Anal. Chem. lg63, 55, 70 R-87 R (87M) Ugland, K.; Lundanes, E.; Grelbrokk, T.; Bjorseth, A. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 213, 83-90. (88M) Uno, M.; Okada, T.; Ohmae, T.; Terada, I.; Tanlgawa. K. Shokuhln Eiseigaku Zasshl1082, 23, 191-195. Chem. Abstr. 1982, 9 7 , 51118e. (89M) Vasllenko, V. E. Gig. Sanit. 1080, 45, 54-56. Pest. Abstr. 1081, 14, 8 1-0577. (90M) Wauchope, R. D.; Yamamoto, M. J. Envlron. Qual. 1080, 9 , 597-601. (91M) Wells, D. E.; Cowan, A. A. Analyst (London)1081, 106, 862-868.
(92M) Yln, F.; Ding, J. H.; Liu, S.L. Anal. Leff. 1081, 14, 977-983. (93M) You, I. S.;Bartha, R. J. Agrlc. F o d C h e m . 1082, 30, 1143-1147. (94M) Van Rillaer, W. G.; Beernaert, H. 2.Lebensm.-Unfers. Forsch. 1082, 175, 175-178. Chem. Abstr. 1082, 9 7 , 180330s. (95M) Wabbels, H. C. Lebemsmiffelchem. Gerichtl. Chem. 1081, 3 5 , 95-96. Chem. Abstr. 1981, 9 5 , 218948~. (96M) Zwelg, G.; Sellm, S.; Hummel, R.; Mittelman, A.; Wright, D. P., Jr.; Law, C.,Jr.; Regelman, E. IARC Scl. Pub/. 1080, 3 1 , 555-5134, Pest. Ab&. 1081, 14, 81-2683.
Pharmaceuticals and Related Drugs R. K. Gllpin”’ IBM Instruments, Orchard Park, Danbury, Connecticut 068 10
L. A. Pachla Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-LambertIParke-Davis, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48 106
J. S. Ranweher Research Division, McNeil Pharmaceutical, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
The current review surveys pharmaceutical analysis and related methodology that has appeared in Analytical Abstracts or Chemical Abstracts from July 1980 to June 1982. Although an excess of 800 entries have been cited, these cover only a small percentage of the work reported during the time period of the review. An attempt has been made to report only those references that have appeared to be significant and have been published in easily accessible journals. The review has been divided into 10 major sections: General, Alkaloids, Antibiotics, Inorganics, Nitrogen and Ox gen Containing Compounds, Steroids, Sulfur Containing !( ompounds, Vitamins, Techniques, and Miscellaneous. Most of the major sections have been divided further into subsections.
GENERAL Subjects for books and general reviews have included: Modern Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis (16), Volume 9 of a collective series concerned with individual compounds and their analytical profiles (6),and a comprehensive biennial report which contained over 800 references (7). During this same time period, specific reviews of the chromatographic analysis of antiinflammatories ( Z ) , antidiabetics (3),cholesterol-lowering agents (9),drugs of forensic interest (10, I I ) , antihistamines ( I Z ) , cardiovascular compounds (13),oral anticoagulants (14), and diuretics (19) have been published. Likewise, the role of HPLC in nuclear medicine has been discussed (20). General aspects of analysis of various pharmaceutical compounds by gas chromatography following alkylation (8) and pyrolysis (17) also have been considered. Other reviews which have appeared over the last 2 years have been concerned with fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy (It?), radioimmunoassays ( I ) , and membrane electrodes (5)in drug-substance analysis. In addition, spectroscopic methods in effect for various pharmacopeia (4)have been examined. Finally, summaries of papers from the “International Symposium on Electroanalysis in Clinical, Environmental and Pharmaceutical Chemistry” have been published (15). ALKALOIDS General. In the past few years the analysis of alkaloids has been perfwmed by a variety of techniques. Liquid Alternate address: Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242. 70 R
0003-2700/83/0355-70R$06.50/0
