COVER STORY
FACTS & FIGURES FOR CHEMICAL R&D FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
UNIVERSITIES & COLLEGES
Spending on R&D—with emphasis on chemistry and chemical engineering—by the federal government and its various agencies. Distribution of funds among development and basic and applied research. PAGE 33
Sources of academic R&D funds. Which schools spend the most for chemistry and chemical engineering. Spending on research equipment. Numbers of graduate students and postdoctoral appointees. PAGE 45
INDUSTRY
PATENTS & LITERATURE
How much companies spend on R&D, particularly within the chemical industry. Where industrial chemists work and how much they are paid. Patent activity of selected U.S. chemical firms. PAGE 41
Numbers of U.S. chemical and biotechnology patents issued in 2000 and their countries of origin. Fields in which chemical papers are published and the countries where they originate. PAGE 55
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C&EN
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29
COVER STORY
JANICE R. LONG, SOPHIE L. WILKINSON, AND PAMELA S. ZURER, C&EN WASHINGTON
T
HE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND
social climate has been shifting dramatically in past months. Exactly how those winds of change are affecting research and development in the U.S. isn't yet clear. But when 2000 drew to a close, R&D in the nation was experiencing its sixth year of unparalleled growth. According to preliminary data from the National Science Foundation, total R&D spending in 2000 reached $264.6 billion, 8.4% more than in 1999. Even when adjusted for inflation, that's a healthy increase of 6.2%. As it has for many years now, U.S. industry continued to be the primary driver of R&D growth. Industry spent $181.0 billion on R&D in 2000, more than two-
thirds of total spending and an increase of 10.8% from 1999. Over the past decade, industrial funding for R&D has grown an astonishing average of 8.1% per year. The federal government contributes most of the rest of US. R&D funding. But its share of R&D spending was up just 2.8%from1999 to 2000, to $69.6 billion. That rate of increase barely kept up with inflation. In fact, federal support for R&D actually dropped an average of 0.9% per year over the past decade, once inflation is taken into account. INDUSTRY ALSO carries out most of the R&D in the U.S. In 2000, it was responsible for $200 billion worth—threefourths of the total. Universities and colleges performed 11% of all R&D, while
the federal government carried out 7%. NSF has not yet formulated its projections for the current year, but all indications are that the times of heady growth are over. As early as January, before the economy truly began to swoon, the animalBattelk-R&D Magazine R&D forecast for 2001 was for a more modest increase in R&D of about 5%. The report expected industry spending to increase somewhat faster than that, but still at a slower rate than in recent years. Chemical and pharmaceutical companies are among the industries most heavily invested in R&D, accounting for about 11% of total U.S. industrial R&D spending in 1999, the most recent year for which NSF has solid data. Drug companies spend far more heavily on R&D as a percentage of net sales: 10.5% on average in 1999 compared with 2.0% for basic chemical firms. Indeed, among U.S. manufacturing indus-
Performers of R&D Industry carried out three-quarters of all U.S. R&D in 2000 $ BILLIONS, CURRENT 1990 1991 1992 1993 Industry $109.7 $117.0 $119.1 $117.4 Universities & colleges 16.9 18.2 19.4 20.5 Federal government 15.7 15.2 15.9 16.5 University-associated FFRDCsb 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.3 Other nonprofit institutions 4.8 5.3 5.7 6.0 TOTAL $152.1 $160.9 $165.4 $165.7 $ BILLIONS, CONSTANT (1990) Industry $109.7 $112.9 Universities & colleges 16.9 17.6 Federal government 15.7 14.7 University-associated FFRDCsb 5.0 5.0 Other nonprofit institutions 4.8 5.2 TOTAL $152.1 $155.3
