FeOx Composite with

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Facile Preparation of Hierarchical C/RGO/FeOx Composite with Superior Microwave Absorption Performance Zhengchen Wu, Ting Huang, Tiesheng Li, and Lei Li Langmuir, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04276 • Publication Date (Web): 19 Feb 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 20, 2019

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Facile Preparation of Hierarchical C/RGO/FeOx Composite with Superior Microwave Absorption Performance Zhengchen Wu,†,§ Ting Huang,†,§ Tiesheng Li,‡ and Lei Li*,† §

The first two authors contributed equally to this work

†

College of Materials and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome,

Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China ‡

College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou

450001, P. R. China KEYWORDS: microwave absorption, hierarchical structure, composite ABSTRACT: Hierarchical carbon/reduced graphene oxide /FeOx (CGF) composite has been successfully prepared utilizing a sequential process of immersion and carbonization. During the immersion of melamine foam in liquid precursor, the graphene oxide covers on the interconnected framework of foam and is decorated by metallic ions simultaneously. Therefore, the hierarchical structure is constructed in one step. The CGF exhibits a maximum reflection loss of as much as -51.2 dB and an ultrawide effective absorption bandwidth of 8.2 GHz. Detail investigation suggests that the hierarchical structure contributes to the superb microwave absorption performance significantly through enhancing the interfacial polarization and inducing multi1

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reflection of microwave. The simple and cost-effective fabrication process together with the excellent microwave absorption performance endows the CGF with great potential for practical application. INTRODUCTION In the past decades, tremendous efforts have demonstrated that the superb microwave absorption (MA) performance results from both rationally designed structure and delicately chosen composition.1-5 On the one hand, the composite consisted of dielectric loss and magnetic loss components shows superior MA performance to the single component material, since the multiple components not only bring about the stronger polarization loss but also give rise to more matched characteristic impedance.6, 7 On the other hand, the heterogeneous structure, such as core-shell sturcture,8, 9 sandwich,10, 11 and porous structure,12,

13

can further strengthen polarization loss by enlarging the

heterogeneous area and induce multi-reflection of microwave by introducing the internal cavity. As a result, various composites with heterogeneous structure, such as core-shell

C@NiCo2O4@Fe3O4,14

porous

Co/CoO,15

and

sandwiched

FeCo@Graphene@PPy,16 have been widely fabricated for MA application. Among kinds of heterogeneous structure, the hierarchical structure, attracts a growing attention because the multi-sized spatial arrangement of different components brings about not only the enhanced polarization loss but also the better matched impedance.17-20 Specially, the hierarchical structure can be constructed in the 2D material-based absorbents including the graphene and MXenes composites to combine

2


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the superiorities of components and structure.21-24 on the one hand, both of the high conductivity and large heterogeneous interface originated from the 2D components contribute to the reinforced dielectric loss. On the other hand, the interspace created by the 2D components can further satisfied the impedance. By virtue of these favorable mechanisms, the first-rate MA performance can be achieved.25-27 However, the widely utilized methods for constructing hierarchical structure in the reported researches are multiple compositing strategy. Their elusive compositing procedures and intermediate treatments of products result in extremely complicated and time-consuming process. Moreover, the products suffer from low reproducibility caused by the unmanageable and complex fabrication conditions in multi-step preparation process, which severely hinder their large-scale manufacture. In order to simplify the preparation process, a facile compositing strategy is employed to fabricate hierarchical composite in this work. The compositing strategy involves immersion of melamine foam (MF) in the liquid phase precursor containing graphene oxide (GO) and metallic ions and then drying of this foam. In the obtained foam, the GO is supported on the inter-connected framework of MF and attached by metallic ions simultaneously, resulting in the formation of hybrid hierarchical structure. After carbonization, carbon/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/metal or metal composite can be obtained. In comparison with traditional multi-step compositing, this strategy only involves one compositing step, which means the significant simplification of preparation, reduction of preparation conditions, as well as economization of cost. Moreover, the hierarchical structure exhibits larger internal cavity than 2D one, which 3