chromatography (LC) has been utilized the most for not only the analysis of alkaloids but for other classes of compounds as well. Retention indexes have been determined by LC for a number of narcotic analgesics and related compounds including fentanyl analogues (1A). HPLC also has been used to quantitate heroin and cocaine in the presence of their hydrolysis products (7A). Ion-pair adsorption TLC has been applied to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (5A). Likewise, TLC methods have been utilized to separate Rauwolfia, Corynanthe, and Pseudocinchona alkaloids by a two-dimensional development technique (6A). A simultaneous spectrometric method for caffeine and ergotamine in tablets has been reported with detection at two wavelengths (4A). A general review of color tests for the identification of alkaloids and related compounds has been compiled @A). Similarly, the reaction of Dragendorff spray reagent with non-nitrogenous oxygenated compounds has been compiled for 87 compounds that give a false-positive test for alkaloids (3-4). Cinchona. A number of reports on the LC separation of Cinchona alkaloids have appeared in the literature @A, 9A, 13A, I4A). One method has shown separation of colchicine from its phenolic and deacetylated derivatives (9A),a second from colchiceine (13A),and a third from various other derivatives (14A). LC and TLC also have been applied to the separation of partially reduced Cinchona alkaloids (IIA). This article included reports of tetra- and hexahydro derivatives of cinchonine. Quinine and quinidine in pharmaceuticals have been separated by high temperature capillary GC (16A)using on-column injection. Photometric and spectrophotometric methods have been compared to the European Pharmacopial method for the determination of alkaloids in C. succirubra bark with good agreement (IOA). A fluorescence reference standard material has been made available for quinine sulfate dihydrate (15A). Differential pulse polarography has been used to assay for colchicine in pharmaceuticals (12A). Ergot. In the current review period LC (18A, 19A, 20A, 22A, 24A) and TLC (ZIA,23A) have been the predominant techniques used to analyze ergot alkaloids. Two articles have been published on the separation of oxytocin and ergotamine in combined formulations using LC (19A,20A). A LiChrosorb NH, column has been used for the separation of the lactams of ergot alkaloids (18A). LC also has been used for ergot alkaloids in flour (22A). In addition, ergotoxine alkaloids have been separated on a normal phase column which included 0 1983 American
Chemical Society
PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS R D p r K. olpk is *Ma$ts Roteaaa of Chddhy a1 K m l State Unlvasnv a8 well as Ssnla Technical Adv$a at IBM Insments. He rscehed his B.S. degree In dsmlsby hwn Indlana Stats VnlversnY In 1989 and his h . D . degree In anatyilcal d s m b b y hom Me MlveversW of Arizona In 1973. Fmm 1973 lo 1975 he was e m pbyed as Senbr Sclentlsl and hom 1975 lo 197s as ct.oup Leader of Anawcel Chemb by In mS Research Dlvish of McNeil L a b ratcfies. h.Gilpin's research inleresls are hl tundamema1 and applied gas. liquid. and UdnYlyer chomalogaphy. NMR. and pharmauwtical analysis. He has ""merow p"b HCBUons in Me areas 01 organometallic slniace reactlono. SynlheolS Of cfgam L n e and bbeled reagents. pharmaceutkal analysis. Me devebpment of chemlcaliy modified su~tacesfar n c . GC.and n w . physicochemical SI& les by chromatographic lechnlques. and metal and ''C NMR. h.Ollpln has aganired cf been involved in several sympollia In Me area of chromatD graphic analysls. Likewise. he has held OMS in bcal chrmtopraphy and ACS p x p s . He b also a member 01 Me American Chamlcal Sodely and sigma xi.
L.n.me A. P K N . Is a Ssnbr Scknesl In the phamamklnstb/Cmg Mstabollsm Deprtmenl 01 the RamylMuHcal Research DMskwl a1 w a m ~ - ! n ~ l P aand * ~ ~ b a lechrw h the damisby doprtmem ai Lawrence Insmute 01 Technology. He re. celved hls B.S. degree in chemisby hom Lawrence Insthie 01 Technolcgj in 1973 and hb Fh.0. in a n a w l chemlsby in 1978 hom mu,UnkwsnY. From 1978 lo 1979 hewasemp4oyedasaResearchScbmWin the A n a w l Qoup and horn 1979 lo 1981 as a Senbr Scienlisl h the Blaavailabilityl Ramracckinetlcr ewp hl the ~ - r c h Mv i ~ h at ~ c ~ e~harmaceu~cai. i i tiis r e search interests are In Me areas of pharmamkinand bioavallabnlty. au. lmlkm of analytical procedurer. blaanalyacal and elscooenalytical chemlr by. appllcatbns 01 liquid and gas chromalopraphy Io &w analysis. and p r e and postcolumn ~ a l l r a l b techniques. n He has publlcatbns In Me area 01 pharmaceutical. dinlcal. and fmd analysis. He Is a member 01 Me A w l c a n chembl SOcMy. ACS Anatyilcal Chernbby Dlvish. and American pharmacautlcal Assoclamn.