1995 1994 $119.6 $132.1 22.6 21.6 16.9 16.4 5.4 5.3 6.6 6.4 $169.2 $183.6
$112.2 $108.0 $107.8 $116.5 18.3 18.8 19.9 19.5 14.9 15.0 14.7 15.2 4.7 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.7 $155.8 $152.4 $152.5 $161.9
1998 1997 1996 $144.7 $157.5 $169.2 26.7 25.1 23.7 17.4 16.8 16.6 5.6 5.5 5.4 7.4 8.1 7.0 $197.3 $212.4 $226.9
$125.2 $133.7 21.3 20.5 14.3 14.3 4.7 4.7 6.3 6.0 $170.7 $180.2
1NNUALCHANGE 2000a 1999-00 1990-00 1999 9.3% 6.2% $182.8 $199.9 6.0 6.3 28.4 30.2 2.0 4.4 19.1 18.3 1.5 1.8 5.8 5.7 8.3 7.3 9.7 8.9 8.4% 5.7% $244.1 $264.6
$141.8 $151.0 23.4 22.3 14.6 15.1 4.7 4.7 7.4 6.8 $190.1 $201.6
$161.7 24.4 15.5 4.7 7.8 $214.1
7.1% 4.2 2.3 -0.2 6.1 6.2%
4.0% 3.7 -0.1 -0.6 5.1 3.5%
Note: Constant-dollar values calculated by C&EN from National Science Foundation data. Totals may not add up because of rounding, a Preliminary. b Federally funded R&D centers. Source: NSF, 2001, "National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2000 Data Update"
30
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HTTP: //PUBS. ACS.ORG/CEN
R&D GROWTH In current dollars, U.S. R&D funding rose 8.4% in 2000 or 6.2% when adjusted for inflation $ Billions 3
$ Billions**
300' 250
250
200 150 100
l Universities & other nonprofit institutions Federal government s r f B l
•lndustry
• B B M I
l• •l •l •l•l•l•l• l• l• l™l
50 h
1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00c
• Universities & other nonprofit institutions Federal government ndustry Industry
200 "
_
J
l• •l •l •l •l •l •l •l •l •l •l 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00c
NOTE: Constant-dollar values calculated by C&EN from National Science Foundation data, a Sources of R&D funds in current dollars, b Sources of R&D funds in constant 1990 dollars, c Preliminary. SOURCE: NSF, 2001. "National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2000 Data Update"
Sources of R&D funds Growth In industry support continued to far outpace increases from other sectors ANNUAL CHANGE
$ BILLIONS, CURRENT Industry Federal government Universities & colleges5 Nonprofits TOTAL
1999 2000* 1999-00 1990-00 1990 1998 1991 1996 1997 1992 1993 1994 1995 $83.2 $92.3 $96.2 $96.5 $99.2 $110.9 $123.4 $136.2 $147.9 $163.4 $181.0 10.8% 8.1% 67.7 69.6 2.8 1.2 61.7 60.8 66.8 63.4 64.8 60.5 63.0 60.9 60.8 5.9 7.6 8.2 6.4 4.9 7.2 4.6 5.1 5.3 5.9 6.3 6.8 5.6 8.3 5.4 5.8 6.9 5.0 2.6 2.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 3.1 3.4 3.7 5.7% $152.1 $160.9 $165.4 $165.7 $169.2 $183.6 $197.3 $212.4 $226.9 $244.1 $264.6 8.4%
$ BILLIONS, CONSTANT (1990) Industry $83.2 $89.1 $90.6 $88.8 $89.4 $97.8 $106.8 $115.6 $123.9 $134.9 $146.5 Federal government 55.9 56.3 58.7 56.0 61.7 57.4 55.7 55.5 54.8 55.0 54.8 Universities & colleges5 6.0 6.3 6.6 4.8 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.4 5.7 4.8 5.0 Nonprofits 4.5 4.7 4,2 2.6 2.8 3.7 3.9 3.1 3.5 2.9 3.3 TOTAL $152.1 $155.3 $155.8 $152.4 $152.5 $161.9 $170.7 $180.2 $190.1 $201.6 $214.1
8.6% 5.8% 0.8 -0.9 3.7 4.5 6.1 5.0 6.2% 3.5%
Notei Constant-dollar values calculated by C&EN from National Science Foundation data. Totals may not add up because of rounding, a Preliminary, b Includes funds from state and local governments. SOURCE: NSF, 2001, "National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2000 Data Update"
