but has now leveled off. Since 1985, it has been holding fairly steady at 2.7 to 2.8% of the value of all goods and

Japan spent only 1% of its total R&D on defense, and West Germany spent 5%. These levels contrast greatly with the 21% spent by France and the U.K. on defense, and the 29% used by the U.S. In absolute terms, the U.S. R&D ef fort dwarfs that of any other country. It spends 2.4 times as much as its closest competitor—Japan—and five times as much as Germany. But R&D programs in Japan and Germany are expanding faster than they are in the U.S. For example, in 1989, Japan's R&D funding grew 9% and West Germany's rose 6% in real terms over funding levels in 1988, while U.S. ex penditures rose only 1%. Japan is catching up to the U.S. in several other ways as well. The share of U.S. chemical patents awarded to Japanese citizens, corpo rations, and government agencies rose from 13% of the total in 1981 to 21% in 1990, while the share claimed by U.S. citizens and organizations fell 7% over the same period. The U.S. share of chemical literature ab stracted by Chemical Abstracts Ser vice has remained steady at about 27% since 1974, but Japan's share has services produced in the U.S. The share of GNP used for nondefense R&D has remained at 1.9 to 2.0% since 1983. Share of GNP devoted to R&D is a useful measure for comparing R&D efforts in different countries, since it takes into account the relative eco nomic base of different countries. By this measure, both Japan, at 3.0% of GNP, and what was then West Ger many, at 2.9%, spent larger fractions of their economic resources on R&D than did the U.S. in 1989, the most recent year for which comparative data are available. However, in that year France, at 2.3%, spent consider ably less than the U.S. When only defense R&D is con sidered, the differences between countries are even greater. In 1989

Nondefense R&D takes virtually all R&D share of GNP in Germany and Japan, leaving little for defense Total R&D as % of GNP

Nondefense R&D as % of GNP

Japan

Japan Germany 8

Â

^

u.s/

F 2 —^

;L. France6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1973 75

77

79

81

83

85

87

89

UK

'

' ι ι ι ι ι ' I I I I I I I I I 9 1 c 1973 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 9 1 c

a Data are for former West Germany, b French data are based on gross domestic product, consequently percentages may be slightly overstated, c 1990 and 1991 percentages are C&EN estimates. Source: National Science Foundation


33

risen from 7.4% in 1974 to 12.1% in 1990. In recent years, the number of scientists and engineers engaged in R&D has also been increasing faster in Japan than in the U.S. Several other measures reflect the health of the overall R&D effort in the U.S. vis-à-vis the rest of the world. In the U.S., the total number of graduate students in all sciences and engineering has increased at an average rate of 2% a year since 1979, but the number of foreign graduate students without permanent visas has been rising much faster. In 1983, foreign students represented only 26% of the total; in 1989, they were 33%. After graduation, some of these students remain in the U.S., but many return to their native countries. In chemistry and chemical engineering, these trends are even more striking. In chemistry, foreign graduate students escalated from 23% of the total in 1983 to 35% in 1989, and in chemical engineering from 38%

to 49% over the same Defense share of U.S. R&D funds period. has generally declined since 1963 Funding for research in chemistry at universiPercent of total U.S. R&D funds3 ties has risen at a fairly 1001 constant rate of about Nonfederal 11% annually during the 80 past decade, matching t h e a n n u a l rate by w h i c h o v e r a l l R&D f u n d i n g increased at universities. Funding for R&D in chemical engineering has been rising 12% per year since 1980. The federal government provides most of these funds. In 1989, it sup195355 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 plied $424 million, or Note: Total R&D funds for 1991 = $152 billion. 70%, of the $610 million Source: National Science Foundation spent by universities on chemical research. According to NSF, the federal it spent in fiscal 1990. Four agencies government will spend $832 million provide most of these funds—the for research in chemistry in all sec- Department of Energy 23%, NSF tors in the fiscal year that ends Sept. 18%, DOD 17%, and Health & Hu30, down 1% from the $839 million man Services 15%. At universities, NSF, HHS, and DOD together provide 83% of total federal funds for chemical research. Universities perform only 14% of total R&D In fiscal-year 1992, total governeven though they do 58% of basic research ment funding for R&D is expected to grow at a fairly healthy pace. Congressional appropriations call for an 18% boost in NSF's research budget, Universities3 to $2.64 billion, and a 13% increase for DOE, to $6.16 billion. Chemical research is likely to benefit from Federal these hikes because both agencies are government large supporters of such research. Other nonprofit In industry, the chemicals and al% institutions ~~ lied products industry, not surprisingly, is the chief supporter of Estimated 1991 total R&D Estimated 1991 basic research spending = $24 billion spending = $152 billion chemical R&D. In 1990, it spent an estimated $12.6 billion for R&D, 11% more than in 1989. Roughly three . . . industry does 67% of applied research and quarters of these funds support reperforms all but 14% of development search in chemical R&D. Drug companies increased their R&D spending 13% to an estimated $6.1 billion. By contrast, overall industrial R&D Federal increased only about 3%. government Industry Much of the information for this 86% Special Report is taken from statisti3% cal studies by NSF's Division of SciUniversities3 ence Resources Studies. These studOther nonprofit 1% ies are available from the National 4% institutions Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, Office of the Estimated 1991 development Estimated 1991 applied research spending = $93 billion spending = $35 billion Director, 1800 G St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20402, phone (202) 634a Includes associated federally funded R&D centers. Source: National Science Foundation 4634. D

34


Ihiotopics ATOCHEM ORGANIC CHEMICALS DIVISION

MSA Catalyzed Esterification Many esters such as acrylates, pthalates, glutarates, methacrylates, etc are prepared using Methane Sulfonic Acid (MSA) as a catalyst because of the numerous benefits MSA offers vs. competing catalysts. MSA has been proven to have several advantages over both para-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) and sulfuric acid (H 2 S0 4 ) in its use as an esterification catalyst.

Environmental Benefits Since MSA gives better phase separation of acid from finished product, it reduces or eliminates "rag" layer formation, and minimizes product

Reduced Corrosion MSA may offer additional longterm benefits by lowering reactor corrosion. When tested under severe conditions, MSA was shown to be approximately 40% less corrosive than PTSA and 20 times less corrosive than sulfuric acid. Furthermore, MSA showed no pitting, crevicing, or discoloration of the stainless steel coupons. The PTSA coupons were covered with a film and the sulfuric acid coupons were badly pitted and were covered with a black coating. For more information, contact the ATOCHEM North America information center at 1-800-344-5808.

MSA Can Reduce Catalyst Costs in Several Ways: Stronger Acid Since MSA is a stronger acid than PTSA and has a lower molecular weight, MSA can be used at lower weight concentrations than PTSA, which can equate to a lower catalyst cost. Energy Savings Since esterification reactions using MSA can usually run below 150°C, MSA can also save energy. Improved Quality Methane Sulfonic Acid is a nonoxidizing acid, unlike PTSA or sulfuric acid. Esters prepared using MSA have consistently lighter color and lower by-product formation than esters prepared using PTSA or sulfuric acid. For example, in preparing acrylate esters, MSA does not cause discoloration or by-product formation. This is due to its nonoxidizing nature and high thermal stability (decomposition temperature MSA 225°C vs. PTSA 186°C). Also, MSA does not promote ether formation or cause the formation of peroxides. This eliminates polymerization of unsaturated materials such as acrylic acid or esters.

eliminating the use of bases such as NaOHandNa2C03. When not recycling spent acid, waste disposal can add a significant cost to a finished product. However, this cost can be kept to a minimum since neutralized Methane Sulfonic Acid is considered readily biodegradable based on an OECD 301D Closed Bottle Test and BOD Testing.

TGA: A Sophisticated Building Block What first appears to be a relatively simple molecule—TGA—is really a sophisticated building block for many fine chemicals.

losses. This increases yields, lowers effluent volume, and improves recovery of catalyst for eventual recycling. Unlike PTSA, MSA is totally water soluble and can be washed out with water,

Origins in the 1940s TGA (Thioglycolic Acid) was first developed in the early 1940s for use in cosmetology as an active material for cold wave permanents and depilatories. With the rapid rise of the PVC industry in the 1950s, a major application of

continued...

THIOTOPICS FROM ATOCHEM T G A was found as a raw material in the manufacture of organotin stabilizers which were added to P V C compounds to improve thermal stability a n d pre vent discoloration during processing. With the arrival of large scale commercial production, T G A began to be used more a n d more as a raw material in the manufacture of other fine or specialty chemicals. Most notably, applications were found for pharmaceu tical a n d agricultural chemicals. Ideal for many chemical reactions TGA's unique properties make it an ideal candidate for a wide variety of chemical reactions, including addition, elimination or cyclization reactions. Chemists often take advantage of b o t h the acidic nature and t h e position of the thiol group. In the synthesis of fine chemicals, T G A is used in many forms: as T G A itself or in t h e form of its alka line, alkaline earth or organic salts. H o w T G A will react essentially depends o n t h e material with which it is reacted. In t h e presence of unsatu rated compounds, ketone groups or organic halogens, the sulfur group reacts preferentially. O n t h e other hand, the carboxylie group is t h e first to react in the presence of alcohols or bases such as amines. Synthesis involving t h e methyl and ethyl esters of T G A T h e methyl and ethyl esters

derived from T G A are now recognized as valuable industrial raw materials and their applications cover every field of fine chemistry, from the pharma ceutical a n d agrichemical industries to dyestuff manufacturing a n d synthesis of additives of all kinds. Like T G A itself, methyl a n d ethyl esters of T G A are able to react m u c h like mercaptans. In addition, they offer the distinct advantage of being able to react simultaneously with both mercaptan and methylene or ester groups, thus providing a useful route to hetero cyclic compounds. With your expertise in your highly specialized industry and our knowledge of sulfur chemistry, we can build prod ucts for t h e future. For more infor mation o n T G A and its derivatives, just call 1-800-344-5808.

A New Company Brings In The New Year What's new in the world of chem icals? A new company was b o r n o n January 1, 1990: A T O C H E M N o r t h America. This newest member of the chemicals world is a Philadelphiabased producer and marketer of chem ical and polymer products with $1.7 billion in annual revenues. T h e new company is t h e N o r t h American arm of Atochem, S.A., the $9.5 billion chemicals business of Elf Aquitaine, one of Europe's largest companies.

MAIL THIS COUPON FOR FURTHER INFORMATION To: A T O C H E M N o r t h America Info C e n t e r 114 Mayfield Avenue, Edison, NJ 08837 Send Literature

Π Π Π D

Call M e Π MSA Π TGA Π A T O C H E M N o r t h America D Organic Chemical Catalog

A l t h o u g h we have a new name, the chemical industry knows our people and products. A T O C H E M N o r t h America was created by combining Pennwalt Corporation, M & T Chemicals, Inc., and A T O C H E M Inc.—chemical operations that are recognized by customers around the world. T h e creation of A T O C H E M N o r t h America will enhance A T O C H E M ' s position as a major player in t h e global chemical market place. A T O C H E M is among t h e world's leading producers a n d mar keters of fluorochemicals, organic peroxides, organonitrogen and organosulfur chemicals, a n d specialty chem icals. A T O C H E M also has a growing capability in commodity, specialty and engineering polymers. O u r 5,000 employees in N o r t h America are dedicated to providing our customers with t h e superior products and services they have come to expect from us. With t h e worldwide resources of A T O C H E M behind us, we look forward to offering unsurpassed service to the chemical industry as we head toward t h e twenty-first century.

Now Available: Organic Chemicals Catalog If you're looking for a sulfur or nitrogen-based organic chemical, whether for a general or specialized application, chances are you'll find it in this booklet. T h e General Catalog is a handy guide that contains t h e complete line of organic chemicals offered by T h e Organic Chemicals Division of A T O C H E M N o r t h America. This 11 page brochure includes chemical properties, speci fications a n d commercial applications. For a free copy of the brochure, simply call 1-800-344-5808 or fill out and send in t h e coupon.

NAME TITLE

EM

COMPANY ADDRESS TELEPHONE

CITY

STATE

ZIP

CEN

CIRCLE 41 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ATOCHEM LIE-ESE

Overview & S Ifi

1

Funding Continues To Grow at a Slow Pace Overall R&D outlays exceed $150 billion in 1 9 9 1 . . .

. . . but they have barely kept up with inflation since 1986

Sources of R&D funds, $ billions, current 2001

Sources of R&D funds, $ billions, constant (1982)

120

150

100

Federal government

Ûniversities and other nonprofit institutions J_d_J I I I I I I I I L 1976 77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

87

J

88 89 90a 91a

/

Universities and other nonprofit institutions

I

I

I

I L

1976 77 78 79 80 81

82

J

I 83 84

I L

86 87 88 89 90a 91a

a Preimhary. Source: National Science Foundation

SOURCES OF R&D FUNDS: Industry contributes more than half, universities' share rises sharply Annual change $ Billions, current

Industry Federal government Universities and colleges Other nonprofit Institutions TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

$ 78.1 66.0

$ 74.7 64.0

$ 71.8 62.7

$ 67.0 61.5

$ 62.6 57.9

$ 61.1 54.3

$ 58.0 52.1

$ 52.2 45.6

$45.8 40.8

$40.7 36.6

$35.9 33.4

5.0

4.5

3.9

3.5

3.2

2.8

2.4

2.1

1.9

1.7

1.6

11

12

2.6

2.3

2.1

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

13

10

$151.6 4%

$145.5 4%

$140.5 5%

$133.7 7%

$125.4 5%

$119.5 5%

$113.8 13%

$101.1 13%

$89.1 11%

$80.0 11%

$71.9 15%

4%

8%

$ 57.9 49.0

$ 56.8 48.7

$ 56.8 49.6

$ 55.2 50.6

$ 53.3 49.2

$ 53.6 47.6

$ 52.3 46.9

$ 48.5 42.3

$43.6 39.3

$40.7 36.6

$38.3 35.7

2% -1

4% 3

3.7

3.4

3.1

2.9

2.7

2.4

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.7

9

8

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

10

6

$112.5 2%

$110.6 -1%

$111.1 1%

$110.2 3%

$106.6 2%

$104.9 2%

$102.5 9%

$ 93.8 9%

$85.8 7%

$80.0 4%

$76.6 5%

1990-91

1981-91

5% 3

8% 7

$ Billions, constant 1982

Industry Federal government Universities and colleges Other nonprofit institutions TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

2%

4%

Note: Constant-dollar values are calculated by C&EN from NSF data. Totals,do not add up because of rounding, a Preliminary figures, NSF estimates. Source: National Science Foundation August 19, 1991 C&EN

37

F^FORMERS ©F-IF5&D: Government's share of total R&D falls in real terms Annual change $ Billions, current