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h 1970 and hls Ph.D.degree in anatytbl demisby h m the unlv-kf 01 ArkIn 1975. A n n a year 01 posldo*cfaI wwk at E h Caunh, Labaalmles In Buffalo. NY. ht plned McG. Hb interests are In bbanalytlcal barmsw.pharmaCBUncal analysis. and the use 01 CMputers lcf autamamn. He .1 cursnny wolwng on phamceuticaI analysls using GC. HPLC. and elecnachemlsw. He b a member 01 Me American Chemlcal
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Separation of stereoisomera ( H A ) . Tu:separationwit+digi+ scanning detection (21A) or phthalaldehyde-sulfuric acid spray reagent (23A) have been presented. A variety of techniques have been evaluated for the determination of ergot alkaloid preparations (17A). Differences have been discwed betwen the colorimetric, fluorometry, and chromatographic procedures. Opium. A number of LC procedures have been described (=A, 26A, 34A. 37A, 43A. 44A, 46A, 49A, 51A. 55AJ for the analysis of samples containing a variety of o iate alkaloids. One method has utilized a Hitachi Gel 3010 8 0 pm) column a t elevated temperatures (%A). Fluorescence (34A) and amperometry (5IA)have been used for detection after separations on C-18 columns. One other paper has shown the utility of statistical optimization techniques for the separation and quantitation with a reversed-phase ion-pair system (43A). Opium alkaloids, as well as homatropine, have been separated by both gas chromatography and liquid chromatography (46A). Various workers (27A, =A, 30A) have used circular dichroism spectra to qualitatively and quantitatively study
opiates. The effecta of solvent, buffer, and chemical structure on the spectra have been investigated. RIA (ZSA), amperometry (52A), and potentiometry using a picrate-selective electrode (31A) also have been presented for the analysis of opium alkaloids. Analytical methods have appeared for the analysis of codeine (32A, 33A, 39A, 41A. 42A) as well as a review article that presents a complete profde of analytid data for codeine phosphate (&A). Spectrophotometric determinations of codeine have been described, using a complex formed with bromcresol green (32A) or direct UV analysis after TLC separation (33A). Normal-phase (41A) and reversed-phase ion-pair (42A) LC methods also have been developed for codeine-containing dosage forms. In addition an ion-selective membrane electrode has been described which used a codeine-dipicrylamine complex in nitrobenzene (39A). In a similar manner LC has been used to quantitate morphine in opium (36A) and in degraded injection solutions (53A). TLC has been described as a micromethod for morphine in various samples where an internal standard is needed to improve precision (50A). In addition a GC procedure has appeared for quantitating illicit heroin samples for morphine and its 60-acetyl derivative (45A). Other alkaloids, including codeine, also have been determined by this method. Colorimetric procedures have been described for morphine in kaolin/morphine mixtures (%A) and Indian opium samples (56A). Morphine also baa been determined in pharmaceuticals by a combination of electrochemical oxidation of morphine to pseudomorphine followed by fluorescent detection (47A). This procedure has been reported to be free of interference from most opium alkaloids. Apomorphine has been quantitated in tablets employing LC with amperometric detection on a FBondapak phenyl column (54A). Morphine-3,6-dinicotimtehas been separated by using TLC with detection limits of 1CO-300 ng on conventional and 15-30 ng on high-performance plates (57A). In addition, naloxone hydrochloride in injectable solutions has been determined using LC (35A) and thebaine using a colorimetric reaction with quantitation at approximately450 nm (40A).