tries, NSF datafor1999 indicate that only makers of communications equipment outspent drug firms on a share-of-revenue basis. Given that drug stocks appear to be holding their own in the aftermath of the events of Sept. 11 and that the demand for antibiotics is soaring, the pharmaceutical industry may end up expanding its R&D programs faster than the rest of the chemical sector. From a global perspective, the U.S. far outspends all other countries on R&D. In 1998—the last year for which NSF has data across more than a few countries—the U.S. spent $233 billion in constant 1996 dollars compared with Japan's $89.9 billion and Germany's $42.1 billion. As a percentage of national gross domestic product, however,Japan's 3.06% was ahead of 2.58% for the U.S. and 2.29% for Germany Because these data are only slight revisions ofwhat was available last year at this time, C&EN is not republishing them. Interested readers can refer to international graphs and tables from the 2000 edition of Facts & Figures for Chemical R&D on the Web at HTTP://PUBS.ACS.ORG/CEN
cial report to another. Discrepancies can arise for several reasons. Some graphs and tables convey data for calendar years, whereas others are listings for fiscal years. In addition, the federal government keeps track of the money it spends in two ways. One is outlays—the money actually disbursed in a given year. The other way is obligations—money the government commits itself to spend. Such a commitment can be for one or more years. For example, in January 1999 a researcher receives a three-year $150,000 grant from the National Institutes of Health. NIH would record a $150,000 obligation for that grant in its fiscal 1999 books, but the agency would pay out only FOR THE MOST PART, data for C&ENPs $50,000 that first year. So obligations for annual look at R&D are taken from pub- any given year are often higher than corlications of NSF's Division of Science responding outlays. On NSF's annual surResources Statistics that are available on vey of federal funds, NIH would report its the Internet (http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/ $150,000 obligation. But the researcher's university itselfwould report only $50,000 stats.htm). Readers may notice differences in the on NSF's annual survey of academic R&D totals for federal government support of expenditures, because that's all it would R&Dfromone section of this C&EN spe- have received for fiscal 1999. •
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/7844/ pdf/7844international.pdf. A recent study by the European Commission (the administrative arm of the European Union) of innovation within the EU underscores how U.S. R&D performance is seen as a benchmark. The "2001 Innovation Scorecard" assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each EU member state and of the EU as a whole. The U.S. holds a significant advantage over the EU overall, the report concludes, because of much higher levels of government spending on R&D and particularly because of higher business investment in R&D.
C & E N / OCTOBER 2 9 , 2 0 0 1
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I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTBETTER BAIT Chemist Andre Raw synthesized a new medfly attractant while working at the Agricultural Research Service.
research budget. A decade ago, basic research comprised 19% of a federal R&D budget that totaled $64.1 billion. That percentage has increased slightly each year, reaching 24% in 2001. Funding for applied research has followed a similar path. It accounted for 18% of the 1991 R&D budget, but 22% of last year's. Development's share has fallen over the same period, from 58% to 51%.
FEDERAL R&D BUDGET ROSE SLIGHTLY IN 2001 Support for basic and applied research grew at a faster rate than did the overall budget
T
HE FEDERAL RESEARCH DOLLAR