Industry Federal government Universities and colleges University-associated FFRDCsb Other nonprofit institutions TOTAL

1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

$108.4 16.4 17.2

$104.2 16.1 16.0

$101.6 15.1 15.0

$ 97.8 14.3 13.5

$ 92.2 13.4 12.2

$ 87.8 13.5 10.9

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.5

4.2

3.9

3.5

4.7

4.4

4.1

3.6

3.4

3.4

$151.6

$145.5

$140.5

$133.7

$125.4

$ 80.4 12.2 12.8

$ 79.2 12.2 12.2

$ 80.4 11.9 11.8

$ 80.6 11.7 11.1

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.5

3.3

$112.5

$110.6

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

$65.3 10.6 7.9

$58.7 9.1 7.3

$51.8 8.4 6.8

3.2

2.7

2.5

2.5

1

7

3.4

3.0

2.7

2.4

2.3

8

7

$119.5

$113.8

$101.1

$89.1

$80.0

$71.9

4%

8%

$ 78.5 11.4 10.3

$ 77.2 11.8 9.5

$ 75.9 11.6 8.7

$ 69.4 10.7 8.0

$62.8 10.2 7.6

$58.7 9.1 7.3

$55.1 9.0 7.3

1% -1 5

4% 3 6

3.7

3.6

3.4

3.2

2.9

2.6

2.5

2.7

-1

3

3.2

2.9

2.9

2.9

3.1

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.4

5

4

$111.1

$110.2

$106.8

$104.9

$102.5

$ 93.8

$85.8

$80.0

$76.6

2%

4%

$ 84.2 $ 74.8 12.9 11.6 9.7, 8.6

1990-91

1981-91

4% 2 8

8% 7 10

$ Billions, constant 1982

Industry Federal government Universities and colleges University-associated FFRDCsb Other nonprofit institutions TOTAL

Note: Constant-dollar values are calculated by C&EN based on NSF data. Totals do not add up because of rounding, a Preliminary figures, NSF estimates, b Federally funded R&D centers. Source: National Science Foundation

U.S. ©HEMOÂI PMEMTSs Total dropped 4% last year, those of U.S. origin fell 6% Number of patents issued

U.S. origin to U.S. corporations to U.S. government to individuals in the U.S. to foreign-owned corporations in the U.S. Foreign origin to U.S.-owned corporations abroad to foreign corporations to foreign governments to foreign individuals TOTAL % FOREIGN

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

Total 1981-90

12,996 11,214 310 1,296 176

13,786 12,032 295 1,297 162

11,247 9,849 260 1,014 124

11,394 9,897 325 1,046 126

10,500 9,191 290 925 94

11,531 10,172 322 986 51

11,501 10,117 376 933 75

10,554 9,143 330 985 96

10,613 9,172 311 1,029 101

12,687 10,973 364 1,276 74

116,809 101,760 3,183 10,787 1,079

12,762 1,095

13,139 1,130

10,544 854

10,257 847

9,110 756

9,695 883

8,997 833

8,065 701

8,017 730

9,619 896

100,205 8,725

10,789 151 727 25,758 49.5%

11,105 176 728 26,925 48.8%

8,936 170 584 21,791 48.4%

8,657 200 553 21,651 47.4%

7,677 148 529 19,610 46.5%

8,085 161 566 21,226 45.7%

7,443 166 555 20,498 43.8%

6,710 133 521 18,619 43.3%

6,517 165 605 18,630 43.0%

7,855 100 768 22,306 43.1%

83,774 1,570 6,136 217,014 46.2%

Note: Includes patents issued in those technology subclasses that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office classifies as chemical. Source: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

More than 60% of R&D funds go to development

îOPIEMTS OF U.S. CLERICAL PATENTS: Japan claims a steadily growing share % of patents

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

CVJ

CVJ

CVJ


CVJ

38

1988

OJ

Source: National Science Foundation

1989

50% 5 1 % 52% 53% 54% 54% 56% 57% 57% 57% 50 49 48 47 46 46 44 43 43 43 21 20 20 16 19 19 18 15 14 13 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CVJ C\J

Estimated total 1991 R&D spending = $152 billion

U.S. origin Foreign origin Japan Germany3 U.K. France Switzerland Canada Italy Netherlands Sweden Belgium U.S.S.R.

1990

1981-90

54% 46 18 11 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1

—

Note: Includes patents issued in those technology subclasses that the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office classifies as chemical. a Patents prior to October 1990 were issued to West Germany. Source: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

nSu

1

Nearly one third of chemistry papers are in physical, inorganic, and analytical

Only half of U.S. chemical patents originate in the U.S. Others France 4%

^

-

y< ν

4%

/

1 0 %

\ \

Macromolecular chemistry

^Γ \ \ \

11%

7^_^\\

Germany a - T

Overview

^

^

\ \

Organic chemistry

Biochemistry 37%

1 1 Applied chemistry and chemical engineering

Japan 1 21%

1990 total U.S. chemical patents issued = 25,758

inorganic, and analytic»1 chemis* 30%

1990 total = 394,945 a Number of abstracts of papers published in Chemical Abstracts. Source: Chemical Abstracts Service

a Before October 1990 these patents were issued to West Germany. Source: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office

PATENT ACTIVITY OF U.S. COMPANIES: Most drug firms were granted fewer patents last year 1988

Number of patents issued

1985

Total 1981-90

1984

CHEMICAL COMPANIES Du Ponta

533

495

437

449

371

395

416

387

331

430

Dow Chemical

400

431

421

469

371

335

328

246

277

260

3,538

Ciba-Gelgy

409

346

279

286

244

305

290

244

281

345

3,029

4,244

43

132

141

159

208

242

231

182

202

262

1,802

136

114

101

107

92

115

111

128

129

188

1,221

PPG Industries

100

112

118

118

124

128

137

137

177

189

1,340

Dow Corning

122

105

82

58

68

55

52

37

35

50

664

Ethyl

108

87

51

48

77

105

76

44

31

43

670

Air Products

98

119

70

85

61

80

60

49

54

32

708

Monsanto

84

87

76

91

110

100

138

136

131

211

1,164 826

Union Carbide American Cyanamid

74

80

59

58

81

117

112

85

80

80

105

111

61

44

43

45

57

52

49

68

635

Hercules

35

46

32

50

43

41

39

37

30

52

405

Rohm & Haas

32

32

18

22

33

31

37

55

49

77

386

International Flavors & Fragrances

40

31

24

38

76

104

95

87

87

96

678

GAF

—

50

23

15

12

23

19

21

32

47

242

2319

2378

1993

2097

2014

2221

2198

1927

1975

2430

21,552

1%

14%

Olin W. R. Grace

TOTAL b ANNUAL CHANGE

-2%

19%

-5%

4%

-9%

-2%

-19%

10%

DRUG COMPANIES Merck

134

173

125

123

103

105

135

115

135

160

1,307

Warner-Lambert

108

117

113

118

101

73

49

34

25

37

775

Pfizer

82

79

63

67

72

72

89

61

72

92

749

Hoffmann-LaRoche

78

93

59

86

84

74

78

90

118

124

884

Eli Lilly

73

75

68

85

82

107

80

74

104

112

860

66 64 61 29 25 720 -11%

78 39 66 62 30 812 19%

69 39 74 56 15 681 -4%

46 30 75 54 26

38 29 70 27 66 672 -4%

49 36 74 43 66 699 -3%

24 32 37 59 73 598 -24%

43 50 56 66 122 791 -28%

52 64 62 59 337

497

American Home Products Abbott Laboratories Squibb SmithKline Beckman Upjohn TOTALb ANNUAL CHANGE

710

6%

32 32 53 68 107 723 21%

1099

415 628 523 867 7,505

11%

Note: Includes U.S. chemical and drug companies and U.S. subsidiaries of foreign companies that have received more than 1000 U.S. patents since 1962. a Includes patents issued to Conoco, acquired in 1981, for all years, b These totals include patents issued to companies in this table only. Source: U.S. Patent & Trademark Office August 19, 1991 C&EN 39

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS IN CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS. Biochemistry's dominant share declining Change 1987

BIOCHEMISTRY % of all biochemistry abstracts Pharmacology Mammalian hormones3 Mammalian biochemistry3 Biochemical genetics13 Immunochemistry Toxicology Enzymes Microbial biochemistry3 General biochemistry Plant biochemistry3 Biochemical methods Others TOTAL PHYSICAL, INORGANIC, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

36.9% 39.2% 39.7% 40.5% 40.4% 40.5% 40.5% 38.3% 39.8% - 2 . 9 % 11.7 11.5 10.5 10.1 6.8 6.7 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.7 16.2 100.0%

12.6 12.0 10.7 7.9 6.3 7.8 6.1 5.1 5.1 4.6 5.1 16.7 100.0%

% of all organic chemistry abstracts Physical organic chemistry Organometallic and organometalloidal compounds Heterocyclic compounds3 Carbohydrates Aromatic compounds3 Amino acids, peptides, and proteins3 Biomolecules and their synthetic analogs5 Aliphatic compounds3 Others TOTAL MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY % of all macromolecular chemistry abstracts Synthetic high polymers Plastics manufacture and uses Industrial organic chemicals, leather, fats, and waxes Cellulose, lignin, paper, and other wood products Textiles Coatings, inks, and related products Synthetic elastomers and natural rubber Others TOTAL

12.6 12.2 11.1 6.7 5.8 8.3 5.4 5.1 4.6 5.3 4.8 18.1 100.0%

12.2 12.5 10.8 6.1 6.1 7.8 5.6 5.7 4.7 5.2 5.0 18.3 100.0%

12.3 12.3 11.1 5.2 5.3 7.9 5.6 5.7 4.9 5.5 4.9 19.3 100.0%

11.6 12.4 11.3 4.2 4.8 8.0 5.8 5.2 5.3 6.2 4.9 20.3 100.0%

11.8 12.9 11.1 3.8 4.2 8.5 6.1 5.1 5.8 5.9 4.9 19.9 100.0%

12.0 6.0 16.3

-0.3 5.5 -5.8

—

—

3.1 8.3 6.2 5.2 6.6 5.7 5.5 25.1 100.0%

17.8 20.0 12.5 5.7 7.2 7.0 29.8 100.0%

19.5 20.4 10.9 5.9 7.9 7.1 28.3 100.0%

19.9 20.0 10.8 6.8 7.0 7.0 28.5 100.0%

21.8 18.4 10.8 6.1 6.9 7.5 28.5 100.0%

22.2 18.0 10.8 6.3 6.9 7.8 28.0 100.0%

22.5 17.6 10.0 6.2 7.3 8.3 28.1 100.0%

3.7 -1.6 -0.1 0.2 -1.4 -0.6 -0.8 -8.9 — 1.7%

23.2 -6.1 18.2 -1.3 11.2 2.0 5.6 2.3 7.1 0.6 8.1 -0.8 26.6 3.3 100.0% —

18.2% 18.1% 18.6% 18.0% 18.2% 18.4% 17.6% 19.4% 18.9% - 0 . 7 %

% of all applied chemistry and chemical engineering abstracts 24.5 22.1 Metals and alloys 17.8 18.8 Water, wastes, and pollution 9.4 9.1 Ceramics 10.3 9.2 Unit operations and processes 7.8 8.2 Pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical analysis 8.7 Fossil fuels, derivatives, and related products 8.0 9.3 Mineralogical and geological chemistry 7.8 14.9 Others 14.1 100.0% 100.0% TOTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

12.7 12.0 10.8 7.6 5.8 7.9 6.1 4.8 5.3 5.0 5.1 16.9 100.0%

30.3% 29.0% 28.8% 29.0% 29.8% 29.8% 28.8% 29.6% 28.6%

% of all physical, inorganic, and analytical chemistry abstracts 17.1 19.4 Nuclear chemistry 18.1 Spectra 16.9 13.9 13.2 Electric phenomena 5.1 7.9 Analytical chemistry 6.9 7.7 General physical chemistry 7.8 7.3 Crystallography and liquid crystals 28.8 Others 29.9 TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

1980-90

1983

21.7 20.4 6.7 8.0 7.6 8.8 11.8 15.0 100.0%

20.6 20.4 6.3 9.0 7.8 9.6 11.2 15.1 100.0%

20.8 21.9 5.8 7.1 8.2 9.0 12.0 15.2 100.0%

20.0 20.2 5.6 7.5 8.0 10.1 12.5 16.1 100.0%

18.9 21.0 5.1 7.0 7.0 10.1 14.6 16.3 100.0%

19.1 19.6 5.4 7.5 6.5 10.3 14.1 17.5 100.0%

22.0 22.5 4.1 6.0 5.5 8.9 15.7 15.3 100.0% 7.4%

8.7%

7.8%

7.3%

6.9%

5.9%

6.4%

7.6%

7.3%

21.2 20.4 17.4 7.4 7.1 6.0 5.9 3.3 11.3 100.0%

25.9 18.4 16.1 6.5 6.9 4.5 5.8 3.6 12.3 100.0%

23.0 15.7 18.8 8.1 7.2 5.8 6.1 4.1 11.2 100.0%

23.9 16.1 19.9 5.6 7.7 4.3 5.8 4.9 11.8 100.0%

27.3 18.3 15.0 7.8 7.3 3.9 5.0 4.4 11.0 100.0%

30.6 16.2 16.1 5.7 6.3 4.6 4.9 4.2 11.4 100.0%

32.0 17.1 15.6 5.7 6.3 4.8 4.4 3.6 10.5 100.0%

30.5 16.3 16.2 5.8 7.1 4.5 4.5 4.3 10.8 100.0%

5.9%

5.9%

5.6%

5.6%

5.7%

4.9%

5.5%

5.4%

38.6 34.4 34.8 35.2 34.1 34.1 34.0 34.4 23.3 25.1 23.7 23.6 23.8 25.3 24.2 24.4 8.1 6.8 5.6 4.6 4.4 8.4 4.8 4.8 9.2 9.6 8.8 9.8 9.1 7.6 9.6 9.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.8 8.2 6.7 7.3 7.9 5.6 5.7 5.8 7.2 7.2 5.2 7.8 6.6 5.6 6.7 7.2 6.7 6.8 4.8 7.3 7.5 4.8 5.4 5.7 5.0 4.9 5.4 5.0 5.3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

2.5 -3.7 5.3 3.2 2.7 -0.9 -7.9 -1.2

— 1.3%

38.8 8.2 17.3 5.7 7.8 3.7

-17.6 12.2 0.1 1.7 -0.7 2.3

—

—

6.0 -2.7 12.5 -1.2 100.0% — 5.3%

0.6%

27.0 28.1

11.6 -4.8

10.9 10.1 7.4 8.4 7.9 100.0%

-3.3 -3.4 -2.2 -3.6 -2.5 —

How to read this table: Using biochemistry as an example, in 1990 36.9% of all the papers abstracted by Chemical Abstracts Service are in the various subdisciplines of biochemistry; 11.7% of all abstracts in biochemistry, in turn, are in the subdiscipline of pharmacology, and so on. a Definition of section changed in 1982. b New section in 1982. Source: Chemical Abstracts Service

40


For any application you can name, there's a defoaming surfactant we can name. Surfynol® is the first name in multi-functional surfactants. Why? Because Surfynol surfactants offer you the broadest range of options to meet your formulating require ments for water-based systems. And because they're multi-functional, they provide you with solutions instead of problems. Somewhere in the Surfynol line you'll find a surfactant that provides precisely the combination of per formance advantages you're looking for. Whether you want a wetting and defoaming agent or other bene fits, including improved dispersion, corrosion inhibition, lubricity, and crystallization and filtration enhance ment. And Surfynol surfactants also

reduce the risk of water sensitivity problems. Your range of choices is virtually limitless. So are the systems that benefit from Surfynol surfactants. Such as paints, inks, dyes, adhesives, metalworking lubricants, pigments and paper coatings, to name just a few. But just as importantly, we have the technical expertise to help you make the best choices to meet your specific application needs. There's a Surfynol surfactant with your name on it. To get a free sample call us at (800) 345-3148 or (215) 481-6799. In Europe, call 31-30-511828. Or for more information, send in the coupon.

! Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., ί -"-* Chemicals Customer Service, 7201 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, PA 18195-1501. Yes, I'd like more information about Surfynol surfactants for my water-based systems. Name Title Company _ Address _ . State. .Zip. City Telephone _ Application _

'

CEN ©Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 1989

More than chemicals. Chemistry.

PRODUCTS tZ

UNION CARBIDE CAN END Y rati F AM

Ώ^

DktlTIi

The presence of unwanted foam in the manufacture of coatings, in the processing of industrial, pharmaceutical, petroleum and food products, or in the formulation or use of cleaning chemicals, can pose serious profit-stealing problems. Production capacity is reduced, maintenance costs increased, and safety and environmental hazards created. But no matter what your process condition—high or low pH, anionic or nonionic, high or low temperature, protein stabilized or surfactant—Union Carbide can provide a cost-effective solution. We combine 40 years of technical expertise with a broad line of SAG® silicone UNION and organic foam control agents, something for nearly every application. CARBIDE For technical assistance, samples, or distributor information, call 1-800-331-92 75. We'll show you the best way to burst your bubbles. Foam Control Agents Copyright © 1991 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation. SAG is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation. Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc.

r.IRP.l F 31 ON RFAnFR SFRVIP.F HARD

2

[trail

Federal Government

Defense Funding Still Large, but Shrinking . . . and about a fifth of federal R&D is performed by academia

A fifth of federal R&D funds comes from the Air Force . . Defense agencies

Army Others 5% Others NSF3%

- Health & Human Services Energy

Federal intramural programs

Colleges & universities

NASA

Estimated fiscal 1991 total federal R&D obligations = $66.1 billion

Estimated fiscal 1991 total federal R&D obligations = $66.1 billion Source: National Science Foundation

FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR R&D: Growth in civilian R&D programs outpacing defense Annual change $ Millions

Defense Air Force Navy Army Defense agencies Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Alcohol, Drug Abuse & Mental Health Administration NASA Energy NSF Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Cooperative State Research Service Forest Service EPA Interior Geological Survey Commerce National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration National Institute of Standards & Technology Others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$36,918 13,583 9,358 6,228 7,348 8,888 7,473 920

$35,899 13,720 9,589 5,593 6,744 8,457 7,141 821

$37,577 15,237 9,666 5,659 6,859 7,903 6,778 696

$35,415 15,034 9,514 4,806 5,833 7,158 6,291 555

$35,232 15,348 9,508 5,020 5,220 6,609 5,853 476

$32,938 13,594 9,650 4,809 4,767 5,658 5,005 396

$29,792 13,261 9,127 4,571 2,782 5,451 4,828 378

$25,373 12,092 7,606 4,226 1,392 4,831 4,257 337

8,322 6,006 1,983 1,158 588 335 149 442 489 305 426 268

6,635 5,698 1,766 1,104 547 325 153 417 504 300 424 277

5,394 5,193 1,670 1,038 524 307 131 380 469 278 398 269

4,330 5,036 1,532 1,017 506 298 136 347 417 236 389 263

3,787 4,757 1,471 948 479 271 127 348 404 227 402 286

3,420 4,688 1,353 929 463 269 113 317 385 219 399 275

3,327 4,996 1,346 943 470 284 113 320 392 215 399 270

145

133

116

108

99

101

1,475 $66,107 1%

1,416 $62,320 6%

1,384 $61,406 8%

1,186 $56,935 3%

1,298 $55,255 7%

1,325 $51,412 6%

1990-91

1984-91

3% -1 -2 11 9 5 5 12

6% 2 3 7 27 9 8 15

2,822 4,674 1,203 866 451 236 108 261 411 209 358 244

25 5 12 5 7 3 -3 6 -3 2 0 -3

17

101

96

9

6

1,367 $48,332 14%

1,427 $42,225 9%

2 6%

0 7%

5 6 8 2 6 3 1

Note: Fiscal years, a Estimated. Source: National Science Foundation


43

PERFORMERS OF FEDERALLY FUNDED R&D: Industry's growing share tops 50% of total Annual change Federal obligations, $ millions

Industry FFRDCsb administered by industry Federal Intramural Programs Universities and colleges FFRDCsb administered by universities Nonprofit institutions FFRDCsb administered by nonprofit institutions Foreign State and local governments TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$33,574 2,062

$30,908 2,054

$30,508 1,960

$28,630 1,911

$28,628 1,860

$25,898 1,697

$23,496 1,791

$20,219 1,608

16,396 12,845 3,654

16,094 12,158 3,410

15,121 12,169 3,497

14,115 11,302 3,474

13,413 10,545 3,210

13,535 9,327 2,768

12,945 9,156 2,816

2,784 482

2,629 445

2,521 522

2,188 506

2,221 511

2,228 551

325 184 $66,108 6%

357 175 $62,321 1%

919 167 $61,406 8%

392 142 $56,769 3%

295 148 $55,253 7%

296 128 $51,412 6%

1990-91 a

1984-91

9% 0

8% 4

11,572 8,033 2,486

2 6 7

5 7 6

2,388 689

2,094 597

6 8

4 -4

245 129 $48,360 15%

176 131 $42,225 16%

-9 5 6%

9 5 7%

Note: Fiscal years, a Estimated, b Federally funded R&D centers. Source: National Science Foundation

FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES: Chemistry lags most other fields Annual change $ Millions for research only

Life sciences Engineering National engineering centers Metallurgy and materials Chemical Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Environmental sciences Mathematical and computer sciences Other sciences TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$ 9,407 4,684 790 599 250 4,191 2,479 832 2,345 792

$ 8,914 4,361 814 520 235 3,894 2,287 839 2,104 721

$ 8,495 4,442 784 521 230 3,705 2,191 782 1,773 735

$ 7,724 3,956 678 457 258 3,317 1,975 703 1,607 643

$ 7,344 3,906 669 362 216 3,253 1,854 680 1,512 641

$ 6,464 3,739 632 445 246 3,069 1,806 662 1,482 615

$ 6,366 3,629 664 439 254 3,044 1,820 645 1,404 578

1,801 $23,220 7%

1,689 $21,683 4%

1,671 $20,765 11%

1,402 $18,649 4%

1,288 $17,943 9%

1,133 $16,502 2%

1,110 $16,130 8%

1990-91

1989-91

$ 5,636 3,624 858 341 145 2,969 1,836 606 1,276 440

6% 7 -3 15 6 8 8 -1 11 10

8% 4 -1 8 8 5 4 5 9 9

1,034 $14,979 5%

7 7%

8 6%


Real support for chemical research rose less than 2% per year over past decade

Funding for basic research continues to climb, other areas have leveled off

Federal obligations, $ millions 1000

Federal obligations for research, $ billions, constant (1982) 35 Development _ _ _ —^ - i ^ ^ Q Q E2 • C 30

$ Current 800

25 600

= = = ^ ^

20 $ Constant 15

400

Applied research

10 200

__,,

\ _ ^

1981

82

83

84

85

87

88

89

90

a

91

Note: Fiscal years. Constant-dollar (1982) values calculated by C&EN from NSF data. a Estimated. Source: National Science Foundation

44


s

1981

mm « • ^ « • • • • • • 1 1

Basic research

1

1

82

83

1

84

1

85

1

1

87

1

1

1

89

90a

Note: Fiscal years. Constant-dollar values calculated by C&EN from NSF data, a Estimated. Source: National Science Foundation

91a

5

L—j

r~

fe

g

si

|

*J o . ^ it c 5 0

•••• c

2 e §•§ g £ I ^g co £ g g I 6 g TJ

^ ^ p a K

a. s

&i o §S ll.B-8

S T 1a°l

6 O 0> (Dg

W ^ |

••Sxi™ô6

I I I

"w 0 O

„

III

^ | = »

0

a &• S i g

0

L=J

E EH

I ! 8.1-8 86.14 | « S 1

c?

' «« fcl

3. a S fr-J 5^3 S 3 0^=! 3 3 ^ 3 ^ J > S S f l ' S S -g o r g a o u>£

S

I I I SIolg3l0 63I 5 l 8 | l j i | S |U§ -i a ^ > , . S C ^ 0 S 6

. 5 CO > ,

CO Q ; LU

g

< Li

F-

if-Sllfg s g>f|„g

r^

18-S.1g.8i M l t l

I

ST

S3

^^k..

ft* k

1

1 8 0 "§ =8 o s S S--S 01J2 o, «

°

J ^ ^ S

q> « j M O £

i l l s i l t sgs-eJ-1

HIS II Sljflf a)5o)Oa-2u

2 rS T)

J M E-< £ .0 g

.

SP 'O O C

_Q

ggc°5s

r;§ô^

11 I § -s I

, SJ S g-g

psâ:S§ glos^ft •S O ^ o O O

_^J

5

| 5 | ^

'Q^8s soo.-^-e^ .

££S

j

i

cnâ O T3

o § g § 2T3

*s§ilt§ l i l i l i t:jado-Q^n

•SCCTSOE-HJ

9 r ° ,-5 o J4 ^

J P H O O S

a

liQsT

2

Federal Government

FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR BASIC RESEARCH: Growth averaging 8 % per year Annual change $ Millions

Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Alcohol, Drug Abuse & Mental Health Administration NSF NASA Energy Defense Navy Air Force Army Defense agencies Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Cooperative State Research Service Forest Service Interior Geological Survey Bureau of Mines EPA Commerce National Institute of Standards & Technology Others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1990a

1991 a

1989

$ 4,940 $ 4,662 $ 4,388 4,257 4,053 4,501 357 308 398

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$4081 3795 266

$3830 3577 232

$3339 3119 203

$3233 3018 197

$2815 2625 171

1,651 1,659 1,531 892 354 177 177 184 513 295 150 58 200 153 43 76 30 29

1,563 1,417 1,411 948 354 203 187 204 485 283 143 50 189 140 44 51 29 28

1433 1113 1185 877 342 196 166 173 481 271 146 52 126 90 32 27 31 26

1371 1014 1069 908 354 222 217 115 446 253 133 49 135 85 46 31 26 25

1275 917 960 924 337 216 248 122 433 248 132 42 133 83 45 39 27 26

1262 751 943 861 343 198 241 79 445 250 142 44 138 81 50 39 23 22

1132 755 830 848 316 192 222 118 393 241 100 41 126 79 41 30 21 20

141 134 $12,255 $11,348 8% 7%

121 $10,602 12%

120 $9474 6%

116 $8944 10%

107 $8153 4%

124 $7819 11%

119 $7067 13%

1,853 1,803 1,677 972 399 201 191 181 547 317 163 56 191 153 32 98 33 32

1990-91

6% 6 11 6 9 9 9 13 14 8 -2 7 7 9 -5 -4 0 -26 30 10 10 5 8%

1984-91

8% 8 13 7 13 11 2 3 1 -2 6 5 4 7 5 6 10 -4 18 7 7 9 8%


FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH: Funds for NASA growing rapidly Annual change $ Millions

Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Alcohol, Drug Abuse & Mental Health Administration Defense Defense agencies Army Air Force Navy NASA Energy Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Cooperative State Research Service Forest Service Commerce National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration National Institute of Standards & Technology EPA Interior Geological Survey NSF Others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991 a

1990a

$ 3,037 $ 2,915 2,179 2,117 516 459


1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$ 2,700 2,008 385

$2416 1886 287

$2195 1740 241

$1851 1469 192

$1796 1410 180

$1652 1286 165

1990-91

1984-91

4% 3 12

9% 8 18

2,497 849 604 580 464 1,970 1,064 570 235 172 88 329 229

2,343 846 543 529 425 1,636 1,109 552 219 175 90 337 240

2,708 1,038 636 605 429 1,461 1,021 517 209 165 77 322 234

2362 791 588 577 406 1219 1051 505 208 153 80 311 225

2440 751 693 563 432 1256 1029 473 201 138 73 313 234

2303 735 579 542 447 1152 1081 464 188 137 68 313 237

2307 738 583 538 448 1033 1198 466 192 143 66 301 224

2201 717 487 548 450 955 1195 442 184 136 64 276 198

7 0 11 10 9 20 -4 3 7 -2 -2 -2 -5

2 9 3 1 0 11 -2 4 3 3 5 3 3

91

87

78

73

64

63

65

64

5

5

240 223 270 253 127 132 115 108 818 840 $10,335 $10,163 2% 11%

241 266 136 100 705 $9176 2%

246 247 132 99 700 $8999 8%

179 235 128 78 693 $8349 0%

176 231 130 84 720 $8312 5%

142 254 125 71 725 $7911 -1%

265 261 135 130 842 $10,965 6%


46

1989

10 -3 2 13 3 6%

9 0 1 9 2 5%

Three agencies provide nearly 60% of all chemical research funding »..

. . . but NSF and HHS alone provide 70% of the funds for universities Agriculture and NASA

Energy Agriculture Health & Human Services Estimated fiscal 1991 federal chemistry research obligations = $832 million

Estimated fiscal 1991 federal chemistry university research obligations = $315 million3


a Total is for these six agencies only.