Rauwolfm Reserpine baa been extracted from tableta with ethyl acetate and quantitated with a reversed-phase LC column and fluorimetric detection (59A). HPTLC also has been used to quantitate reserpine and ajmaline in crude samples (58A). Tropane. HPLC separation and quantitation of cocaine from other alkaloids (65A) or from its isomers (66A. 67A) have been reported in the literature. Sources of potential errors from hydrolysis of cocaine a t various pHs also has been described, using LC for quantitation (64A). In addition, one report of the rapid determination of cocaine and other anesthetics has described results using field tests (color formation), TLC, and GC analyses (60A). HPLC has been used to determine benatropine and ita degradation product benzophenone, using a C column (61A). In a similar procedure atropine and its d aiation products have been separated and quantitated ( 6 3 r Atropine, as well as novatropine, have been analyzed with a liquid-membrane electrode (62A). The electrode was used for the direct potentiometric titration of these compounds in formulations. Vinca. Vinca rosea alkaloids have been separated b HPLC using a CIS column with detection a t 290 nm (68Al Separation of monomeric and dimeric alkaloids has been discussed. Xanthine. Dyphylline (69A)and theophylline (iWA) have been separated by using reversed-phase LC. The dyphylline procedure uses flow programming while the other was a simultaneous method for theophylline, ephedrine, and phenobarhitol in tablets. Caffeine on the other hand has been determined titrimetrically by using chloramine T (71A). Interference of other pharmaceuticals has been discussed. Miscellaneous. Procedures for the determination of pilocarpine have been based on a catalytic (74A) as well as a colorimetric reaction (78A). Pilocarpine and its degradation roducts and/or impurities predominantly have been analyzed y LC methods with detection hetween 215 and 220 nm (75A, 76A, M A , 91A, 92A). One procedure, however, has been reported which used UV spectrophotometry and polarimetry to assay for pilocarpine and isopilocarpine in opthalmic solutions (94A). In this report the method has been compared
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55. NO. 5. APRIL 1983
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to the USP and LC methods. An LC separation of pilocarpine in combination with physostigmine has been developed which also separated and quantitated the preservatives,methyl- and propylparabens (87A). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been analyzed by various chromatographic procedures. Conventional (80A) and highperformance (84A, 97A) LC procedures as well as TLC (83A, 90A) procedures have been reported. One of the HPLC procedures (84A)used a subsequent GC separation of silinized derivatives of the alkaloids with mass spectral detection. In addition, N-oxides of pyrrolizidine have been studied by a combination of HPLC and TLC (97A, 98A). In a similar manner, cannabinoids have been analyzed with TLC (73A) and LC (79A,82A). The TLC procedure has used 3-methylbenzothiazolin-2-one hydrazone as a new visualization reagent. LC procedures also have been shown to be useful for separating indole alkaloids (81A, IOOA). A solvent optimization procedure has been described (81A) and the use of a cyclodextrin gel has been reported (IOOA). A series of two articles have been presented for the determination of eburnane alkaloids using reversed-phase (95A) and normal-phase (96A) LC. A variety of other alkaloids also have been analyzed. Lysergic acid derivatives by RIA (72A),hydrastic alkaloids by spectrophotometry (77A),glyco- and steroid alkaloids by TLC (85A), lobelia alkaloids by colorimetry (88A), and tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids by ion-exchange LC (89A) have all been cited in the literature. d- and l-methorphan mixtures have been determined by using chiral lanthanoid NMR shift reagents (99A). In addition, harmane alkaloids in cell structures have been determined, using LC se aration followed by fluorimetric detection (93A). The methofhas been reported to be rapid and has a detection limit of less than 10 pg.