didn't shrink in thefiscalyear that ended Sept. 30, but it didn't grow very much either. Total federal obligations for R&D spending (including that for R&D plant or research infrastructure) rose just 2.2% to $83.1 billion in fiscal 2001. However, total funding for basic research was up 6.8% to $20.3 billion, while funding for applied research rose 6.2% to $18.4 billion. The increases for basic and applied research were somewhat offset by a less than 1% decline to $42.8 billion in development funding and a 9.5% decrease to $2.1 billion in R&D plant funding. There are all kinds of ways of looking at the federal budget. For example, when broken down by scientific discipline, federal spending patterns clearly show which areas are hot and which are not. In 2001, mathematics and computer sciences, particularly the latter, were clearly hot. The government spent nearly 16% more on such research in the pastfiscalyear, a total of $2.5 billion. Support for engineering work rose 8.3% to $7.1 billion. Physical sciences research wasn't quite as popular: Its funding rose only 5.9% to $4.4 billion. And while support for life sciences research rose just 4.7%, at $18.2 billion it consumed 47% of the federal research budget. HTTP://PUBS.ACS.ORG/CEN
Those are some of the findings presented in "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001"-the report based on NSF's annual survey of spending by the federal agencies that support research activities. Data were collected during the period of February through November 2000. The survey was conducted and analyzed by Ronald L. Meeks of NSF's Division of Science Resource Statistics. Not only is funding for basic and applied research still increasing, but it also accounts for an ever larger portion of the federal
A NOTE OF CAUTION: When viewed in terms of inflation-adjusted 1991 dollars, total R&D funding fell slightly in 2001, down 0.4% to $66.7 billion. Basic research funding, however, rose 4.1% to $16.2 billion; applied research was up 3.4% to $14.7 billion; and development fell 3.2% to $34.2 billion. There are no estimates of how much federal agencies spent on basic and applied chemistry and chemical engineering research infiscal2000 and 2001, nor of how much might have gone to universities and colleges. NSF stopped asking the agencies to come up with such projections, which had proven to be wildly inaccurate, as of the 1996 federal funds survey Instead, it now asks for the most recent actual data—in this casefiscal1999. Those data paint a fairly bright picture of federal support for basic research in the chemical sciences. Infiscal1999 —the latest year for which data are available—support for basic chemical research rose 7.2% to $555 million, after no increase in the previous year. Support for basic chemical research at universities and colleges soared 14% to $310 million, on the heels of a previous-year drop of2.2%. After falling almost
REAL TERMS Federal funding for basic research rose 4% in '01 . . .
. . . as civilian R&D rose 9% and defense R&D fell 1%
$ Billions, constant (1991) 40 Development 30
$ Billions, constant (1991) 40 Defense R&D
20
20
10
Basic research Applied research
0
199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00a 01 a NOTE: Federal obligations for fiscal years. Values calculated by C&EN using Office of Management & Budget deflators, a Estimates. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2001, "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001"
30 Nondefense R&D
10 199192 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 a 01 a NOTE: Federal outlays for fiscal years. Values calculated by C&EN from Office of Management & Budget deflators, a Estimates. SOURCE: "Historical Tables, Budget of U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2002"
C & E N / OCTOBER 2 9 , 2001
33