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is beneficial for inducing the multi-reflection of microwave and thereby enhancing the MA performance. Herein, using the Fe3+ as the magnetic component precursor, we have successfully prepared the hierarchical C/rGO/FeOx (CGF) composite and demonstrated its MA application. In this composite, rGO strengthen the conduction loss, the FeOx (including Fe and Fe3O4) provides magnetic loss and satisfies the impedance matching, and the hierarchical structure enhances the polarization loss and the multi-reflection of microwave. Therefore, the composite exhibits superb MA performance with a maximum reflection loss (RL) of as much as –51.2 dB and an ultra-broad effective absorption bandwidth of 8.7 GHz, which is wider than those of most advanced MA materials reported previously, including all ferrite-based MA composites to our best knowledge. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Preparation of CGF composites. Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (7.5 g) was dissolved in 100 mL of graphene oxide aqueous dispersion (1 mg/mL) under stirring and sonication. A melamine foam was immersed in the solution for 30 min and then dried in an oven at 60 °C. Subsequently, the foam was heated to 700 °C at the heating rate of 5 °C/min under argon atmosphere for 2 h. After naturally being cooled to room temperature, the C/rGO/FeOx sample was finally obtained and named CGF. The C/rGO was prepared under same conditions except for using Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and then named CG. The directly carbonized melamine foam was named C. Characterization. The morphologies and microstructures of the core−shell Fe3O4@PPy composites were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM, 4


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Hitachi SU-70) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100), respectively. The hysteresis loops were measured on vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, LakeShore 7404) at room temperature. The XRD measurements were carried out on Bruker-Axe x-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation source (40.0kV, 40.0mA). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was achieved with a TA SDTQ-600 at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from room temperature to 800 °C. The electromagnetic parameter was tested by a network analyzer (Agilent Technologies, N5222A). The test sample was prepared from uniformly mixing the powders (50 wt%) with paraffin and pressed into coaxial rings with an outer diameter of 7.0 mm and an inner diameter of 3.04 mm. The RL of an absorber was calculated using the transmission line theory, 𝑅𝐿(dB) = 20lg|(𝑍𝑖𝑛 ― 1) (𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 1)|

(1)

𝑍in refers to the normalized input impedance of a metal-backed EM wave absorbing layer and is given by 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟tanh [j(2𝜋 𝑐)fd 𝜇r𝜀r]

(2)

where 𝜀r (𝜀r = 𝜀′r ―𝑗𝜀′′r) and 𝜇r (𝜇r = 𝜇′r ―𝑗𝜇′′r) are the complex permittivity and permeability, respectively, of the composite medium, c is the velocity of EM waves in free space, f is the frequency of EM wave, and d is the thickness of absorbent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation process of CGF (a). SEM figures and digital photos (the insets) of MF (b), MF/GO (c), MF/GO/Fe(NO3)3 (d), C (e), CG (f), and CGF (g and h). TEM figures of CFG (i and j). As shown in Figure 1a, the hierarchical CGF composite is prepared through a simple immersion process followed by pyrolysis in inert atmosphere, which uses MF as the 3D framework and the mixture solution of GO and Fe(NO3)3 as the liquid phase precursor. The MF exhibits typical interconnected 3D network, the pore size of which ranges from tens to hundreds of micrometers (Figure 1b). After direct carbonization, the 6


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transformation of melamine to carbon causes shrinkage of volume and collapse of framework structure (Figure 1e). The open cell nature of the foam allows for the facile attachment of GO onto its skeleton. Using MF to absorb GO dispersion and subsequently drying it, the multi-layered assembled GO is supported on the framework (Figure 1c). This double-hierarchy structure is preserved well in the carbonized CG composite (Figure 1f). The metallic ions can attach to GO uniformly due to the electrostatic interaction. Therefore, when MF is immersed into the solution containing liquid precursor of Fe3+ and GO, a 3D-hierarchical structure composing of three-layer compositions was formed, namely, foam skeleton, GO, and Fe3+ ions (Figure 1d). After carbonization, the inherited network structure is well preserved in the formed ternary composite CGF, in which graphene distributes among the interspaces of the foam skeleton and offer a large surface area to support FeOx nanoparticles (Figure 1g and h). The microstructure of CGF is further observed by TEM (Figure 1i and j), indicating the formation of FeOx nanoparticles anchored on the graphene and the preservation of structure of the precursor.

