Fast Analysis of Bioactive Compounds by Revers - American

Chapter 4

Downloaded by IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON on February 18, 2015 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date (Web): December 16, 2014 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2014-1185.ch004

Fast Analysis of Bioactive Compounds by Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography Gislaine C. Nogueira, Mauricio A. Rostagno,* M. Thereza M. S. Gomes, and M. Angela A. Meireles LASEFI/DEA (Department of Food Engineering)/FEA (School of Food Engineering)/UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; Campinas, SP; CEP: 13083-862, Brazil *E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]. Tel: +55-19-35210100. Fax: +55 19 35214027.

The analysis of bioactive compounds in raw bioactive materials by liquid chromatography can prove to be a very difficult task and usually require extended times to adequately separate all components from such complex matrices. Currently there is a great interest in the development of new technology to improve chromatographic performance and reduce the necessary time to achieve the separation between components. Liquid chromatography has seen great improvements in the last decades, especially in stationary phase technology. New stationary phase technologies include sub2 µm particles, partially porous and porous monolithic polymers. These new packing materials are taking the chromatographic performance of separations to a much higher level. Liquid chromatography systems are also seen improvements in term of pressure limits, precision, reproducibility and overall quality of the results. The use of these advanced systems and materials allied to the adoption of carefully planned strategies under optimized conditions can produce excellent chromatographic results with speeds that were thought to be impossible a few years ago. In this context, this chapter discusses current technology available that can be explored to reduce analysis time of bioactive compounds in natural products. It also discusses the influence of most important operational parameters (column © 2014 American Chemical Society In Instrumental Methods for the Analysis and Identification of Bioactive Molecules; Jayprakasha, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2014.

temperature, mobile phase composition and flow rate/ linear velocity in the chromatographic system and how these variables can be adjusted in order to produce the greatest potential for performing separations.


Keywords: Bioactive compounds; liquid chromatography; fast analysis; Sub-2 µm particles; partially porous particles; monolithic colums; temperature; mobile phase; flow rate

1. Introduction Raw bioactive materials are complex matrixes which contain innumerous chemical compounds with great structural diversity and functional versatility. Several of these compounds are of great interest because they are capable of modulating metabolism and altering gene expression and cellular signaling, among other biological processes. The biological activity of these compounds is closely related to the lead of raw bioactive materials as the most productive source for potential drugs, veterinary and agricultural products (1, 2). Several important compounds have been identified in natural sources, such as phenolic compounds in mushrooms (3), isoflavones in soybeans and derivatives (4), coffeoylquinic acid in artichokes (5), polyphenols and alkaloids in tea and coffee (6, 7), besides other chemical sources for anti-inflammatory (8) and novel drugs (2). Although some of these compounds are found in relatively high amounts in raw bioactive materials, their concentration varies enormously due to many factors. Concentration and distribution of several compound classes in plants, for example, may be influenced by the plant variety, agricultural practices used, environmental conditions, site of cultivation, attack by microorganisms and pests, among others. In this aspect, the variation of the concentration of compounds present in raw bioactive materials combined with other factors causes great difficulties when identifying the biological potential and efficiency of these compounds for the prevention and treatment of several diseases. Understanding the complexities of the bioactivity of compounds present in raw material through extensive laboratory analysis is fundamental for proper utilization of their potential uses. Considering the importance of having reliable information about their concentration, it is not surprising that several techniques were used and explored to develop methods for the analysis of bioactive compounds over the years (9). Obviously the characteristics of the molecule and the characteristics of sample, including the components present and their profile and concentration, will determine best technique and method conditions. However, liquid chromatography (LC) is one of the most used techniques due to its advantages which include high separation achievements, method reliability, method sensitivity and compound specificity (10). In this aspect, High Performance LC (HPLC) provides high resolution results, accuracy, data management, security features, reports and instrument validation. For many years, researchers have 80 In Instrumental Methods for the Analysis and Identification of Bioactive Molecules; Jayprakasha, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2014.

been concerned about speeding up LC assays and reducing sample amount as well as solvent spent in an effort, not only to diminishing costs, but also to provide more environment friendly techniques.


2. Fast LC Separations There is always been a great interest in the development of fast LC methods for the analysis of bioactive compounds in raw bioactive materials. Fast methods can provide several advantages not only in terms of the number of samples that can be processed in a given amount of time, but also in terms of reduction of cost, by increasing the life span of detector lamps and reducing amounts of solvents used (which may also provide environmental benefits). Moreover, fast methods are convenient for samples which are evolving continuously in a short period such as products containing enzymes. Several strategies have been used to increase the speed of LC separations, including shorter columns with new stationary phases and exploring method conditions (temperature, solvent and flow rate) to reduce analysis time (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Strategies used to improve and speed-up LC separations. 81 In Instrumental Methods for the Analysis and Identification of Bioactive Molecules; Jayprakasha, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2014.