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 24% in fiscal 1998, federal funding of basic research in chemical engineering rose 5.2% to $55 million. However, academic support was off 2.2% to $44 million. The picture for applied research was less rosy Total federal support for applied chemical research was off 14% to $260 million, following a 79% drop in '98. However, support for academic work soared 22% to $71 million, after falling 6.5% in '98. Total federal support for applied research in chemical engineering was up 73% to $148 million, not nearby enough to ofifset the previous year's 17% drop. And after rising 17% in '98, academic support for chemical engineering rose another 71% to $30 million. The data briefs on the federal funds survey, along with survey results and historical tables, can be found at http://www.nsf. gov/sbe/srs/pubdata.html.
SUPPORTER
PERFORMER
NIH accounted for more than one-fifth of R&D spending
Federal scientists did almost one-quarter of the work in 2001 Industry 42%
Other
Defense agencies' 10%
Federal intramural programs 24% NASA 2%
Air Force 17%
Universities
Energy 9%
& colleges 27%
Estimated fiscal 2001 obligations for R&D = $83.1 billion a Includes funds for Department of Defense test and evaluation activities. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2001. "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999. 2000. and 2001"
Total federal obligations for R&D Overall budget up just 2%, but NSF funding soars 20% ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS
Defense Air Force Navy Defense agencies
Army Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health National Aeronautics & Space Admin. Department of Energy National Science Foundation Agriculture Agricultural Research Service CSREESb Forest Service Commerce Nat. Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin. Nat. Inst, of Standards & Tech. Transportation Environmental Protection Agency Interior Geological Survey All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20003
2001a
$34,819 12,627 9,005 7,368 5,576
$33,857 11,836 8,974 7,369 5,425
$34,582 13,066 8,614 7,742 4,880
$34,874 13,991 8,252 7,509 4,825
$35,352 13,865 8,191 7,982 5,042
$35,753 14,069 8,862 7,476 5,043
$36,944 14,268 9,399 7,556 5,445
$36,462 13,767 8,788 8,382 5,311
11,142 10.00 8,812 6,960 2,212
11,711 10,931 9,640 6,890 2,439
12,084 11,378 8,988 6,051 2,376
13,045 12,238 9,661 6,333 2,452
14,188 13,137 9,918 6,601 2,474
16,167 15,005 9,885 6,876 2,680
18,503 17,229 9,930 7,126 2,863
19,463 18,095 9,966 7,657 3,431
5.2 5.0 0.4 7.5 19.8
8.3 8.2 1.8 1.4 6.5
1,526 757 472 198
1,524 751 489 198
1,429 743 419 180
1,573 807 497 182
1,531 844 387 109
1,745 974 463 209
1,879 1,013 549 213
1,893 1,074 483 237
0.7 6.0 -12.0 11.3
3.1 5.1 0.3 2.6
857 563 284 662 558
1,214 5,641 640 756 556
1,152 528 601 584 464
1,046 531 482 546 517
970 519 416 584 637
1,010 547 422 682 669
1,268 589 645 714 647
1,163 591 517 882 672
-8.3 0.3 -19.8 23.5 3.9
4.5 0.7 8.9 4.2 2.7
703 377 866 $69,117 -1.9%
568 367 942 $70,097 1.4%
569 520 769 $69,048 -1.5%
587 531 778 $71,412 3.4%
533 464 761 $73,549 3.0%
643 579 816 $76,926 4.6%
567 502 855 $81,296 5.7%
620 554 858 $83,067 2.2%
1994
2000-01 1994-2001
-1.3% -3.5 -6.5 10.9 -2.5
9.3 10.4 0.4 2.2%
0.7% 1.2 -0.3 1.9 -0.7
-1.8 5.7 -0.1 2.7%
NOTE: Fiscal years. Includes funds for basic and applied research, development, and R&D plant, a Estimates, b Cooperative State Research, Education & Extension Service. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2001, "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999, 2000. and 2001"
34
C & E N / OCTOBER 2 9 . 2001
HTTP: / / P U B S . ACS.ORG/CEN
Performers of federally funded R&D Federal government did 24% of the work in-hou«e In 2001 ANNUAL CHANGE
$imm®im :!®$M%MmM:,::. WmXSI^^SiMM^WU}^m^:.: •• Universities & colleges
^^n^^^M^^^Mm^em^es Federal intramural programs Nonprofit institutions FFRDCs11 managitf l y nonprofits State & local governments l ! ^iitel:^^^^^^.' : ^•^•^^' ; ^ •i^tiy::;v:';-;i-;r
AHau^f^
2001 a