Figure 2. XRD patterns (a), magnetization hysteresis loops (b), and TG curves measured in different atmospheres (c) of CGF.

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The magnetic component is determined by XRD measurements (Figure 2a). Two broad peaks located at 26.1° and 43.2° in patterns of C and CG indicate the disorder nature of these samples, albeit with graphitic parts.28, 29 For CGF, diffraction peaks located at 44.7°, 65.0° and 82.3° correspond to (110), (220), and (211) Bragg reflections of Fe with body-centered cubic structure (JPCDS No. 06-0696), respectively. Moreover, a weak peak at 35.4° matches with the (311) plane of Fe3O4 with facecentered cubic structure. (JPCDS No. 79-0417). Figure 2b depicts the magnetization hysteresis loop of CGF. It is clearly seen that CGF shows typical ferromagnetism, since its saturation magnetization and coercivity are 116.1 emu/g and 61.1 Oe, respectively, which can result in strong magnetic loss.30, 31 Two TG curves of CGF measured in air and N2 atmospheres, respectively, are used to calculate the mass fraction of carbon component. In the curve of N2 measurement, the decrease of sample weight is caused by the evaporation of water, the further carbonization of melamine-derived carbon, as well as carbothermic reduction of Fe3O4. For air measurement, the decrease in weight before 300 °C stands for the evaporation of water and burning of the carbon. Owing to the oxidation of Fe and Fe3O4, the weight of sample increases between 300 and 500 °C. On the basis of above analysis, the mass fractions of carbon and magnetic component in CGF are calculated as 29.5% and 70.5 %, respectively.

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Figure 3. Dependence of frequency on complex permittivity (a and b), Cole-Cole plots (c), complex permeability (d and e), and dielectric loss and magnetic loss tangent (f) of C, CF, and CGF. The electromagnetic parameters of C, CF, and CGF are summarized in Figure 3a-d. The melamine-derived carbon exhibits the lowest values of complex permittivity (𝜀𝑟 = 𝜀′ ―𝑗𝜀′′), suggesting the weakest dielectric loss ability. The mass fraction of highly conductive rGO of CG is the highest among three samples, which brings about the strongest conduction loss and highest values of 𝜀𝑟. However, the higher the values of 𝜀𝑟 are, the more mismatched the characteristic impedance is if the complex permeability (𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇′ ―𝑗𝜇′′) remains unchanged.32, 33 Therefore, a considerable amount of microwave will reflect on the surface of CG rather than incident into it, which may result in poor MA performance. The existence of two peaks in imaginary permittivity of CGF indicates the typical polarization behavior that originates from its multiple

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components. This phenomenon can also be deduced from the Cole-Cole plots (Figure 3c). According to Debye theory, the relationship between 𝜀′ and 𝜀′′ can be deduced as

(

𝜀′ ―

𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀∞ 2 2

)

2

+ (𝜀′′) = (

𝜀𝑠 ― 𝜀∞ 2 2

) .34,

35

Each single semicircle in the plot of 𝜀′

versus 𝜀′′ corresponds to one kind of dipolar polarization relaxation process. In comparison with the Cole-Cole plots with single semicircle of C and CG, the plot of CGF exhibits two semicircles, corresponding to two kinds of dipolar polarization originated from Fe3O4 and heteroatom functional groups in melamine-derived carbon, respectively. The dependence of frequency on 𝜇𝑟 of three samples is shown in Figure 3d and e. Even the C and CG are not magnetized, their real and imaginary parts of 𝜇𝑟 are around 1.1 and 0.1 in test frequency band, respectively. This phenomenon can be explained as the fact that the circular movement of electric current along the pore wall of foam results in the formation of magnetic field and thereby generates the magnetic loss.36 The value of 𝜇′ of CGF largely rises in the high-frequency region where its value of 𝜀′ decreases sharply, which may because that capacitance leads or behinds an angle of 90° than the inductance.37, 38 The CGF possesses negative 𝜇′′ in the range of 9.0−18.0 GHz, since a strong magnetic field induced by a large eddy current can be radiated out to cancel or dominate the external magnetic field, resulting in negative 𝜇′′.37 The dielectric loss tangent (tanδE) and magnetic loss tangent (tanδM) of three samples are compared in Figure 3f. The symmetry between two loss tangents of CGF further demonstrates the angle difference between capacitance and inductance. The CGF exhibits highest values of tanδE between 12.0 and 18.0 GHz, suggesting its high frequency MA behavior benefited from strong dielectric loss. Moreover, it is obvious 10