82


Table 1. Selection of Recent Applications of Fast LC Strategies for the Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Raw Materials Analytes / Sample

Phenolic compounds/ Edible mushrooms

Phenolic acids/ Beverages (White wine, grapefruit juice and leaves of green tea)

Sample preparation Pre-treatment: freeze-dried and finely milled Extraction: by stirring with methanol at 65°C for 24 h. Then, the mixture was centrifugated at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The residue was re-extracted twice and the methanolic extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness under vacuum Pre-treatment: Internal standard of deuterium-labeled 4-hydroxybenzoic and salicylic acids were added to all beverage samples. The samples were filtered by centrifugation through 0.2µm nylon membrane microfilters Extraction: not available

21 Polyphenols and Alkaloids/ Teas, mate, instant coffee, soft drink and energetic drink

Pre-treatment: not available Extraction: Extraction: with 15mL of 50% methanol, than with 75% methanol, and finally with 100% methanol for 20 min at 60 °C assisted by ultrasound. After, the sample was centrifuged, than the solid was submitted to another extraction using a multi-frequency ultrasonic bath operating at 25 kHz at 100% intensity output.

Instrumental analysis

Ref.

Technique: HPLC-DAD Column: Symmetry reverse phase C18 (75mmX4.6 mm, 3.5µm) Solvent: Acetonitrile /water/acetic water Column temperature: 25°C Flow rate: 1.0 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 16 min Detector: UV at 280nm

(3)

Technique: UPLC-MS/MS Column: BEH C8 (2.1mmX150mm, 1.7µm) Solvent: Acetonitrile /water/formic acid Column temperature: 30°C Flow rate: 0.25 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 12 min Detector: PDA at 230nm

(14)

Technique: HPLC-DAD-Fl Column: KinetexTM C18 (100mm×4.6mm, 2.6µm) Solvent: Acetonitrile /water/phosphoric acid Column temperature: 55°C Flow rate: 2.2 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 5.0 min Detector: UV at 260-320nm

In Instrumental Methods for the Analysis and Identification of Bioactive Molecules; Jayprakasha, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2014.

(7, 15)

83


Analytes / Sample

Catechin derivatives/Tea samples

Resveratrol/Red wines

15 structurally related components/ Natural products mixtures

Sample preparation


Ref.

Pre-treatment: not available Extraction: Infusion in water with boiling water

Technique: UHPLCUV and UHPLCMS/MS Column: Hypersil Gold C18 (50mm×2.1mm, 1.9µm); Acquity BEH C18 (50mm×2.1mm, 1.7µm); Acquity BEH Shield RP18 (50, 100 and 150mm×2.1mm, 1.7µm); Acquity BEH phenyl (50mm×2.1mm, 1.7µm) Solvent: Acetonitrile /water/formic acid Column temperature: 30°C Flow rate: 0.6 mL.min-1 Analysis time: between 2 and 24 min Detector: UV at 265nm

(16)

Pre-treatment: red wine was diluted with methanol and filtered through a 0.22µm membrane filter. Extraction: not available

Technique: SPE-LC-MS Column: Halo fused-core silica (50mmX2.1mm, 2.7 µm) Solvent: Acetonitrile /water/formic acid Column temperature: not provided Flow rate: 0.4 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 6.0 min Detector: MS

(17)

Pre-treatment: dissolving final product in MeOH Extraction: not available

Technique: HPLC and UPLC Column: Ascentis Express C18 (100mm4.6mm, 2.7µm), Atlantis T3 C18 (150mmX4.6mm, 3.0µm); Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100mmX2.1mm, 1.7µm) Solvent: Acetonitrile /Methanol/potassium phosphate Column temperature: 35°C Flow rate: 0.4 and 2.0 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 10-31 min Detector: UV at 250nm

(1)

Continued on next page.


Analytes / Sample

Sample preparation


Ref.

12 Isoflavones/ soybeans and derived foods

Pre-treatment: ground into a fine powder in a coffee grinder. Extraction: solid samples were extracted under sonication with 25mL of 50% EtOH (in water) for 20 min at 60 °C. 10mL of MeOH were added to 40mL of liquid samples before extraction under the same conditions. After extraction, 0.5mL of the internal standard was added to the extracts which were then centrifuged.