ANTIBIOTICS General. Updating and technical changes in regulations, primarily regarding potency evaluations for antibiotics have been discussed (IB). Modifications regarding turbidimetric testing of antibiotics have been considered in the second edition of the European Pharmacopeia (8B). Several thinlayer chromatographic investigations of antibiotics have been described. These have included a review of classification and identifications by TLC (2B), use of an image analyzer for quantitation (6B),and thin-layer electrophoretic separations (5B). High-performance liquid chromatography continues to be a useful technique for identification of antibiotics (4B). A review has been published which contains 296 references on the application of mass spectrometry to antibiotics analysis (3B). Penicillins and Cephalosporins. Amoxycillin has been determined by liquid chromatographic procedures using ultraviolet detection (34B) or amperometric detection (12B). A variety of procedures have been reported for the analysis of ampicillin. These include the use of liquid chromatography (IOB, 18B, 32B, 36B), titrimetric (8B),electrochemical (25B, 45B),and kinetic (13B)methods of analysis. In addition, the effects of 38 excipients on the quantitation of ampicillin have been evaluated by using the 1973 British Pharmacopeia method (28B). High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to examine various penicillins and cephalosporins antibiotics. Publications concerning the analysis of carbenicillin in the presence of degradation products (46B) and related compounds (17B) have appeared. Methodology for the determination of cephalexin have included HPLC methods (20B,37B), spectrofluorimetry (21B), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (35B),and differential pulse polarography (23B, 26B, 24B). Cefsulodin has been assayed by a HPLC method (19B) and cefoxitin has been determined fluorimetrically (9B). Thin-layer chromatography continues to be an important technique in cephalosporin analysis. Thin-layer chromatography visualization reagents have been characterized (30B) and chemically modified TLC plates have been used for the separation of cephalosporin C from its cofactors (22B). TLC has been shown to be auite useful in determining - initial HPLC conditions (40B). The influence of cations and anions on the retention of cephalosporins on polystyrene resins have been studied (49B) 72R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
and the effects of ion-pair reagents for reversed-phase separations have been carefully examined (50B). A review has been presented on the UV, IR, and 'H NMR of 16 commercial drugs which include the cephalosporins (42B). Polargraphic and kinetic methods of analysis have been reported for benzylpenicilloic acid (27B),flucloxacillan (43B),and mecillinam (14B). A review with 136 references on the synthesis, physical properties, chemical reactions, and analytical methods for penicillamine has been published (16B). Two nonaqueous titrimetric and colorimetric procedures have been compared to the official penicillamine method (48B). Nuclear magnetic spectroscopic methods have been reported for penicillamine (3IB, 39B). The application of HPLC for the analysis of aminobenzylpenicillin (IIB),P-lactam polymers (47B),and several penicillins (38B,33B) and their major degradation products (29B) have been reported. Penicillins have also been determined by using AC polarography (44B),by potentiometricmethods with a field effect transistor electrode (15B),and by spectrophotometrictitration (41B). Chloramphenicol. A stability indicating gas chromatographic assay has been published for chloramphenicol (55B). The method is based upon reaction with benzeneboronic acid at room temperature followed by FID detection. Liquid chromatography has been used to evaluate the purity of chloramphenicol (59B, 56B) or to simultaneously quantitate chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol succinate (5IB,52B). A reversed-phase method has been described for chloramphenicol/hydrocortisone acetate mixtures (54B). Likewise, chloramphenicol has been quantitated spectrophotometrically after treatment with p-dimethylbenzaldehyde (58B)and after reduction with zinc followed by a redox cross reaction with Na3FeNH3(CN)5 (53B). Physiologically active chloramphenicol palmitate has been microbiologically quantitated in pediatric suspensions (57B). Sulfonamides. The analysis of 17 sulfonamide drugs has been described by using pulsed, positive/negative ion, chemical ionization mass spectrometry (72B). The CI spectra were found to provide more useful information than electron-impact analysis. Acyl and aryl derivatives of sulfonamides were evaluated for electron capture gas chromatography (62%). Maximum response was obtained with sulfonamides containing two functional groups (i,e,,phenyl and or oxo). If both groups are identical the response was foun to decrease by a factor of 100. General procedures have been described for determining sulfonamides by potentiometric methods and by atomic absorption spectroscopy (63B)as well as by colorimetric methods ( 6 1 4 74B) or by resonance raman spectroscopy (73B). Reversed-phase (68B) and ion-exchange (70B) TLC plates have also been shown to be useful for sulfonamide analysis. Sulfapyridine and sulfamerazine have been separated with microcolumn LC (64B). Operational characteristics of the microseparation were evaluated for the two compounds. Sulfonamide has been quantitated on silica plates (60B) or silica plates impregnated with cadmium sulfate (66B). Methods for the determination of sulfamethoxazole have included colorimetric (69B),potentiometric (65B, 67B), and microbiological (71B)procedures. Tetracyclines. A review has been published on the mechanism of degradation of tetracycline and related derivatives (88B). A thin-layer chromatographic method has appeared for the semiquantitative determination of tetracycline degradation products (83B). Chromatographic methods continue to enjoy popularity for this class of antibiotics. Several reversed-phase LC methods have been reported for the tetracyclines (75B, 76B, 78B). Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel still remains the method of choice for rapid identification (81B)and detection of degradation products (77B). Spectrophotometry using six different wavelengths has been reported useful for the determination of tetracycline HCl (84B). Factors influencing the liquid chromatographic retention behavior of demeclocycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline on an octyl surface have been investigated (82B). A reversed-phase method has been introduced for the quantitation of chlortetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, 4-epianhydrotetracycline, anhydrotetracycline (80B),and for the oxytetracyclines (79B). Dox-