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that tanδE of CGF is higher than its tanδM, therefore the dielectric loss enhanced by the compositing of multiple components plays the major role in MA performance.

Figure 4. Dependence of thickness on RL of C (a), CG (b), and CGF (c). The comparison of the optimal MA performance of CGF with those of the representative ferrite-based composites reported previously (d). The possible MA mechanisms of CGF (e). The MA performance of C, CG, and CGF is summarized in Figure 4a to c. Owing to the weakest dielectric loss ability, the C exhibits the poorest MA performance. Even the dielectric loss is highly strengthened by introducing the GO into the melaminederived carbon, the maximum RL value of CG is lower than -10 dB, because the severely mismatched characteristic impedance causes numerous microwaves reflection on the surface (Figure S1). Thanks to the optimum dielectric loss ability and impedance matching, the CGF exhibits the superb MA performance with a RL of as much as -51.6 dB and an ultra-broad effective absorption bandwidth of 8.7 GHz. Such excellent 11


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performance surpasses those of most advanced MA materials reported previously, including all ferrite-based MA composites, as shown in Figure 4d.4, 5, 39-43 The mechanisms behind this excellent MA performance are schematically shown in Figure 4e and summarized in the following. On the one hand, the rationally chosen composition endows the composite with strong dielectric loss ability: the melaminederived carbon processes numerous N atoms and thereby produces dipole polarization,44 the high conductive rGO in composite enhances the conduction loss significantly, and the eddy current loss originated from magnetic FeOx particles further enhances the dielectric loss. On the other hand, the hierarchical structure also contributes to dielectric loss: the enlarged heterogeneous surfaces between the three components result in the enhancement of interfacial polarization, and the huge internal cavity induces the massive multi-reflection of microwave.45 For the comparison, a physically blended sample with the same composition as CFG was prepared, and its electromagnetic parameters and MA performance are measured and shown in Figure S2. Evidently, the values of ε' and ε'' for the hierarchical composite are higher that of the control sample, indicating the enhanced dielectric loss ability. Therefore, the hierarchical CFG demonstrates better MA performance in comparison with the physically blended sample. CONCLUSION In summary, a 3D hierarchical carbon/rGO/FeOx composite with excellent microwave absorption performance has been prepared using a facile method that involves one-step compositing and carbonization. In the obtained composite, graphene 12


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serves as the bridge between melamine-derived carbon and FeOx particles, resulting in the formation of hierarchical structure. The composite demonstrates a high reflection loss of as much as -51.2 dB and an ultra-broad effective absorption bandwidth of 8.2 GHz, which is much wider than those of melamine-derived carbon, carbon/rGO, as well as all the ferrite-based composites reported previously. Detail investigation suggests that hierarchical structure contributes to the microwave absorption performance significantly, because this structure not only enhances the interfacial polarization but also induces the multi-reflection of microwave. Accordingly, it is believed that the asprepared hierarchical CGF composite exhibits great practical application value. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information The characteristic impedance of C, CG, and CGF samples; the complex permittivity, complex permeability, and RL curves of CGF and physically blended sample. These materials are available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *Tel: +86-592-2186296. Fax: +86-592-2183937. E-mail: [email protected]. Author Contributions The first two authors contributed equally to this work. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript. 13


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Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51373143 and 21674087) and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (No. 2014J07002). Wu Z. C. also wants to thank his parents for years of help and encouragement. REFERENCES 1.

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TOC Graphic

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FeOx Composite with

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