Technique: HPLC-PDAD Column: Chromolith RP-18e Monolithic Solvent: Methanol/water/acetic acid Column temperature: 35°C Flow rate: 5.0 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 10 min Detector: UV at 254nm

(4)

12 Isoflavones/ Soy

Pre-treatment: The soy protein sample was ground in a coffee grinder into a fine powder. Extraction: with methanol during 20 min at 60 °C using a ultrasonic bath operating at 25 kHz at 100% intensity output.

Technique: HPLC-UV Column: Xbridge™ C18 (150mm×4.6 mm, 3.5µm); Kinetex™ fused-core C18 (100mm×4.6 mm, 2.6µm); Chromolith® Performance monolithic RP-18 (100mm×3mm) Solvent: Mixtures of water and methanol or acetonitrile Column temperature: 25 and 35°C Flow rate: 0.8 and 1.2 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 6.0 min Detector: UV at 254nm

(18)

84


Table 1. (Continued). Selection of Recent Applications of Fast LC Strategies for the Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Raw Materials


Sample preparation


Ref.

12 Isoflavones/ Soy

Pre-treatment: The soy protein sample was ground in a coffee grinder into a fine powder. Extraction: with ethanol during 20 min at 60 °C using a ultrasonic bath operating at 25 kHz at 100% intensity output.

Technique: HPLC-UV Column: Kinetex™ fused-core C18 (100mm×4.6mm, 2.6µm) Solvent: Methanol/water or Acetonitrile/water Column temperature: 25-50°C Flow rate: 1.2-2.7 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 11 min Detector: UV at 254nm

(19)

Flavonoids/ Passiflora incarnata L.

Pre-treatment: not available Extraction: The sample were macerated with ethanol 60% for 8 days and the ethanol solution was filtered obtaining the tincture at 20% title, which was evaporated to dryness at reduced pressure (0.1mmHg, T=40°C) and the dried residue dissolved in H2O/MeOH mixture.

Technique: UPLC and HPLC Column: Ascentis® Express (150mm×2.1mm, 2.7µm); Acquity® BEH C18 (100mm×2.1mm, 1.7µm); Chromolit-RP18e (100mm×4.6mm) Solvent: water/Methanol/ Acetonitrile / tetrahydrofuran and acetic acid Column temperature: 30°C Flow rate: 0.1-0.3 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 60-22 min Detector: PDA at 299nm

(20)

Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives/artichoke heads and leaves.

Pre-treatment: powdered to a homogeneous size by a grinder, sieved through a No. 40 mesh sieve. Extraction: the sample were mixed with 100 mL 50% aqueous ethanol. The mixture was placed on a thermostatic water bath and incubated at 50°C for 2 h. After, it was centrifuged and the supernatant solution was transferred and the dregs were re-extracted.

Technique: LC-ESI-MS/MS Column: Halo fused core C18-silica (50mmX2.1mm, 2.7µm) Solvent: Acetonitrile /water/formic acid Column temperature: 25°C Flow rate: 0.8 mL.min-1 Analysis time: 4 min Detector: MS/MS

(5)

85


Analytes / Sample



Currently, columns packed with sub-2 μm particles in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) systems, columns packed with partially porous particles and monolithic columns are the three main competing approaches for fast liquid chromatography (11, 12). Other strategies include the use of short columns with reduced internal diameter and optimization of the method conditions to improve separation and allow higher flow rates/ linear velocity of the mobile phase. The use of columns packed with smaller particles (totally or partially porous) allows obtaining better resolution, increased efficiency, and increased sensitivity due to sharper and higher peaks, which can be explored to achieve faster chromatographic separations (10). UHPLC employs columns packed with particles of drastically reduced size (in the sub-2 μm scale), resulting in high column backpressure, which demanded the development of specific instrument capable of operating at pressures over 1.500 bar. More recently, partially porous particles were developed and due to the reduced diffusion path for analytes, they are expected to have superior mass transfer properties compared with fully porous particles and therefore provide similar separation efficiencies compared to sub-2 μm totally porous particles but at much lower pressures (11). In this case, partially porous particles can be used in both conventional HPLC and UHPLC systems. On the other hand, monolithic silica columns are usually used in HPLC systems and due to their characteristics and structure they allow very high flow rates (up to 10 mL/min) to be used in the pressure range of conventional HPLC systems (

Fast Analysis of Bioactive Compounds by Revers - American

Recommend Documents