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PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS
ycycline hydrochloride has been determined colorimetrically after reaction with folin-ciocaltea reagent (85B). Strept,omycin and Related Antibiotics. A complete analytical profile which includes analytical methodology and physical properties has appeared for clindamycin (107B)and natamycin (93B). International reference standards have been erythromycin (IOSB), and reestablished for bleomycin (108B), streptomycin ( I IOB). The official methods of analysis for testing gentamycin (87B) and lincomycin (88B)have been modified. Aclacinomycin and analogues have been determined during fermentation and purification processes, using a pPorasil column with UV detection at 436 nm (116B). The cyclic voltammetric behavior of adriamycin at a carbon paste electrode wafi found to be highly dependent upon wan rate and the pH of the solution (90B). Aromatic heptaene macrolide antibiotics have been characterized on a CI8stationary phase (115B). kminoglycoside antibiotics have been quantitated in fermentation broths by thin-layer chromatography (101B). The field desporption mass spectrometry of bleomycin B2 has been investigated (96B) as well as chromatographic methodology (89B, 117B). An ion pair method using a CIS column and pentanesulfonate has been described for clindamycin i(107B).Cephamycin C (119B),and daunomycinone and analogues (113B)have been determined by TLC and/or HPLC techniques. A method for monitoring erythromycin in the presence of sulfonamides has been described (98B). Reversed-phase chromatographic methodology has been deand gramicidin scribed for fortimicin (97B),gentamicin (IMB), ( 104B). The relative amounts of neomycin B and C components have been determined by ion exclusion chromatography with RI detection (95B). HPLC procedures have been published for novobiocin ( 1OOB, 120B), nystatin (118B), polymixins (102B, 103B, 1I2B, 123B), dihydrostreptomyocin sulfate (122B),tunicamycin ( I I I B ) ,and vidarabine (114B). A series of macrolide antibiotics have been separated on silica TLC plates (91B,121B). Anisaldehyde-HzS04-ethanol was found1 to be the spray reagent of choice for the macrolides. A spectrophotometric procedure has been described for maridom:ycin after TLC separation and complexation with I2 (105B) Isoniazid. An HPLC assay for the simultaneous analysis in of isoniazid and 1-glucopyranosyl-2-isonicotinoylhydrazine liquid oral formulations has been reported and found to be superior t o the USP method. The method consists of a simple 1:9 dilution followed by direct injection onto a Diol column. Similarly, a simple simultaneous assay for isoniazid and 1isonicotinoyl-2-lactosylhydrazinehas been reported for tablets (127B). Hydrazine has been quantitated on a silica column following derivatization with benzaldehyde to form dibenzylidenehydrazine (128B). The spectro hotometric analysis of isoniazid using metol and vanadate ancfferricyanide or iron(II[) as redox reagents has been developed and found to be comparable to the British Pharmacopeia method (134B). A colorimetric method based on the reaction of hydrocortisone in methanolic-HC1 with isoniazid has been reported (131B). Similarly. isoniazid has been quantitated in the presence of thiacetazone after reaction with N-methyl-p-benzoquinonimine (133B); hydrazine has been reacted with vanadophosphoric acid (132B)or with benzaldehyde (130B). Isoniazid has also lbeen quantitated thermometrically in tablets by measuring the enthalpy of reaction with ferricyanide (124B, 125B) or by the Weise ring-oven technique (129B). Miscellaneous. Test solutions of cancidin and levorine have been1 characterized by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (145B). Chloroquine phosphate has been gravimetrically determined in bulk drug or tablets (138B). Sodium tletraphenylborate or picric acid were found to be suitable reagents for gravimetric analysis of chlorquine with results coimparable to the British Pharmacopeia method. A simple colorimetric assay has been developed for dapsone and is based on diazotization with any one of four reagents (150B). A stability indicating HPLC assay has been reported for anthralin (14OB). A method based on eriodate oxidation of ethambutol has ap eared (147B) a n x a complete analytical profile hac5 been puglished on emetine hydrochloride (142B). A highly sensitive TLC method has been reported for nitrofurans (156B),the method is capable of detecting as little as 1 ng of material. Griseofulvin has been separated from its
impurities in drug substance on a Zorbax CN column (154B). NMR spectroscopy has been found to be a useful technique for the determination of griseofulvin (137B)and nalidixic acid (135B). The spectrophotometric analysis of nifuroxime and furazolidone has been reported for pharmaceutical preparations (141B,144B). Liquid chromatographic procedures have been reported for piperazine estrone sulfate (139B),pipemidic acid and N-nitrosopipemic acid (158B),6-lactam antibiotics (155B),thiomersal (146B),and sulfisoxazole (149B). A GC procedure with FID detection has been reported to be specific and accurate for the determination of piromidic acid after derivatization with CH2Nz(157B). Colorimetric procedures have been reported for primaquine (136B,143B), thiacetazone (152B), and tinidazole (148B). Similarly, a microbiological method for polymixins (153B)and an indepth TLC study of pyrithiones have been reported (151B).