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH: Life sciences gamer just under 60% of government funds Annual change Federal obligations, $ millions

Life sciences Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Engineering Metallurgy and materials Chemical Environmental sciences Mathematical and computer sciences Other sciences TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$4682 1035 546 315 806 213 48 511

$4428 960 504 298 721 171 43 475

$4396 930 486 298 749 194 42 460

$4029 857 425 295 673 175 57 408

$3824 823 404 281 600 108 55 400

$3252 752 405 266 609 133 51 366

$3192 750 402 267 507 107 46 361

359 640 $8033 6%

354 609 $7547 1%

344 593 $7472 10%

289 449 $6384 14%

274 365 $5617 4%

253 348 $5411 13%

,

305 494 $6766 6%

1990-91

1984-91

$2800 698 375 242 474 88 51 320

6% 8 8 6 12 25 12 8

8% 6 6 5 8 13 -1 7

182 304 $4777 12%

1 5 6%

10 11 8%

Note: Fiscal years. Includes funding only from six agencies that together represent approximately 96% of federal research support to universities. a Estimated. Source: National Science Foundation

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH IN CHEMISTRY: NSF, NIH, and DOD dominate funding Annual change Federal obligations, $ millions

NSF Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Alcohol, Drug Abuse & Mental Health Administration Defense Air Force Navy Army Defense agencies Energy Agriculture NASA TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$139.7 80.5 78.1 2.4

$124.5 76.6 74.6 2.0

$118.5 76.4 74.8 1.6

$111.6 91.4 89.3 2.1

$107.1 85.0 83.4 1.6

$103.5 75.0 74.4 0.6

$108.1 75.2 74.7 0.6

$100.7 63.2 62.8 0.4

12% 5 5 20

5% 4 3 29

42.1 16.8 15.7 6.7 2.8 35.4 11.1 6.4 $315.2 6%

39.2 14.9 14.8 6.7 2.8 39.8 12.1 5.9 $298.1 0%

42.0 15.5 14.3 7.7 4.4 43.7 11.8 5.2 $297.7 1%

41.3 17.0 13.6 8.8 1.8 33.8 11.8 4.8 $294.7 5%

45.0 18.4 17.2 8.3 1.1 28.5 11.2 4.3 $281.1 6%

43.2 16.1 13.9 12.4 0.9 27.6 12.2 4.2 $265.7 -1%

40.4 14.0 15.5 10.9 0 26.0 15.5 4.1 $269.4 11%

34.7 na na na na 26.3 13.5 4.1 $242.3 18%

7 13 6 0 0 -11 -8 8 6%

3 na na na na 15 -3 7 4%

1990-91

1984-91

Note: Fiscal years. Data from these six agencies represent approximately 96% of federal obligations for 1991. a Estimated, na = not available. Source: National Science Foundation

August 19, 1991 C&EN 47

liQii

2

Federal Government

FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT: Defense Department accounts for 78% Annual change $ Millions

Defense Air Force Navy Defense agencies Army NASA Energy Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Transportation EPA Commerce National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration National Institute of Standards & Technology Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Interior Geological Survey Others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$33,448 12,801 8,494 6,319 5,433 4,549 3,285 911 793 281 80 84 39

$32,844 13,013 8,810 5,713 4,873 3,340 3,057 881 725 249 101 58 37

$33,921 14,430 8,883 5,617 4,836 2,515 2,761 814 682 182 107 47 34

$32,176 14,261 8,766 4,868 4,052 1,999 2,801 661 610 213 80 47 35

$31,884 14,563 8,721 4,354 4,110 1,518 2,659 584 536 256 71 64 52

$29,711 12,835 8,866 3,911 3,982 1,351 2,648 468 418 317 100 60 37

$26,623 12,524 8,336 1,965 3,747 1,544 2,825 423 400 358 106 75 45

$22,324 11,352 6,840 557 3,517 1,113 2,649 365 347 371 89 62 47

22

17

10

9

9

12

14

12

41 35 37 18 232 $42,888 8%

38 32 34 15 237 $40,637 8%

36 31 26 13 230 $40,640 8%

31 26 24 11 253 $38,285 3%

29 24 22 10 226 $37,313 7%

32 27 17 7 207 $34,910 8%

32 28 22 4 195 $32,202 18%

31 27 31 5 212 $27,246 11%

1990-91

1984-91

2% -2 -4 11 11 36 7 3 3 5 -20 14 1

6% 2 3 41 6 22 3 15 14 -4 -2 0 -2

29

9

8 9 9 20 -2 6%

4 4 3 29 1 7%


ENGINEERING RESEARCH: Over past five years support for chemical engineering has fallen by an 1990a

1991 a

1989

Federal obligations, $ millions

All engineering

Chemical engineering

Metallurgy & materials

All engineering



All engineering



Defense Air Force Defense agencies Navy Army NASA Energy NSF Transportation Interior EPA Commerce Agriculture Others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

$1747.7 463.2 452.2 432.6 399.7 1689.1 420.0 276.4 93.3 76.8 71.4 60.8 34.2 214.2 $4683.9 7%

$40.9 3.3 0 14.6 23.0 12.3 3.0 50.6 6.9 6.6 28.9 5.4 7.7 0 $162.1 6%

$396.0 47.4 259.3 61.2 28.1 50.2 78.4 33.4 0.3 26.8 0.6 13.3 0 0.1 $599.1 15%

$1619.1 409.4 443.9 390.2 375.6 1513.2 436.2 245.7 89.5 94.2 62.2 60.5 36.7 203.8 $4361.1 -2%

$ 41.6 3.3 0 12.4 25.9 13.5 5.5 44.9 6.3 5.7 23.7 3.8 7.5 0.1 $152.6 7%

$328.3 44.7 204.7 55.4 23.5 40.7 79.8 29.7 0.3 28.1 0.6 12.3 0 0 $519.8 0

$1836.1 480.5 565.1 389.9 400.6 1446.4 406.1 232.0 87.6 92.8 52.7 52.7 34.5 201.1 $4442.0 12%

$ 46.8 11.6 0.2 11.6 23.4 6.0 4.5 42.4 6.9 5.8 19.2 3.2 7.2 0.2 $142.2 -45%

$343.3 42.9 221.6 56.1 22.7 35.5 78.0 28.1 0.2 23.4 0.7 11.6 0 0.2 $521.0 14%


48


FEDERAL OBLIGATIONS FOR CHEMICAL RESEARCH: NSF now second largest source of funds Annual change 1991 a

1990a

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$190.4 151.2 141.2 65.3 43.9 29.2 2.8 122.7 108.9 13.8

$238.4 134.6 131.0 64.0 38.1 26.1 2.8 114.8 103.6 11.2

$213.4 127.4 133.5 60.4 43.2 25.5 4.4 107.8 98.6 9.2

$162.9 120.6 125.0 57.5 43.6 22.1 1.8 123.8 114.4 9.4

$145.5 115.3 144.9 72.2 43.3 28.4 1.1 115.5 108.1 7.4

$145.9 112.6 163.4 81.4 42.0 39.1 0.9 104.2 99.5 4.7

$143.0 115.6 156.4 78.2 39.5 38.3 0.4 99.1 95.1 4.0

$140.4 109.9 139.8 66.3 36.7 36.6 0.3 86.3 84.1 2.3

64.8 44.8 11.5 8.5 52.2 46.4 25.5 20.2

62.9 41.7 12.5 8.7 57.9 37.4 25.1 18.3

61.0 41.2 12.3 7.5 47.4 32.5 24.4 17.7

60.8 40.9 12.2 7.6 27.5 30.6 23.6 16.9

65.0 46.4 11.5 7.1 13.4 34.6 22.9 16.5

58.6 40.0 12.4 6.2 11.8 20.1 19.1 16.4

58.0 36.1 16.1 5.7 16.3 17.5 17.7 15.4

5.3

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.4

2.4

25.1 25.0 12.9 $832.4 -1%

22.7 22.6 14.2 $839.0 7%

22.0 21.9 13.2 $782.6 11%

21.9 20.8 6.4 $703.1 3%

20.9 20.2 2.4 $680.3 3%

20.3 19.4 6.3 $662.4 3%

$ Millions

Energy NSF Defense Army Air Force Navy Defense agencies Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Alcohol, Drug Abuse & Mental Health Administration Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Cooperative State Research Service Forest Service NASA EPA Commerce National Institute of Standards & Technology National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Interior Geological Survey Others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1990-91

1984-91

-20% 12 8 2 15 12 0 7 5 23

4% 5 0 -1 3 -4 38 5 4 29

69.0 51.6 13.5 3.9 7.3 15.9 15.3 14.1

3 7 -8 -2 -10 24 2 10

-1 -2 -3 12 32 16 9 5

1.4

1.3

-12

26

19.4 18.4 1.5 $644.5 6%

19.2 11 3.3 $606.4 17%

11 4 -9 1%

4 22 5%


average of 8% a year 1987 All engineering



All engineering



All engineering



$1636.1 455.1 416.8 379.8 384.4 1138.2 479.5 206.8 71.9 85.3 50.7 49.3 31.7 206.7 $3956.2 1%

$ 41.9 1.8 0.1 19.6 20.3 2.0 134.5 38.9 1.0 5.1 24.2 2.7 7.7 0.1 $258.1 20%

$294.4 43.2 174.8 52.5 23.8 18.8 78.4 25.6 3.6 24.8 0.3 10.6 0 0.2 $456.7 26%

$1629.7 460.3 325.6 401.5 442.4 1170.5 442.2 191.7 48.1 87.8 55.4 41.3 33.9 205.8 $3906.2 4%

$ 46.9 1.8 0 21.3 23.8 1.5 88.9 37.3 1.0 5.0 25.6 2.4 6.9 0.3 $215.8 -12%

$203.6 34.5 79.8 57.2 32.1 19.9 77.1 22.9 0.7 28.5 0.5 8.6 0 0.2 $362.0 -19%

$1505.6 444.7 289.5 397.8 373.6 1066.9 494.2 199.1 52.8 93.2 48.6 41.7 31.1 205.9 $3738.9 3%

$ 50.3 1.9 0 24.4 24.0 1.0 121.6 33.4 1.9 4.7 23.9 2.6 6.0 0.4 $245.8 -3%

$253.7 33.4 76.2 117.4 26.8 16.2 82.8 43.5 1.8 38.5 0.5 7.6 0 0.5 $445.0 1%


49

Fiscal 1992 is shaping up well for R&D, as Congress slates budget increases for funding agencies DOD R&D BUDGET: Air Force work accounts for just under 4 0 % $ Millions

House appropriation

Administration request

1991

1990

1989

% change 1991-92 3

Air Force Defense agencies Navy Army TOTAL

$14,263.9 8,979.1 7,464.9 6,241.6 $36,949.5

$15,032.6 10,238.5 7,346.6 6,307.3 $38,921.0

$11,961.3 9,115.7 9,237.9 5,607.4 $35,722.3

$14,626.9 8,399.4 9,393.6 5,446.5 $37,866.4

$14,502.3 8,427.9 9,382.3 5,130.2 $37,442.7

19% -1 -20 1 3%

Note: Fiscal years, a Based on House appropriation.

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY: Defense accounts for just 3 0 % of R&D budget Congressional appropriation


1991

1990

1989

ENERGY R&D General science and research Basic energy sciences Materials sciences Chemical sciences Fossil Environment Fusion Nuclear Conservation Solar, other renewables

$4236.1 1472.5 764.7 257.1 158.3 450.0a 353.3 337.1 332.0 284.8a 241.7

$4031.2 1548.9 714.7 257.1 158.3 227.0 312.6 337.1 398.0 290.9 202.1

$3717.3 1148.7 711.7 274.9 157.6 458.8 393.9 273.6 304.0 228.3 198.3

$3053.3 737.6 582.5 203.2 144.1 416.5 314.0 323.0 348.0 191.2 140.5

$2927.4 717.6 552.4 180.7 135.0 380.6 259.0 351.5 352.7 165.7 147.9

14% 28 7 -6 0 -2b -10 23 9 25 22b

DEFENSE R&D Weapons R&D Naval reactor development TOTAL

1926.2 1231.0 695.2 $6162.3

1752.2 1074.0 678.2 $5783.4

1729.8 1077.8 652.0 $5447.1

1704.4 1022.2 642.2 $4757.7

1608.9 978.9 630.0 $4536.3

11 14 7 13%

$ Millions

% change 1991-92

Note: Fiscal years, a C&EN estimate based on Congressional action as of Aug. 2, 1991. b Based on estimated appropriation.

NIH BUDGET: Cancer, aging, genome research slated 1or largest increases 1992 $ Millions

National Institutes Cancer Heart, Lung & Blood Allergy & Infectious Diseases General Medical Sciences Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases Neurological Disorders & Stroke Child Health & Human Development Aging Eye Environmental Health Sciences Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases Dental Research Deafness & Other Communication Disorders National Center for Research Resources National Center for Human Genome Research Other TOTAL

Congressional appropriation3

AdministrationI request

1991

1990

1989

$8065.9 1920.3 1196.5 966.4 817.7 660.3 583.4 524.2 362.8 269.7 252.9 204.0 159.7 148.0 313.2 101.2 411.6 $8891.9

$7982.0 1810.2 1209.9 976.7 833.2 658.6 583.4 520.6 348.6 272.3 254.5 204.8 160.9 148.3 321.0 110.5 361.4 $8774.9

$7438.9 1713.8 1126.9 907.3 760.0 615.3 541.7 479.0 323.7 253.2 241.0 193.2 148.9 134.9 335.3 87.4 415.1 $8276.7

$6893.8 1634.3 1072.3 833.0 712.0 581.5 490.4 442.9 239.5 236.5 229.2 168.9 135.7 117.6 337.1 59.5 285.9 $7576.3

$6561.9 1570.9 1045.7 742.3 682.2 559.6 472.3 425.5 222.8 231.3 223.7 160.0 130.8 94.8 358.3 28.0C 224.6 $7144.8

Annual change 1991-92 b

8% 12 6 6 8 7 8 9 12 6 5 6 7 10 -7 16 -1 7%

Note: Fiscal years, a C&EN estimate based on Congressional action as of Aug. 2, 1991. b Based on estimated appropriation, c Funded under National Institute for General Medical Sciences.

50


AGRICULTURE R&D: Budget will be up, contrary to funding request $ Millions

Agricultural Research Service Cooperative State Research Service Forest Service National Agricultural Library TOTAL



$ 701.9 478.0 180.2 17.2 $1377.3

$ 709.2 409.2 163.2 17.5 $1299.1

1991

1990

% change 1991-92 b

1989

$ 665.1 $ 596.8 $ 591.7 451.4 382.8 315.1 147.1 167.6 137.9 16.8 14.7 14.3 $1300.9 $1150.4 $1064.4

6% 6 8 2 6%

Note: Fiscal years, a C&EN estimate based on Congressional action as of Aug. 2, 1991. b Based on estimated appropriation.