$31,748 1,294 15,090 3,293 16,132
mt $31,438 1.202 15.489 3.542 17^25
$31,511 $32,547 1,137 1.128 16,260 15,425 3.701 3,447 16,540 16.718
$33,187 1,189 17,271 3,890 17,122
$33,238 $34,150 1,335 1,328 20,605 18.855 3,993 3,896 18,085 19,073
$34,412 1,386 21,913 4,189 19,352
0.8% 3.8 6.3 4.9 1.5
1.2% 1.0 5.5 3.5 2.6
3,673 736 325 267 $67,235 -0.1%
3,659 825 317 259 $68,187 1.4%
3,642 3.782 755 821 247 261 288 258 $67,653 $69,826 -0.8% 3.2%
3,774 603 448 299 $72,101 3.3%
4,945 4,522 898 913 390 357 307 291 $75,340 $79,470 5.5% 4.5%
5,154 978 411 285 $81,527 2.6%
4.2 8.9 5.4 -7.2 2.6%
5.0 4.1 3.4 0.9 2.8%
1994
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000*
2000-01 1994-2001
NOTE: Obligations for fiscal years. Excludes R&D plant, a Estimates, b Federally funded R&D centers. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2001, "Federal Funds for Reslirii^ 1999,2000, ^nd 1001"
Federal obligations for scientific disciplines Since 1994, funding for physical sciences hasrisenan average of less than 1% p%r year ANNUAL CHANGE
M^miimt^^mr^.-
i:liiilillll::^t ;; : ^HI^MBiS#U-';:ii^Sfc.';; •:PiiSlli:sl?iriies ^y€MM:" Envi^nftieritat scljencil
Mathematics & computer scieiices WA^I^SMM^--' ':'•';'•'"'. :;: r:
mm mmmm^\,-: .: -^ ANNUAL
mmm
1994
199$
1996
1997
1998
$11,284 5,479 4,254 2,838
$11,811 5,708 4,278 2,854
$12,064 $12,661 $13,558 5,895 5,690 5,681 4,210 3,923 4,149 3,062 3,020 3,046
1,302 2,254 $27,411 1.9%
1,579 2,203 $28,434 3.7%
1,572 2,000 $28,260 -0.6%
1,672 2,147 $29,365 3.9%
1,837 2,361 $30,923 5.3%
1999
2000a
2001*
$15,422 $17,422 $18,249 6,548 7,089 6,263 4,183 4,430 4,066 3,243 3,102 3,095 2,178 1,981 2,895 2,700 $33,527 $36,328 8.4% 8.4%
2.517 3,159 $38,687 6.5%
2000-01 1994*2061
4.7% 8.3 5.9 4.5
7.1% 3.7 0.6 1.9
15.6 9.1 6.5%
9.9 4.9 5.0%
NOTE: Fiscal years. Research only; excludes development, a Estimates. SOURCis National Science Foundation, 2001, "Federal Funds for Research and Development:
Fiscal
mm^9,^m,at^mr
Federal obligations for development Support for development from Commerce and Transportation shows double-digit growth ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS
Defense Air Force Navy Defense agencies Army National Aeronautics & Space Admin. Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health Energy Transportation Commerce National Institutes of Standards & Technology Agriculture Environmental Protection Agency All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE
1994
1995
$30,313 11.713 8.082 5,553 4.722 4,456
$29,598 10,963 8,083 5,731 4,567 4,969
1.285 1,250 2.766 347 108
1,379 1,348 2,685 356 244
46
191
77 151 321 $39,824 -1.5%
81 150 290 $39,752 -0.2%
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2001a
-1.2% -4.0 -6.6 12.2 1.2 -6.1
0.8% 1.4 -0.5 2.4 -0.8 1.4
2,686 2,358 2,270 213 185
6.5 8.1 4.8 13.3 28.5
11.1 9.5 -2.8 -6.7 8.0
99
116
17.2
14.2
131 92 305 $43,141 3.2%
141 91 365 $42,838 -0.7%
7.6 -1.1 19.7 -0.7%
8.9 -7.0 1.8 1%
$31,503 $32,377 13,486 13,258 8,373 7,954 5,826 5,800 4,416 4,190 5,218 5,168
$31,986 12,948 7,820 6,536 4,467 4,901
2,200 1,879 2,090 190 142
2,521 2,181 2,165 188 144
89
93
107 94 427 $41,178 1.8%
126 96 298 $41,813 1.5%
$30,540 $30,978 13,135 12,160 7,330 7,713 6,106 6,184 4,111 4,203 5,142 4.692
$31,316 13.102 7.334 6,388 4,220 5,154
1,405 1,374 1,983 177 217
1,557 1,473 2,036 146 195
1,686 1,591 2,086 165 142
162
129
99 80 83 84 226 215 $39,393 $40,462 2.7% -0.9%
2000-01 1994-2001
NOTE: Fiscal years, a Estimates. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2001, "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001"
H T T P : / / P U B S . ACS.ORG/CEN
C & E N / OCTOBER 29, 2001
35
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT-
Federal obligations for basic research Of funding agencies, NIH continues to garner more than half ANNUAL CHANGE $ MILLIONS
Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health National Science Foundation Energy National Aeronautics & Space Admin. Defense Defense agencies Navy Air Force Army Agriculture Veterans Affairs Smithsonian Institution Transportation Commerce All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE
2001a
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000a
$5,884 5,882 1,871 1,603 1,964
$6,061 6,060 1,973 1,634 1,978
$6,505 6,504 2,007 1,930 1,981
$6,852 6,851 2,057 1,971 2,095
$7,355 7,354 2,119 2,029 2,024
$8,632 8,631 2,360 2,132 2,041
$9,833 9,832 2,492 2,252 1,978
$10,398 10,397 2,987 2,384 1,898
1,201 345 400 242 213
1,248 413 409 207 219
1,138 338 377 228 195
1,023 309 347 188 178
1,031 334 329 186 182
1,040 312 356 191 181
1,105 350 355 199 201
1,213 406 396 207 204
606 14 124 3 40 213 $13,523 0.9%
595 12 124 47 39 164 $13,877 2.6%
550 12 127 38 38 138 $14,464 4.2%
590 14 130 38 39 134 $14,942 3.3%
604 120 120 35 40 137 $15,613 4.5%
743 148 90 61 49 147 $17,443 11.7%
805 160 97 64 50 145 $18,981 8.8%
828 161 103 90 65 146 $20,273 6.8%
2000-01 1994-2001
5.7% 5.7 19.9 5.9 -4.0
8.5% 8.5 6.9 5.8 -0.5
9.8 16.0 11.5 4.0 1.5
0.1 2.4 -0.1 -2.2 -0.6
2.9 0.6 6.2 40.6 30.0 0.7 6.8%
4.6 41.2 -2.6 62.6 7.2 -5.3 6.0%
NOTE: Fiscal years, a Estimates. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2001. "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999. 2000, and 2001"
When viewed by scientific discipline, spending for chemistry rose 7% in 99, chemical engineering was up 5% $ MILLIONS
Life sciences Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Engineering Metallurgy & materials Chemical Environmental sciences Atmospheric sciences Oceanography Mathematics & computer sciences All others TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE
ANNUAL CHANGE 1998-99 1989-99
1989
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
$4,916 2,506 1,395 505 1,184 255 50
$6,472 2,827 1,502 540 1,290 330 71
$6,601 2,865 1.507 559 1,449 369 67
$6,879 2,863 1,546 551 1,612 502 60
$7,204 2,976 1,562 518 1,583 463 68
$7,853 2,941 1,580 518 1,594 478 52
$9,197 3,090 1,694 555 1,640 481 55
17.1% 5.1 7.2 7.2 2.9 0.6 5.2
6.5% 2.1 2.0 0.9 3.3 6.6 1.0
1,017 316 293 346 633 $10,602 11.9%
1,517 698 190 522 896 $13,523 0.9%
1,468 688 188 603 892 $13,877 2.6%
1,554 671 309 640 917 $14,464 4.2%
1,544 680 304 661 974 $14,942 3.3%
1,529 655 286 706 990 $15,613 4.5%
1,616 671 384 735 1,166 $17,444 11.7%
5.7 2.4 34.3 4.2 17.8 11.7%
4.7 7.8 2.7 7.8 6.3 5.1%
NOTE: Fiscal years. SOURCE: National Science Foundation. 2001. "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999. 2000. and 2001"
At universities and colleges, chemistry funding rose H % in '99, following four years of decline $ MILLIONS
ANNUAL CHANGE 1998-99 1989-99
1989
1994
1995
1996
1997
Life sciences Physical sciences Physics Chemistry Engineering Metallurgy & materials Chemical
$2,903 783 384 258 484 130 31
$3,871 933 442 324 685 208 38
$3,688 976 456 313 791 258 40
$4,013 1,000 476 302 797 244 38
$4,348 1,042 489 279 699 204 38
$4,571 1,012 480 273 722 204 45
$5,416 1,124 539 310 725 205 44
18.5% 11.1 12.3 13.6 0.4 0.5 -2.2
6.4% 3.7 3.4 1.9 4.1 4.7 3.6
Environmental sciences Oceanography Atmospheric sciences Mathematics & computer sciences Other sciences TOTAL ANNUAL CHANGE
424 172 111 244 329 $5,167 7.0%
603 145 165 350 505 $6,947 2.5%
574 109 200 335 541 $6,905 -0.6%
612 202 152 432 559 $7,413 7.4%
620 204 190 401 552 $7,662 3.4%
603 186 154 438 562 $7,908 3.2%
653 233 188 484 224 $8,626 9.1%
8.3 25.3 22.1 10.5 -60.1 9.1%
4.4 3.1 5.4 7.1 -3.8 5.3%
NOTE: Fiscal years. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, 2001. "Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1999 .2000, and 2001"
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