INORGANICS Single Element Analysis. Arsenic has been quantitated in dental cement by using the silver diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method (5C). In addition, arsenical trypanocildal drugs have been analyzed by an isotachophoretic technique (7C). Subvisible barium sulfate crystals (8-30 km) have been detected and identified in parenteral solution employing combination of microscopy and X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy (4C). Quantitation of bismuth in a pharniaceutical sample of bismuth subnitrate ( I C ) and chloride in infusion solutions (36C)have been made potentiometrically. Cobalt has been detected by wing 8-quinolinol,ammonia, and ammonium thiocynate following separation by several thinlayer procedures (17C). A study of the interference of silicic derivatives on the determination of fluoride separated by steam distillation as H2SiF has been carried out (14C). Measurements of iron in ptarmaceuticals by Mossbauer Spectroscopy (2C),liquid chromatography (3C), and spectrophotometry (6C) have been reported. Likewise, iron in either tablets or capsules has been quantitated using a back-titration procedure following initial oxidation and treatment with thioglycolic acid (18C). Spectrophotometric methods have been used to analyze sodium iodide in injections (9C)and iodine in thyroid tablets (11C). Likewise, cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum compounds following treatment with allyl alcohol (8C) and silver via reaction with 5-p-dimethylaminobenzylidene-2-thiobarbituric acid ( 1 X ) have been measured at 252 nm and 500 nm, respectively. A review of chemical, chromatographic, and electrochemical methodology for the determination of oxygen in parenteral drugs has been preaented (1OC). Titanium in commercial sunscreen formulations following acid digestion (I2C)and zinc in undecenoate ointments after solubilization in benzene ( I E C ) have been quantitated, using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Multiple Element Analysis. Determinations of various trace elements in cardiotonic drugs (2OC),dental porcelain powders (21C), and homoeopathic dilutions (22C)have been made by neutron-activation analysis. Proton and photoninduced X-ray fluorescence have been used to quantitate 12 heavy metals in aspirin and a combination of aspirin, lithium citrate, and quinine hydrochloride (23C). Following an initial extraction procedure, traces of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc contained in ferric oxide dye preparations have been measured by differential pulse polarography. Detection limits for these elements in the same have been reported to be 4, 4, 2 and 15 ppm, respectively (25C). A method has been developed for determining iron and calcium impurities in the excipient magnesium oxide. Interference from magnesium has been eliminated by addition of HI and H202 (24C). Phosphorus and arsenic have been quantitated in pharmaceutically active compounds by an indirect spectrophotometric procedure (19C). Radiopharmaceuticals. General aspects of the analyisis of radiopharmaceuticals (31C-33C) as well as TLC methods for the quality assurance of these products (26C)have been reviewed. Likewise several procedures for determining the purity and quality of lz5Ipreparations have been reported (30C, 34C, 39C). Over this same time period a number of chromatographic methods for technetium-99m products have been developed (27C,29C, 36C 40C, 41C, 43C, 44C). A review discussing quality control of &Tc-labeled kits also has been published (38C). A rapid spot test has been developed for the determination of tin(I1) in technetium preparations (42C). ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
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Additionally, the deterioration of stannous ion in commercial labeled kits has been examined as a function of storage conditions (35C). Other reported procedures for radiopharmaceuticals include the quantitation of uranium in dental porcelains (37C) and the determination of [6-3H]-5-fluoro-2’deoxyuridine an impurity found in [6-3H]-5-fluorouracil(28C).