NSF BUDGET: Big increase for education, academic instrumentation funding debuts $ Millions

Research and related activities Education and human resource activities Salaries and expenses Antarctic research Academic research facilities Academic research instrumentation6 TOTAL



1991

1990

1989

$1943.2 450.0 113.0 98.0 20.0 50.0 $2644.2

$1963.5 390.0 122.0 118.0 0 50.0 $2643.5

$1694.2 322.4 101.0 100.0 20.5 0 $2238.1

$1702.4 204.3 96.4 71.9 19.7 0 $2094.7

$1620 5 171.0 89.8 131.0 0 0 $2012.3

% change 1991-92 b

15% 40% 12 -2 -2

— 18%

Note: Fiscal years, a C&EN estimate based on Congressional action as of Aug. 2, 1991. b Based on estimated appropriation, c New program proposed by Administration for fiscal 1992.

NASA R&D BUDGET: Space station funding eating into other programs $ Millions

Space station and applications Space station Space transportation capability development Aeronautical research & technology Space research & technology Commercial programs Academic programs Transatmospheric vehicle Safety, reliability & quality assurance Tracking & data systems TOTAL



1991

1990

1989

$2648.9 2022.5 650.0 535.4 354.3 99.8 65.9 48.2 33.6 21.9 $6480.5

$2909.2 2022.5 865.9 582.2 415.3 146.8 64.1 73.2 33.6 21.9 $7134.7

$2518.1 1894.5 658.9 511.5 305.2 89.9 61.7 92.4 35.3 19.5 $6094.6

$2007.0 1714.9 637.3 449.3 285.2 58.3 28.2 59.1 21.9 19.8 $5291.9

$1855.9 877.3 707.0 395.7 297.2 53.1

— 71.2 21.2 19.3 $4297.9

% change 1991-92 b

5% 7 -1 5 16 11 7 -48 -5 12 5%

Note: Fiscal years, a C&EN estimate based on Congressional action as of August 2, 1991. b Based on estimated appropriation.

EPA R&D BUDGET: Big boosts for air and pesticides research, only Superfund research declines $ Millions

Multimedia Air Superfund Hazardous waste Water quality Toxic substances Drinking water Pesticides Energy/acid rain Management & support Radiation Leaking underground storage tanks TOTAL



1991

1990

1989

$153.6 119.2 68.6 46.7 31.1 26.3 23.7 19.3 15.8 5.3 5.1 0.8 $515.5

$150.7 112.4 68.6 43.6 28.9 26.3 22.2 15.0 13.7 5.3 4.0 0.8 $491.5

$124.2 86.6 73.6 39.2 27.7 25.5 20.7 12.6 13.6 5.2 4.0 0.8 $433.7

$ 84.0 77.9 78.7 43.9 26.9 27.2 20.9 12.7 33.3 14.7 3.6 0.7 $424.5

$ 44.3 67.7 73.4 43.5 24.1 27.9 21.3 13.3 54.5 12.6 3.5 0.8 $386.9

% change 1991-92 b

24% 38 -7 19 7 3 14 53 16 2 27 0 19%

Note: Fiscal years, a C&EN estimates based on Congressional action as of Aug. 2, 1991. b Based on estimated appropriation.


51

^#HO-DEXTRINS

Cyclodextrin photo by Daniel W. Armstrong, University of Missouri

mam

And A Pioneering Mind

A Guest...

If you are searching for innovative pathways to product and process development- here's your answer... Cavitron Cyclo-dextrins™. These host-receptor molecules can enclose and bind guest molecules, thereby modifying the physical and chemical properties of included guests. Here is an exciting tool for the '90s to handle and impose control on your unruly molecules on an individual basis, modulating their activity to achieve new and different results. If your problem molecules need such practical benefits as solubility enhancement, stabilization against degradation by oxidation, heat, or light, or control of volatility, then inclusion complexation with Cavitron Cyclo-dextrins™ could provide the solution you seek. Why not choose a unique chemical partner in your quest for innovative product developments?

Cavitron Cyclo-dextrins™ are being used successfully in pharmaceuticals, food, agrichemicals, chemical processing, beauty aids, and cosmetics. American Maize is bringing this innovative technology to you, today, with North America's first commercial plant and dedicated Technology Center. The choice is yours: take the lead and call us today...or follow the competitor who did. Call Toll-free 8 0 0 - 3 4 8 - 9 8 9 6 . American Maize-Products Company, Corn Processing Division, 1100 Indianapolis Blvd. Hammond, Indiana 46320-1094

4M4IZ0

American Maize-Products Company

Working Together...The Possibilities Are Limitless CIRCLE 3 ON READER SERVICE CARD

3

I R&D

Industry

Chemicals R&D Outpaces Other Industries In constant dollars, R&D spending for all chemicals rose modestly last year

Share of revenues for R&D is higher at drug firms than in other industries

$ Billions 15 • $ Current $ Constant (1982)

R&D spending as % of net sales 101

Drugs

10 Chemicals & allied products

^^^r Industrial chemicals

All industry

Industrial chemicals I 1976 77

I 78

I 79

I 80

I 81

i 82

I 83

I

I

I

I

I

I

84

85

86

87

88

89

J 1976 77

90

I 78

L 79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90 a

a C&EN estimates. Source: National Science Foundation

Note: Constant-dollar values calculated by C&EN from NSF data. Source: National Science Foundation

TOTAL FUNDS FOR INDUSTRIAL R&D: Overall support increased only 3% in 1990 Annual change $ Millions

Chemicals and allied products Industrial chemicals Drugs Other chemicals Other Industries TOTAL

1990 a

$ 12,700

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

$ 11,537

$10,774

$ 9,878

$ 8,843

$ 8,540

$ 7,927

$ 7,185

$ 6,604

$ 5,625

3,959 4,300a 4,056 4,737 5,400a 6,100a 2,081a 2,078 2,300a 90,062 87,115 91,500a $104,200 $101,599 $97,889

3,552 3,901 3,658 4,108a 1,869a 1,633 82,277 78,980 $92,155 $87,823

1989-90

1980-90

$ 4,636

10%

11%

3,498 3,240 3,214 3,206 2,802 2,197 3,490a 3,316a 2,901a 2,481a 2,073a 1,777 a a a a 1,552 1,371 1,070 917 662 750a 75,699 66,873 $58,083 52,046 46,185 39,869 $84,239 $74,800 $65,268 $58,650 $51,810 $44,505

6 13 11 2 3%

7 14 13 9 9%


COMPANY FUNDS FOR INDUSTRIAL R&D: Outlays for drug R&D grew fastest in 1989 Annual change $ Millions

Chemicals and allied products Industrial chemicals Drugs Other chemicals Other industries TOTAL

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

$11,449

$10,580

$ 9,685

$ 8,664

$ 8,310

$ 7,736

$ 6,792

$ 6,197

$ 5,205

$ 4,264

3,972 5,206 2,271 58,804 $70,253

3,767 4,735 2,078 55,883 $66,463

3,714 4,139 1,832 53,121 $62,806

3,374 3,657 1,633 51,268 $59,932

3,281 3,481 1,548 48,733 $57,043

3,057 3,310 1,369 43,668 $51,404

2,828 2,896 1,068 37,796 $44,588

2,810 2,473

2,393 2,064

1,856 1,756

914

747

653

33,908 $40,105

30,223 $35,428

26,212 $30,476

1988-89

1979-89

$ 3,692

8%

12%

1,617 1,516a 559a 22,016 $25,708

5 10 9 5 6%

9 13 15 10 11%



53

FEDERAL FUNDS FOR INDUSTRIAL R&D: Funds for chemical industry cut in half Annual change $ Millions

1988-89

88 $ 195 $ 192 $ 179 $ 230 $ 191 a $ 393 $ 407 $ 421 $ 372 $ 346 Chemicals and allied products 178 386 84 192 187 217 183 a 409 341 345 Industrial chemicals 396 7 Drugs and other 4 1 8 11 12 1 3 5 31 13 chemicals 31,278 32,764 31,119 27,712 26,966 23,205 20,287 18,138 15,961 13,657 12,172 Other industries TOTAL $31,366 $32,959 $31,311 $27,891 $27,196 $23,396 $20,680 $18,545 $16,382 $14,029 $12,518

1979-89

-13 %a

-55% -56 33

-13a 15

-5 -5%

10 10%

a The decline in 1984 from 1983 results from the administration of federally funded Oak Ridge National Laboratory being changed from a chemical company to a company in the aircraft and missile industry. Source: National Science Foundation

COST PER INDUSTRIAL R&D SCIENTIST OR ENGINEER: 5 % increase for chemicals in 1989 $ Thousands

Chemicals and allied products Industrial chemicals Drugs Other chemicals All industry

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

$147.9 176.0 a a $140.0

$140.4 173.6 141.7 101.3 $137.0

$127.6 165.5 a a $131.2

$117.1 150.2 113.6 83.1 $128.4

$116.3 144.5 a a $130.2

$112.5 132.0 a a $124.0

$104.8 123.1 103.1 a $116.0

$102.5 122.1 a a $111.6

$ 96.6 118.0 a a $103.9

$ 87.4 103.4 79.2 66.5 $ 94.9

$79.6 92.8 71.4 66.5 $87.4

a Not separately available but included in chemicals and allied products. Source: Calculated by C&EN from National Science Foundation data

R&D BY U.S. COMPANIES ABROAD: Funds spent by chemical firms declined sharply in 1989 Annual change 1988

$ Millions

Chemicals and allied products Industrial and other chemicals Drugs Other industries TOTAL

1988-89

$1287 $1501 $1243 $1071 $ 8 4 3 $ 7 8 6 $ 7 2 9 $ 6 8 2 $ 7 1 5 $ 6 0 3 $500 473 781 625 579 444 385 368 319 287 246 199 814 720 618 492 399 401 361 363 428 357 301 5232 4794 3983 3553 2807 2847 2540 2412 2678 2562 2254 $6519 $6295 $5226 $4624 $3650 $3633 $3269 $3094 $3393 $3165 $2754

-14% -39 13 9 4%

1979-89

10% 9 10 9 9%


CHEMICAL R&D SPENDING: Company outlays rose 1 0 % in 1990 $ Millions

$1428

$1387

1136 612 460

873 598 406

Union Carbide 3

191

Rohm & Haas W. R. Grace

178 148 92 74 72

Du Pont Dow Chemical Monsanto American Cyanamid

Hercules Lubrizol Air Products Olin Ethyl International Flavors Nalco Chemical TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1990 R&D spending as % of sales

1983

$1319 772

$1223 670

648 365

181 175 125 79 70 71

66 66 65b 61b 52 57 45 41 $4624 $4185 10% 6%

$1156

$1144 547

$1097 507

$ 966 492

615 314

605 596 278

470 251

370 232

159

159

148

275

265

290 208 245

156 119 74 65 72

142 107

133 94

124 92

74 62 57

71 51 61

76 44

100 73 74 37

51

109 81 72 33 44

58

62 50 45 35 $3615

56 47 39 33

53 47 34 32

52 40 32 32

$3368

$3240

7%

4%

$2966 11%

49 39 32 30 $2675

8%

17%

59b 50 37 $3953

9%

9%

40

$ 879

$ 718

460 264 185

404

240 92 64 74

$ 591 314

3.6% 5.7 7.7

233 166 207

208 148

10.1

166

2.5

77 57

67

6.3 2.2

36 37

65 33 32

45 39 31 33

38 37 30 30

$2479

$2127 20%

45 57 28 30 31 34 29 28 $1776 16%

2.9 5.2 2.5 2.5 2.6 6.0 3.7 4.5%

Note: Prior years not restated to reflect company revisions, a Union Carbide divested a substantial part of its business in 1986; on a pro forma basis, R&D spending was $181 million in 1985 and $178 million in 1984. b Adjusted to reflect spin-off of Tredegar Industries. Source: Company data

54


3

R&D

Industry

. . . and spend one quarter of total industrial R&D funds in the U.S.

Aircraft and missile firms employ one fifth of R&D scientists and engineers in industry... Motor vehicles & related equipment

Professional & scientific instruments Other industries

Motor vehicles & related equipment

Chemicals & allied products ' Machinery

Chemicals & allied products

Electrical equipment

1989 total industrial R&D expenditures = $102 million

1989 total industrial R&D scientists and engineers3=726,000 a Average full-time equivalent for 1989. Source: National Science Foundation

R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN INDUSTRY: Drug firms show decline Annual change Thousands

Chemicals and allied products Industrial chemicals Drugs Other chemicals Other industries TOTAL

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

78.4 77.6 75.8 75.2 75.8 23.0a 23.1 a 22.5a 22.4a 24.9 33.0 34.0 33.0 32.6 31.8 22.4 20.5 20.2 20.3 19.1 653.3 642.6 632.8 620.6 595.2 731.7 720.2 708.6 695.8 671.0

1985

71.1 23.5 30.8 16.7 551.4 622.5

1984

1983

69.8 67.3 25.6 26.6 a 30.8 28.2 13.4 12.1 514.3 473.6 584.1 540.9

1982

1981

1980

61.6 25.9 25.6 10.1 448.2 509.8

54.7 21.6 23.3 9.8 433.1 487.8

51.4 20.9 21.6 8.9 399.2 450.6

1989-9C

1980-90

1% 0 -3 9 2 2%

4% 2 4 10 5 5%

Note: Data as of January of each year for full-time equivalent personnel, a C&EN estimates. Source National Science Foundation

CHEMISTS IN INDUSTRY: 15% work outside the manufacturing sector Mean salary ($ thousands)3

% of industrial chemists Industry

Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals0 Specialty chemicals Basic chemicals Plastics

All chemists

B.S.

M.S.

Ph.D.

B.S.

M.S.

Ph.D.

18% 14 6 5

15% 13 3 3

21% 11 4 5

19% 15 8 6

$46.2 48.7 51.5 51.8

$56.4 57.0 68.4 61.6

$75.3 67.6 71.7 68.4

Coatings Petroleum and natural gas Medical devices Agricultural chemicals Electronics

4 4 4 3 3

5 4 3 2 3

3 3 3 2 3

3 5 4 4 3

49.7 53.5 47.2 46.3 46.4

59.2 65.1 56.2 58.6 58.5

62.2 76.2 71.2 67.1 76.2

Food Aerospace Instruments Rubber Biochemical products

3 3 2 2 1

3 3 3 3 1

4 3 3 2 1

2 2 2 1 2

46.4 51.4 53.0 47.8 46.5

58.0 57.5 58.0 51.5 61.3

72.9 65.7 66.1 68.5 63.2

Metals and minerals Soaps and detergents Paper Other

1 1 1 11

2 1 1 11

2 1 1 11

1 2 1 10

38.7 47.3 42.6 45.8

52.0 49.3 55.5 58.9

52.1 69.8 64.5 68.3

Nonmanuf acturing Analytical service labs Contract research firms Other

6 3 6

11 2 8

6 3 8

2 4 4

41.1 40.9 51.4

44.4 54.4 55.7

64.7 58.7 68.9

a As of March 1, 1991; to facilitate comparison, mean salaries are adjusted for differences in average length of experience, b Includes personal care products. Source: ACS survey


55

. . . but industrial chemicals research takes only 13% of such R&D funds

Industrial chemical producers perform almost one quarter of chemical R&D..

1989 chemical R&D spending3 = $5.9 billion

Other \

Drug and medicine pro U rS

' producers

£ .f

Industrial chemical producers

Petroleum refiners

*y

Specialty and other chemical producers

Other chemicals Industrial chemicals

Agricultural chemicals

a Excludes basic research. Source: National Science Foundation

R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS PER 1000 EMPLOYEES: Drug firms lead with 101 1989

Chemicals and allied products Industrial chemicals Drugs Other chemicals All industry

1983

1981

1980

72

70

68

70

57

57

54

51

44

42

42

55

55

52

56

39

41

45

44

37

36

36

101

99

98

98

81

89

82

74

66

60

62

65

61

61

63

62

51

39

37

33

30

27

49

47

45

45

43

40

34

33

29

27

27


Chemical firms with research budgets under $10 million do their fair share of R&D

More than $100 million 77%

I1B1 Less than $10 million 1989 chemicals and allied products R&D funds = $11.5 billion

Less than $10 million 3% 1989 industrial chemicals R&D funds = $4.1 billion

Note: Ranges indicate size of companies' 1989 R&D program. Source: National Science Foundation

56


Less than $10 million 1989 industry R&D funds=$102 billion

Think tank. That's what we're all about. Experts in the field. You. And us. Thinking together. Working together. Meeting new challenges. Researching. Developing. Solving. With every tank of our specialty gases, you get our company. At Air Products, you get the cumulative knowledge of an extensive analytical chemistry team. Advanced production capabilities. New product

developments. Emerging analytical applications. All set up and ready to work directly with you. Just call us at 1-800-752-1597. WeVe been there. We think like you. Together with you, we can provide solutions. And you'll have easy access to all of us. Our analytical chemists. Our field product managers. Our safety experts. Our sales specialists. And our technical information center. CIRCLE 2 ON READER SERVICE CARD

When you're ready for a think tank session, think Air Products. We're ready. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Specialty Gas Department, 7201 Hamilton Blvd., AUentown, PA 18195.1-800-752-1597. FAX 1-215-481-5036. ©Air Products and Chemicals Inc. 1990

Optimal results, time after time.

AIR S* PRODUCTS

SARTOMER TAILORS Only Sartomer Does Alterations

Largest Outlet in the Industry

Bring Your Ideas to the Tailor

So, bring your unique product needs to us for a perfect fit. We custom-tailor our products or custom-tailor the blend. Our name says it all. Derived from the Greek word "sartos" meaning tailor-made, Sartomer lives up to its name. With Sartomer as your formulation partner, you get limitless opportunities to differentiate your products. . . and make them live up to your imagination.

Sartomer chemists help you select from our huge "inventory" of over 250 Multifunctional Acrylate and Methacrylate Monomers, 15 Urethane and Epoxy Acrylate Oligomers, and 3 lines of Photoinitiators. Quite a difference from other vendors who try to cram your application into just a few "off-the-rack" selections. Only Sartomer offers you a full line and a custom fit.

No one else has the product line, global resources, R&D support, manufacturingflexibility,and willingness to custom-tailor solutions to your unique formulation needs. Write or call Sartomer today for FREE formulation assistance. 800-345-8247 468 Thomas Jones Way Exton, PA 19341

© 1990 SARTOMER Company, Inc.

SARTOMER CIRCLE 25 ON READER SERVICE CARD

4

R&D

Universities & Colleges

Universities' R&D Outlays Near $15 Billion In real terms, R&D funding at universities has grown 80% in 10 years...

. . . and is up nearly 80% for chemical research as well

$ Billions 201

$ Millions 8001

$ Current

$ Current 600

400 $ Constant (1982)

$ Constant (1982) 200

1980

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90 a

1980

81

82

83

87

84

89

90 a

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years, a C&EN estimates. Source: National Science Foundation

CHARACTER OF UNIVERSITY R&D SPENDING: In 1989, 35% of total was for applied R&D Annual change $ Millions

Basic research Applied research and development TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1988-89

1979-89

$ 9,685 5,303

$ 8,827 4,638

$ 8,398 3,755

$ 7,495 3,431

$6559 3128

$5735 2882

$5304 2573

$4882 2441

$4596 2250

$4041 2035

$3628 1752

10% 14

10% 12

$14,987 11%

$13,465 11%

$12,153 11%

$10,926 13%

$9686 12%

$8617 9%

$7877 8%

$7323 7%

$6846 13%

$6077 13%

$5380 16%

11%

11%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. Source: National Science Foundation

SOURCE OF UNIVERSITY R&D FUNDS: Institutional contribution up 14% in 1989 Annual change $ Millions

Federal government Institutional funds State and local governments Industry Other sources TOTAL

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

$ 8,972 2,710 1,239

$ 8,181 2,367 1,107

$ 7,333 2,176 1,024

$ 6,702 1,873 916

$6056 1622 754

$5423 1413 690

$4983 1303 626

$4763 1115 616

$4565 1008 546

$4104 837 496

984 1,083 $14,987

870 941 $13,465

789 831 $12,153

699 735 $10,926

559 695 $9686

475 615 $8617

388 577 $7877

337 492 $7323

291 436 $6846

236 403 $6077

1988-89

1979-89

$3604 738 476

10% 14 12

10% 14 10

194 368 $5380

13 15 11%

18 11 11%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. Source: National Science Foundation August 19, 1991 C&EN

59

FIELDS OF UNIVERSTTY R&D SPENDING: Boost for chemical engineering in 1989 Annual change $ Millions

All sciences Life Physical Physics Chemistry Environmental Psychology and social Computer Mathematical Others Engineering Chemical TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1987

1989

1988

$12,600 8,080 1,643 773 610 983 874 468 214 337 2,388 185 $14,987 11%

$11,374 7,258 1,547 732 568 885 767 411 199 307 2,091 154 $13,465 11%

1985

1984

$8271 5282 1148 551 421 703 541 283 128 186 1415 110 $9686 12%

$7388 4713 1000 474 371 644 504 225 123 179 1229 96 $8617 9%

1986

$10,266 $ 9,287 6,533 5,893 1,391 . 1,286 667 630 513 469 831 773 633 690 373 323 152 177 228 272 1,887 1,638 141 126 $12,153 $10,926 11% 13%

1983

1982

1981

$6746 $6281 4304 4016 900 823 417 367 335 308 616 557 480 484 176 149 106 96 165 156 1041 1130 84 91 $7877 $7323 7% 8%

$5861 3689 765 357 285 550 494 132 87 145 968 76 $6829 13%

1980

1979

$5196 $4593 2833 3218 602 678 322 292 245 206 509 453 453 396 114 98 79 79 134 146 768 866 68 na $6062 $5361 13% 16%

1988-89

1979-89

11% 11 6 6 7 11 14 14 8 10 14 20 11%

11% 11 11 10 11 8 8 17 10 10 12

— 11%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. Data since 1981 were revised in 1989. na = not available. Source: National Science Foundation

FEDERALLY FINANCED R&D SPENDING AT UNIVERSITIES: Growth slows for physical sciences Annual change $ Millions

All sciences Life Physical Physics Chemistry Environmental Psychology and social Computer Mathematical Others Engineering Chemical TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

$7593 4773 1195 598 424 645 367 318 156 139 1380 93 $8972 10%

$6956 4318 1153 576 405 583 329 289 149 133 1225 78 $8181 12%

$6224 3830 1048 531 368 541 293 257 131 125 1109 70 $7333 9%

$5726 3488 982 510 338 515 287 232 114 107 976 68 $6702 11%

$5191 3184 890 453 313 473 260 196 97 92 865 59 $6056 12%

$4637 2827 782 390 279 445 241 163 92 87 787 55 $5423 9%

$4238 2586 699 343 247 426 236 128 76 87 744 53 $4983 5%

$4059 2502 650 307 230 391 250 107 72 88 703 50 $4763 4%

$3898 2365 619 309 217 391 280 93 68 82 662 48 $4561 11%

$3500 2094 555 280 190 372 263 77 61 78 596 46 $4096 14%

$3069 1819 491 253 157 329 227 69 60 73 526 na $3595 18%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. Data since 1981 were revised in 1989. na = not available. Source: National Science Foundation

Federal government funds 60% of all academic R&D

Life sciences account for more than half of academic R&D Other sciences

Other sources

Federal government 60%

Environmental sciences

IndustyState & local government Institutional funds

Fiscal 1989 academic R&D expenditures = $15 billion Source: National Science Foundation

60


Physical sciences Engineering

Fiscal 1989 academic R&D expenditures = $15 billion

1988-89

1979-89

9% 11 4 4 5 11 12 10 5 5 13 19 10%

9% 10 9 9 10 7 5 17 10 7 10

— 10%

4

irQil


TOP 10 UNIVERSITY R&D CENTERS: Three labs get 63% of total federal support $ Millions, fiscal 1989

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Jet Propulsion Lab Lawrence Llvermore National Lab Los Alamos National Lab Lincoln Lab Argonne National Lab Brookhaven National Lab Lawrence Berkeley Lab Fermi National Accelerator Lab Plasma Physics Lab Stanford Linear Accelerator Center All others TOTAL, ALL FEDERALLY FUNDED R&D CENTERS

Physical sciences

Engineering

Math & computer sciences


$ 118.0 308.7 447.5 69.7 104.2 186.2 146.5 185.1 112.6 108.7 81.6 $1868.7

$ 446.9 483.8 311.3 256.2 140.2 38.7 0.2 0 0 0 4.1 $1681.4

$419.2 151.0 78.7 37.8 5.1 0.6 1.9 0 0 0 22.6 $716.8

$ 94.7 31.8 5.8 0 81.9 7.8 10.8 0 0 0 65.7 $298.5

Life sciences

Psychology & social sciences

Other sciences

Total

$ 0 0 22.8 0.4 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0.6 $24.2

$0 0 3.1 0 0 0.2 5.1 0 0 0 0 $8.4

$1078.8 1004.6 902.4 364.1 343.3 255.2 193.2 185.1 112.6 108.7 180.8 $4728.6

$

0 29.3 33.2 0 12.0 21.2 28.7 4.5 0 0 6.2 $130.6

Note: Data for university-administered, federally funded R&D centers. A number of institutions have developed or are in the process of developing new computer systems and methodologies that enable them to report more accurately the total cost of science and engineering research. Fiscal 1989 comparisons with data reported in earlier years may be inappropriate in some areas. Source: National Science Foundation

CAPITAL SPENDING AT UNIVERSITIES: Environmental sciences make big gain in 1989 $ Millions

All sciences Life sciences Physical sciences Mathematical and computer sciences Psychology and social sciences Environmental sciences Other sciences Engineering TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

Total spending

% federal funds

$1719.9 1161.9 237.7 67.5 91.4 72.7 88.8 371.8 $2091.7 7%

9% 7 17 11 11 26 10 12 11%

—

Annual change 1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

$1589.3 1050.0 204.9 95.4 92.8 58.7 87.4 365.3 $1954.6 13%

$1357.3 909.0 156.8 82.7 64.9 54.1 89.9 379.8 $1737.1 16%

$1179.4 768.3 143.7 90.6 67.7 48.9 60.1 314.1 $1493.5 22%

$1039.1 691.1 115.7 77.2 73.5 54.6 27.0 183.6 $1222.7 4%

$1027.8 716.6 110.1 48.9 78.3 36.2 37.6 146.9 $1174.6 8%

1988-89

1984-89

8% 11 16 -29 -2 24 2 2 7%

11% 10 17 7 3 15 19 20 12%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. Includes expenditures for facilities and equipment for research, development, and instruction. Source: National Science Foundation

UNIVERSITY SPENDING FOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENT: Slight drop for physical sciences Annual change 1988

1989 $ Millions

All sciences Life sciences Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Environmental sciences Mathematical and computer sciences Other sciences Engineering Chemical TOTAL

Total

Federal funds

$792.9 442.4 179.4 81.8 75.8 66.4 52.9 51.8 205.0 18.6 $997.9

$476.9 239.5 131.7 64.1 53.0 44.8 35.9 25.0 117.3 9.5 $594.2

1982

1988 -89

Total

Federal funds

Total

Federal funds

$725.4 386.4 180.9 84.7 74.6 55.6 54.1 48.5 195.7 15.0 $921.1

$459.6 215.8 142.1 67.4 57.7 36.6 42.2 22.9 117.8 8.0 $577.4

$350.1 201.9 79.6 33.7 33.4 28.5 18.3 21.8 71.3 6.6 $421.4

$223.6 116.5 63.8 29.0 24.8 18.4 12.4 12.5 46.9 3.8 $270.4

Total

9% 14 -1 -3 2 19 -2 7 5 24 8%

Federal funds

4% 11 -7 -5 -8 22 -15 9 0 19 3%

1982 -89 Total

Federal funds

13% 12 12 14 12 13 16 13 16 16 13%

11% 11 11 12 11 14 16 10 14 14 12%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. Source: National Science Foundation August 19, 1991 C&EN

61

4

BSu

CHEMICAL DEGREES: Annual production of B.S. chemists down 26% from 1979 peak Academic year

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989


Another slight gain for chemistry Ph.D.s Degrees awarded, thousands

Degrees awarded in chemical engineering

Degrees awarded in chemistry Bachelor's

Master's

Ph.D.

Bachelor's

Master's

Ph.D.

11,617 11,183 10,721 10,226 10,525 10,649 11,107 11,322 11,474 11,643 11,446 11,347 11,062 10,746 10,704 10,482 10,116 9,661 9,052 8,654

2146 2284 2259 2230 2138 2006 1796 1775 1892 1765 1733 1654 1751 1604 1667 1719 1754 1738 1708 1785

2208 2160 1971 1882 1828 1824 1623 1571 1525 1518 1551 1622 1722 1746 1744 1789 1908 1976 1995 2034

3720 3615 3663 3636 3454 3142 3203 3581 4615 5655 6383 6527 6740 7145 7475 7146 5877 4983 3917 3684

1045 1100 1154 1051 1045 990 1031 1086 1237 1149 1271 1267 1285 1304 1514 1544 1361 1184 1088 1097

438 406 394 397 400 346 308 291 259 304 284 300 311 319 330 418 446 497 579 599

Bachelor's in chemical engineering

Ph.D. in chemistry

L·. J I I I I I I I ι ι 1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Note: Academic years. Source: National Center for Education Statistics

Source: National Center for Education Statistics

TOP 10 UNIVERSITIES IN R&D SPENDING: Ten schools spend 20% of total $ Millions, fiscal 1989

1 Johns Hopkins U 2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3 Cornell U 4 Stanford U 5 U of Wisconsin, Madison 6 U of Michigan 7 U of Minnesota 8 Texas A&M U 9 U of California, Los Angeles 10 U of Washington TOTAL, FIRST 10 INSTITUTIONS TOTAL, ALL INSTITUTIONS

Physical sciences

$

85.8 89.9

43.2 50.7 27.2 15.7 14.4 19.7 21.8 13.4 $ 382.0 $1643.4

Other sciences

Engineering


Life sciences

Math& computer sciences

5.2 14.0

$ 209.7 116.4

$ 44.0 11.6

$ 180.1 34.3

$104.8 13.6

$

10.2 10.1 8.3 3.8 5.9 9.8 9.9 5.2 $ 83.3 $610.4

38.6 78.3 34.7 46.7 27.7 52.5 23.0 16.7 $ 644.6 $2387.6

5.5 5.2 20.9 16.1 7.2 52.2 11.3 19.2 $193.2 $982.9

163.6 129.4 165.1 143.2 187.3 103.0 144.9 136.2 $1387.2 $8079.9

21.5 15.7 8.5 8.1 6.7 4.0 6.6 8.3 $197.8 $682.0

14.2 6.8 29.5 50.8 15.3 19.2 20.3 28.0 $ 229.3 $1211.5

Chemistry3

$

23.9 21.4

Total

$

648.4 287.2

286.7 286.0 286.0 280.9 258.6 250.7 227.8 221.7 $ 3,034.0 $14,987.3

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. A number of institutions have developed or are in the process of developing new computer systems and methodologies that enable them to report more accurately the total cost of science and engineering research. Fiscal 1989 comparisons with data reported in earlier years may be inappropriate in some areas, a Included in physical sciences. Source: National Science Foundation 62


SCHOOLS SPENDING MOST ON CHEMICAL R&D: 18% of total goes to 10 institutions Total spending ($ thousands)

Rank 1989

1988

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 1 7 3 5 4 8 9 12 14

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

6 10 13 11 17 20 15 16 28 19

26 22 23 18 21 29 25 24 33 30

39 40 31 46 27 62 45 43 38 34

48 35 51 56 61 44 36 57 50 54

1986

1985

1984

($ thousands)

Total, first 10 institutions

$110,077

76% $104,315 $ 95,922 $ 84,797 $ 83,027 $ 70,940

California Inst, of Technology U of Illinois, Urbana Princeton U Purdue U Pennsylvania State U U of Wisconsin, Madison Case Western Reserve U Indiana U Rutgers U U of Pennsylvania

Northwestern U Rockefeller U Columbia U, main division Ohio State U U of Notre Dame U of Colorado U of California, San Diego YaleU U of Minnesota U of Pittsburgh

U of Utah Wayne State U U of Oregon Florida State U Georgia Inst, of Technology Arizona State U U of Washington U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State U Johns Hopkins U

U of Virginia U of Florida U of Tennessee System U of Kansas U of Houston U of Rochester State U of New York, Stony Brook Louisiana State U U of Cincinnati State U of New York, Buffalo Total, first 50 Institutions NATIONAL TOTAL

9,235 9,208 8,873 8,769 8,616 8,326 8,233 7,927 7,905 7,760 $194,929 7,661 7,471 7,120a 6,771 6,660 6,587 6,487 5,915 5,863 5,736 $261,200 5,653 5,557 5,501 5,382 5,380 5,260 5,192 5,171 5,155 5,152 $314,603 5,096 5,061 4,960 4,952 4,908 4,762 4,754 4,698 4,655 4,644 $363,093 $610,394

81 71 64 81 76 66 63 77 83 91

9,931 8,647 8,087 8,615 7,739 7,282 7,996 7,991 5,926 7,292

10,870 9,035 6,477 7,092 6,072 6,984 7,164 6,181 3,913 6,741

9,176 8,604 5,702 6,315 6,438 7,892 2,922a 6,110 3,507 6,064

7,605 7,079 3,963 6,018 6,509 7,350 2,802 5,820 2,368 5,025

6,446 6,284 3,670 5,443 5,124 6,076 2,759 5,551 2,301 4,375

76% $183,821 $166,451 $147,527 $137,566 $118,969 73 50 94 66 90 82 89 85 86 79

6,644 6,975 6,931 7,568 7,004 5,637 6,780 6,869 5,232 5,598

6,095 6,823 6,715 5,755 5,550 5,118 5,179 5,538 5,426 5,105

4,826 7,335 5,555 6,546 5,402 5,830 6,535 6,169a 5,110 4,974

5,062 4,826a 5,188 5,422 5,549 6,360 4,642 5,600a 4,167 4,580

4,557 1,178 4,662 4,104 4,760 4,134 4,355 4,134 4,067 3,965

76% $249,059 $233,755 $205,809 $188,962 $158,885 68 54 81 37 56 60 72 88 43 94

4,600 4,582 5,550 4,308 5,989 4,306 4,338 4,476 4,735 5,211

4,846 3,278 4,462 3,841 4,889 3,586 3,655 3,471 4,190 5,593

5,354 3,405 5,087 4,047 5,260 4,124 2,971 3,352 3,786 5,506

4,840 2,903 4,640 3,276 3,684 2,703 2,964 3,386 4,840 4,652a

3,830 3,071 4,255 3,137 3,846 2,875 2,340 2,945 3,830 4,030

75% $297,154 $265,566 $248,701 $226,850 $193,044 82 56 60 41 43 91 76 48 59 60

4,153 5,030 3,962 3,845 3,693 4,437 5,010 3,834 4,008 3,903

4,169 5,690 2,611 2,803 4,003 3,545 3,669 3,446 3,816 3,370

3,436 4,750 2,501 1,818 3,225 3,584 3,333 3,195 1,684 2,837

Annual cllange 1988-89

89% $ 13,287 $ 11,471 $ 13,593 $ 13,221 $ 11,741 91 14,285 9,114 12,490 10,804 7,850 89 9,886 7,202 6,557a 8,895 6,307a 53 10,943 11,420 8,531 7,908 6,639 73 10,472 8,397 7,962 7,376 6,710 88 10,547 8,916 8,340 8,354 6,809 92 9,519 7,954 10,099 7,243 7,219 45 8,785 7,462 7,230a 6,768a 5,606a 39 8,545 9,258 7,904 7,289 6,324 92 8,046 7,514 7,553a 6,921a 5,735

Total, first 40 institutions 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

1987

$ 15,031 12,663 11,856 11,484 10,217 10,098 9,855 9,808 9,732 9,333


1988

Massachusetts Inst, of Technology U of California, Berkeley Harvard U U of Texas, Austin Cornell U Stanford U U of California, Los Angeles Texas A&M U U of Maryland, College Park U of Chicago


% federal funds

3,046 4,380 na 1,875b 2,722 3,196 3,481 2,664 1,593 2,768

2,516 4,024 na 1,405b 2,117 3,858 3,084 1,438 1,633 2,407

73% $339,029 $302,688 $279,064 $252,575 $215,526 69% $567,822 $513,102 $469,275 $421,506 $369,945

1984-89

13% -11 20 5 -2 -4 4 16 14 16

5% 10 13 12 9 8 6 12 9 10

6%

9%

-7 6 10 2 11 14 3 -1 33 6 6% 15 7 3 -11 0 17 -4 -14 12 2 5% 23 21 -1 25 -10 22 20 16 9 -1 6% 23 1 25 29 33 7 -5 23 16 19 7% 7%

7 8 19 10 11 7 24 7 28 12 10% 11 45 9 11 7 7 8 7 8 8 10% 8 13 5 11 7 13 17 12 6 5 10% 15 5

— 29 18 4 9 27 23 14 11% 11%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. A number of institutions have developed or are in the process of developing new computer systems and methodologies that enable them to report more accurately the total cost of science and engineering research. Fiscal-year 1989 comparisons with data reported in earlier years may be inappropriate in some areas. Data for 1986 and later were revised in 1989. a Estimated, b Imputed, na = not available. Source: National Science Foundation August 19, 1991 C&EN

65

SCHOOLS WiTH MOST FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR CHEMICAL R&D: Three get over $10 million each 1989

Rank 1989

1988

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 1 4 5 3 8 6 7 9 14

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

11 39 15 17 13 12 10 16 19 22

24 27 21 32 18 25 26 31 20 28

23 33 40 37 35 34 47 45 29 38

30 58 43 51 60 57 48 41 36 59

1985

1984

Annual clhange 1988-89

1984-89

$ 13,333 11,450 10,594 9,024 8,878 8,621 7,459 7,458 7,102 7,046

$ 11,987 12,998 9,272 8,885 9,423 7,235 8,769 8,269 7,120 6,337

$ 10,656 11,160 8,309 9,414 7,918 6,499 9,922 6,753 5,978 5,653

$ 12,909 8,258 6,748 7,516 7,524 6,769a 7,612 5,934 5,708 5,232

$ 12,424 9,892 6,557 6,389 7,097 6,265a 7,001 6,293 5,418 4,398

$ 11,055 7,263 6,307 5,047 6,120 5,116 5,810 5,775 4,452 3,921

11% -12 14 2 -6 19 -15 -10 0 12

4% 10 11 12 8 11 5 5 10 12

Total,tflrsu10 Institutions

$ 90,965

$ 90,295

$ 82,262

$ 74,210

$ 71,734

$ 60,863

1%

8%

6,676 6,572 6,566 6,515 6,127 6,120 5,983 5,757 5,681 5,577

6,519 3,442 6,193 5,957 6,354 6,443 6,557 6,161 5,812 4,955

6,625 2,525 6,306 4,915 4,923 6,405 5,158 4,599 5,064 4,641

5,030 2,123 5,999 5,161 4,757 4,922 4,998 5,918 4,575 3,753

4,490 2,055 5,371 5,860 4,885 4,741 5,097 4,053 3,104 3,963

4,639 2,129 5,005 4,564 4,694 3,873 4,416 3,780 2,892 3,471

$152,539

$148,688

$133,423

$121,446

$115,353

$100,329

5,505 5,418 5,161 5,054 5,011 4,824 4,558 4,534 4,445 4,435

4,939 4,603 5,433 4,156 5,927 4,830 4,803 4,193 5,437 4,519

4,718 4,402 5,016 4,395 4,909 5,116 4,028 3,153 4,517 3,579

$201,484

$197,528

$177,256

4,408 4,327 4,165 3,986 3,872 3,844 3,756 3,713 3,685 3,610

4,945 3,936 3,419 3,568 3,614 3,793 2,904 3,082 4,376 3,460

4,019 3,275 3,281 2,903 4,194 4,073 2,287 3,247 3,386 2,930

$240,850

$234,625

$210,851

3,457 3,386 3,242 3,172 3,113 3,088 3,044 3,022 3,020 2,989

4,280 2,255 3,196 2,813 2,148 2,291 2,885 3,310 3,574 2,151

$272,383 $423,711

$263,528 $405,017

Columbia U, main division Rutgers U U of Illinois, Urbana Pennsylvania State U Indiana U U of Texas, Austin U of Notre Dame U of California, San Diego Princeton U Northwestern U

U of Wisconsin, Macflson U of Colorado Case Western Reserve U U of Minnesota YaleU Johns Hopkins U U of Pittsburgh U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Ohio State U U of Oregon

Texas A&M U U of Rochester U of Virginia U of Southern California U of Utah U of Maryland, College Park U of Washington Rockefeller U U of California, Irvine State U of New York, Stony Brook Total, first 40 Institutions

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

1986

Massachusetts Inst, of Technology U of California, Berkeley Harvard U U of California, Los Angeles Stanford U U of Chicago California Inst of Technology Cornell U Purdue U U of Pennsylvania

Total, first 30 Institutions 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1987

($ thousands)

Total, first 20 Institutions 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1988

Colorado State U U of California, Davis U of California, Santa Barbara Arizona State U Georgetown U Washington U U of Arizona U of Michigan Georgia Inst, of Technology Wayne State U Total, first 50 Institutions NATIONAL TOTAL

5,348 4,911 2,062 4,013 5,566a 4,903 4,045 2,929 4,931 4,345 $164,499

5,156 5,430 2,065 3,295 5,095a 4,155 3,836 2,885 3,846 3,959

4,391 3,358 1,904 3,346 3,528 3,783 3,343 2,699 2,904 3,524

$155,075

$133,109

4,195 2,861 2,165 2,149 4,426 3,323 1,738 2,553 3,035 2,343

2,735 3,490 2,099 2,495 3,380 2,862 1,843 833 2,096 2,069

$195,753

$183,863

$157,011

3,273 1,980 3,526 2,317 2,155 1,759 2,499 2,615 2,565 1,770

3,403 2,175 3,087 2,218 2,252 1,477 2,291 2,367 2,914 1,690

2,434 1,702 2,709 2,306 1,075 1,547 1,738 2,286 2,051 2,076

2,426 1,478 1,881 2,014 822 1,629 1,843 2,356 2,227 2,104

$235,310 $367,753

$219,627 $338,027

$203,787 $312,831

$175,791 $278,215

3,128 3,336 2,748 2,857 4,791 3,557 1,898 3,377 3,394 2,168a

2 91 6 9 -4 -5 -9 -7 -2 13 3% 11 18 -5 22 -15 0 -5 8 -18 -2 2% -11 10 22 12 7 1 29 20 -16 4 3% -19 50 1 13 45 35 6 -9 -16 39 3% 5%

8 25 6 7 10 10 6 9 14 10 9% 5 10 22 9 7 5 6 11 9 5 9% 10 4 15 10 3 6 15 35 12 12 9% 7 18 12 10 31 14 11 5 6 7 9% 9%

Note: Data for institutional fiscal years. A number of institutions have developed or are in the process of developing new computer systems and methodologies that enable them to report more accurately the total cost of science and engineering research. Fiscal-year 1989 comparisons with data reported in earlier years may be inappropriate in some areas. Data for 1986 and later were revised in 1989. a Estimated. Source: National Science Foundation

66


4

R&D


SCHOOLS SPENDING MOST ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING R&D: MIT way out in front Chemical engineering

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Massachusetts Inst, of Technology U of Minnesota U of Texas, Austin Columbia U, main division Johns Hopkins U U of Maryland, College Park U of Pennsylvania Texas A&M U U of Wisconsin, Madison Case Western Reserve U

$ 13,493 8,403 6,109 5,308 4,842 4,548 4,355 4,159 3,839 3,378

$ 9,359 5,279 2,253 3,059 4,352 1,514 3,452 706 2,096 2,104

69% 63 37 58 90 33 79 17 55 62

$ 116,367 27,709 50,944 15,429 209,748 41,624 9,981 52,541 34,697 18,089

$

80,356 10,421 22,894 9,386 206,629 15,655 6,439 14,743 21,745 13,173

69% 38 45 62 99 38 65 28 63 73

Total, first 10 institutions

$ 58,434

$34,174

58%

$ 576,769

$ 401,441

70%

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1988

1 2 3 14 6 5 17 4 9 11

7 12 8 10 19 15 26 18 22 24

3,304 3,147 2,939 2,867a 2,742 2,674 2,396 2,367 2,238 2,217

North Carolina State U, Raleigh U of Delaware Stanford U Brigham Young U Lehigh U Pennsylvania State U U of Houston Princeton U U of California, Los Angeles Auburn U Total, first 20 Institutions

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

13 16 34 20 21 23 47 25 29 52

%

Federal funds

Καιιιν

1989

All engineering

%

Total spending ($ thousands)

Total, first 30 Institutions NATIONAL TOTAL

861 895 2,564 2,290a 523 991 994 1,103 1,597 754

$ 85,325

$46,746

2,207 2,206 2,189 2,124 2,047 2,042 2,034 2,022 2,017 2,015

1,482 1,250 505 1,192 1,635 1,245 722 1,097 366 788

$106,228 $185,087

$57,028 $92,947

U of Michigan Cornell U U of Oklahoma Georgia Inst, of Technology California Inst, of Technology Purdue U Rutgers U U of Washington New Mexico Inst, of Mining & Tech. Louisiana State U

federal funds

Total spending ($ thousands)

26 28 87 80 19 37 41 47 71 34

Federal funds

34,421 10,874 78,311 5,127a 18,214 97,276 8,020 20,957 22,975 16,996

55%

54% 50%

11,209 4,461 65,502 3,231a 6,186 59,260 3,137 10,508 16,679 7,664

$ 889,940

$ 589,278

46,866 38,648 8,529 116,109 16,670 32,873 19,463 16,738 16,325 13,216

27,507 22,630 2,247 65,178 13,641 18,733 3,680 10,581 4,378 2,979

$1,215,377 $2,387,593

$ 760,832 $1,379,664

67 57 23 56 80 61 35 54 18 39

funds

33 41 84 63 34 61 39 50 73 45 66% 59 59 26 56 82 57 19 63 27 23 63% 58%

Note: IData for fiscal 1989. a Estimated. Source: National Science Foundation

FOREIGN GRADUATE STUDENTS: Most common in engineering, physics, and math 1989 Thousands

All sciences Psychology and social sciences Mathematical and computer sciences Biological sciences Biochemistry Physical sciences Chemistry Physics Agricultural sciences Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences Engineering Chemical Metallurgical and materials TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

% of total

Thousands

% of total

Thousands

% of total

Thousands

% of total

Thousands

% of total

Thousands

% of total

. Annual change 1988-89 1984-89

51.1 13.5

28% 20

49.1 13.6

28% 21

46.0 12.8

27% 20

43.5 12.4

26% 20

12.1

44

11.6

44

11.0

42

10.4

41

9.5

41

8.3

40

4

8

9.9 1.5 10.9 5.6 5.1 2.5 2.3

25 30 38 35 44 29 24

8.9 1.3 10.2 5.2 4.9 2.5 2.1

23 28 37 33 43 30 22

7.9 1.2 9.8 4.8 4.8 2.5 1.9

21 26 35 31 43 30 19

7.0 1.1 9.3 4.4 4.7 2.5 1.9

19 23 34 28 44 28 17

6.2 1.0 8.3 4.0 4.1 2.3 1.6

17 22 32 26 41 26 15

5.6 0.8 7.4 3.5 3.8 2.3 1.6

16 20 30 24 38 25 14

11 15 7 8 4 0 9

12 13 8 10 6 2 8

29.1 2.6 1.8

47 49 49

28.8 2.4 1.6

47 45 48

27.4 2.3 1.6

45 41 47

26.4 2.2 1.5

45 39 45

23.5 2.2 1.3

43 40 42

22.6 2.1 1.2

42 37 42

1 8 12

5 4 8

80.2 3%

33%

77.9 6%

33%

73.4 5%

32%

69.9 11%

31%

63.2 8%

29%

58.7 3%

27%

39.7 11.8

24% 19

36.1 10.8

22% 18

4% -1

3%

7% 5

6%

Note: Data are for full-time graduate students at Ph.D-granting institutions only. The percent of total is the percent of all full-time graduate students in each area who are foreign. Source: National Science Foundation


67

Physical sciences: East and West Coast schools get 63% of R&D funds, 55% of grad students MOUNTAIN R&D spending in physical sciences 7.9% Graduate students in physical sciences 7.4%

EAST NORTH CENTRAL R&D spending in physical sciences 15.1% Graduate students in physical sciences 19.1%

WEST NORTH CENTRAL R&D spending in physical sciences 4.0% Graduate students in physical sciences 6.0%

NEW ENGLAND R&D spending in physical sciences 11.6% Graduate students in physical sciences 9.5%

MIDDLE ATLANTIC R&D spending in physical sciences 14.6% Graduate students in physical sciences 17.9%

PACIFIC3 R&D spending in physical sciences 19.3% Graduate students in physical sciences 14.9%

SOUTH ATLANTIC R&D spending in physical sciences 17.4% Graduate students in physical sciences 12.2%

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL R&D spending in physical sciences 2.5% Graduate students in physical sciences 3.7%

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL R&D spending in physical sciences 7.7% Graduate students in physical sciences 9.2%

Key to map: Using the Middle Atlantic states as an example, 14.6% of all R&D expenditures in the physical sciences and 17.9% of all graduate students in physical sciences are in this area. The figures for funding apply to Ph.D.-granting universities and colleges only. The figures for students apply to all universities and colleges. Note: Data are based on $1.6 billion of R&D expenditures and 33,584 graduate students in the physical sciences enrolled in colleges and universities during the 1989 fiscal year, a Includes Alaska, Hawaii, and outlying areas. Source: National Science Foundation

GRADUATE SCIENCE STUDENTS: Growth slow for chemistry as for all fields Annual change 1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

241.9 97.7

237.4 94.7

233.6 93.0

230.1 90.7

226.1 90.3

220.5 89.1

220.4 92.1

220.7 96.5

217.1 98.1

227.1 109.7

219.8 105.8

Biological sciences Biochemistry

45.8 5.1

43.6 4.8

43.4 4.9

42.5 4.7

41.9 4.1

42.1

42.3

40.9

39.1

33.2

30.4

4.0 27.2

42.7 4.0

43.6

42.0 4.5 35.4

41.6 4.2

Mathematical and computer sciences

44.6 4.9 43.7

Physical sciences Chemistry

31.7

31.2

27.7

17.6

29.3 17.2

28.4

17.5

31.0 17.7

30.5

17.7

16.6

16.5

26.5 15.8

Physics Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences

13.1 12.6

12.8 12.9

12.3 13.4

12.0 14.0

11.3 14.2

11.0 14.3

10.5 14.3

10.4

10.3

10.3

10.7

10.7

11.3

97.0 6.3 4.4

96.7 6.5 4.2

97.0 7.0 4.2

95.8 6.9 4.0

90.2 7.0 3.8

0.7 338.9 1%

0.7 334.1

0.8 330.6

0.7 325.9

1%

1%

3%

0.8 316.3 3%

Thousands

All sciences Psychology and social sciences

Agricultural sciences Engineering Chemical Metallurgical and materials Petroleum TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE

1988-89

1979-89

2% 3

1% -1

42.6 3.9

3 4

1 3

25.0

22.7

0

7

25.8 15.3

25.4 15.1

24.9

2 1

2

14.9

10.0 13.8

9.9 13.1

9.6 12.8

9.3 12.6

2 -2

3 0

11.5

11.6

11.4

11.6

11.3

1

-1

87.1 7.2 3.6

85.3 7.4

78.2 6.9 3.0

74.4 6.3 3.0

70.1 5.9 2.8

67.2 5.4

0 -3 5

4 2 5

0.7 307.6

0.7 305.7

0.6 298.9 2%

0.5 292.0 -2%

0.5 297.3 4%

0.4 287.0

1%

3.3

2%

Note: Data for Ph.D-granting institutions only. Data for 1981 and later were revised in 1990. Source: National Science Foundation 68


2.7

3%

0 1%

2

6 2%

5

R&D

International

U.S. Still Dominates in Worldwide R&D, But Germany, Japan Make Faster Progress WORLDWIDE R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS: Japan's upswing continues U.S. Japan3 Germany11 France U.K.C Italy Canada Netherlands Sweden Spaind Norway Denmark

na 458 na na na na na na na na 12 na

949 435 na 115 na 75 61 na na na na 11

923 416 166 109 127 71 59 na 23 21 11 10

897 393 na 105 127 68 57 na na 19 na 9

849 381 144 102 123 64 53 24 22 16 10 9

1984

1983

798 357 na 98 na 62 49 na na 15 9 8

752 347 131 93 na 63 46 22 19 14 8 8

712 na na 90 na 57 45 na na 14 8 7

683 na 125 86 na 52 41 19 18 14 7 7

Note: Table represents all scientists and engineers engaged in R&D on a full-time equivalent basis, a Revised to reflect full-time equivalent, b Data are for former West Germany, c Based on underestimated data because persons in the private nonprofit sector are excluded, d R&D personnel in the education sector include only researchers, na = not available. Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development

Only Sweden spends more than 3% of GNP on R&D Total R&D as % of gross national product 4.01

30

2.0

1.0

0 & ·«£ ;*· &

c? £ £ a Data are for the former West Germany. Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, National Science Foundation


69

WORLDWIDE R&D EXPENDITURES: Five countries spend more than $10 billion on R&D annually $ Millions, constant 1982

% of GNP

$ Millions, constant 1982

2.7% 3.0 2.9 2.3 2.2 1.3 1.3 2.2 3.1

Switzerland (1989) India (1989) Australia (1988) Spain (1989) Belgium (1988) South Korea (1988) Taiwan (1988) Argentina (1988) Yugoslavia (1989)

$111,129 45,906 21,911 15,039 13,196 8,183 5,486 3,632 2,890

U.S.(1989) Japan (1989) Germany3 (1989) France (1989) U.K. (1989) Italy (1989) Canada (1990) Netherlands (1988) Sweden (1989)

% of GNP

$2690 2514 2413 2264 1729 1613 1555 1326 1310

$ Millions, constant 1982

2.9% 1.0 1.4 0.7 1.6 1.9 1.2 0.5 1.2

% of GNP

$1281 1275 1078 1066 909 637 588 296 183

Austria (1991) Brazil (1987) Finland (1989) Norway (1989) Denmark (1989) Israel (1983) Hungary (1987) New Zealand (1987) Mexico (1987)

1.2% 0.7 1.2 2.0 1.6 3.0 2.7 1.0 0.2

Note: Data are for the most current year available (in parentheses). Countries differ in statistical collection capabilities and definitions. In addition, some R&D/gross national product percentages are R&D/gross domestic product. Foreign currency conversions to U.S. dollars were calculated with Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development purchasing power parities Or using International Monetary Fund average-for-period par/market exchange rates, a Data are for former West Germany. Source: National Science Foundation

TOTAL AND NONDEFENSE R&D: Japan's R&D spending doubled in past decade Annual change $ Billions, constant 1982

TOTAL R&D U.S. Japan Germany3 France U.K. NONDEFENSE R&D. U.S. Japan Germany France U.K.

1989

1988

$111.1 45.9 21.9 15.0 13.2

$110.2 42.0 20.6 14.4 13.5

$106.8 39.1 20.2 13.8 13.6

$104.9 36.5 19.3 13.3 13.5

$102.5 36.1 18.8 13.1 12.8

$ 78.7 45.5 20.9 11.8 10.4

76.5 41.7 19.7 11.2 10.9

$ 72.7 38.8 19.2 10.8 10.7

$ 72.6 36.2 18.3 10.6 10.1

$ 71.9 35.9 17.9 10.5 9.1

1983

1982

1981

1980

1979

1988-89

1979-f

$93.8 32.6 17.0 12.7 na

$85.8 30.1 16.0 12.0 11.9

$80.0 27.7 16.5 11.7 na

$76.6 25.8 16.1 10.9 12.2

$73.3 23.4 15.5 9.9 na

$70.1 21.2 15.2 9.6 na

1% 9 6 4 -2

5% 8 4 5 na

$67.1 32.4 16.2 9.9 na

$62.2 29.9 15.3 9.4 8.5

$59.3 27.5 15.8 9.1 na

$58.0 25.7 15.4 8.2 8.7

$55.6 23.4 14.7 7.7 na

$52.8 21.2 14.4 7.5 na

3% 9 6 5 -5

4% 8 4 5 na

Note: Foreign currency conversions to U.S. dollars are calculated based on Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development purchasing power parity exchange rates, a Data are for former West Germany, na = not available. Source: National Science Foundation

ORIGIN OF CHEMICAL LITERATURE: Japan and China post steadily rising shares % of total3

US. U.S.S.R. Japan West Germanyb U.K. China France Canada India Italy Poland Netherlands Spain Australia East Germanyb Sweden Czechoslovakia Switzerland All others TOTAL PAPERS (THOUSANDS)

1990

1986

1982

1978

1974

27.9% 27.7% 27.1% 26.6% 26.1% 13.0 17.6 20.4 12.5 25.3 9.5 12.1 11.5 10.2 7.4 6.2 6.2 5.5 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.6 5.9 6.0 3.1 0.2 0.0 4.5 1.8 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.2 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.6 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.5 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 9.7 9.2 9.3 8.9 8.7 384.1 394.9 381.3 363.1 271.9

a Source of journal literature abstracted in Chemical Abstracts based on author's address. b Statistics for 1990 for entire year, even after reunification. Source: Chemical Abstracts Service

70 August 19, 1991 C&EN

Industry provides the largest share of R&D funding in Japan and Germany U.S. Japan Germany France5 U.K.' Canada 20

40

60

80

% of R&D expenditures, 1989 D Government

D Industry

Π All other

a Data are for former West Germany, b Estimated, c Data are for 1988. Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, National Science Foundation, individual nations

100

Facts & Figures for Chemical R&D | C&EN Global Enterprise

Recommend Documents