NITROGEN-OXYGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS General. The analyses of the following compounds have been reviewed in Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances: salbutamol (101, aminosalicylic acid (40)) trioxsalen (50)) benzyl benzoate ( 6 0 ) )methylphenidate hydrochloride (80)) and nabilone (90). General analytical data and procedures for N-[2-(2-pentyloxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)ethyl]piperidinium hydrochloride (20), cardiac glycosides (30), gwphenesin (70)) and barbiturates (100) have been published during the last 2-year review period. Gas Chromatography. A number of different derivatization procedures have been described for various nitrogenoxygen containing compounds prior to their gas chromatographic analysis. Various barbiturates have been determined as their dialkyl (Cl-8) derivatives (140) and after flash-heater derivatization with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (160). In addition, general aspects of the analysis of barbiturates by as chromatography (360, 380) and GC, HPLC, and TLC 230) have been discussed. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and related amines have been quantitated as their N-methyl(250) and trifluoroacetyl(l70) derivatives. A flame-ionization gas chromatographic procedure has appeared for the determination of salicylamide, phenylpro anolamine, caffeine, chlorpheniramine, phenylephrine, anfpyrilamine in capsules after acetylation (180). Aspirin and nonaspirin salicylates have been analyzed in tablet formulations by GC following column chromatography and derivatization with bis(trimethylsily1)acetamide (220). Amitriptyline and related tertiary amines have been detected down to 6 ng/mL by an electron-capture procedure following conversion of the compounds to carbamates (270). Carbamate formation also has been used to determine traces of trans isomer in the cis form of 3-aminomethyl-2-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octanes(240). Desipramine (350),naproxen (llD), and labetalol and salmefamol (340) have been separated as their respective N-formyl, methyl ester, and bis(boronate) compounds. Gas and thin-layer methods have been used to determine aromatic amine impurities in p-aminobenzoic acid (440). Injectable dosage forms of amygdalin have been examined for alcohol and glycoside compounds (210). A nitrogen-specific detector has been used to measure 11benzodiazepines (120). Likewise a procedure has been developed for the evaluation of selected benzodiazepines (130). A stability indicating method has appeared for the determination of bromperidol in tablets (310). GC procedures have been described for determining chlorpheniramine and brompheniramine (300))imipramine and desipramine (370)) and procainamide and acecainide (150)in various formulation types. Combined GC MS has been used to investigate the retention of phencycli ine and related heterocyclic analogues on several stationary phases (290). The on-column decomposition of 1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile,an im urity found in illicit phencyclidine, has been reported (410). Eosses of 11-24% of phenytoin on OV-17 and OV-225 columns have been determined by using a radiochemical label. The largest losses have been found to occur due to adsorption at the site of injection (200). The thermal degradation products of propoxyphene which result from GC analysis have been identified. Such degradation has been prevented by coinjection of bis(trimethylsily1)acetamide (330). The determination of phenol in injectable products (320) and in combination with benzocaine, menthol, and pyrilamine in aerosol spray lotion (190) has been reported. Other compounds which have been studied by gas chromatography over the course of the review include cyproheptadine (400)) forskolin (260), khellin (280),noxiptiline (420))pindolol (430))and thymol (390). Liquid Chromatography. As in the past, liquid chromatography continues to be an important means of analyzing nitrogen-oxygen containing compounds. A number of methods for various analgesics have appeared over the last 2 years. Acetaminophen, aspirin, phenacetin, salicylic acid, and related compounds have been analyzed singularly or in
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combination by various liquid chromatographic procedures (610, 620,840,850,860, 1010,1050, 1300,1410). HPLC methodology has been described for aprophen (5401, propoxyphene (1270)) and zomepirac (870). Likewise a reversed-phase ion-pair procedure has been used to separate various pyrazolone analgesics (760). In addition, use of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride as a mobile phase modifier has been examined for various analgesics as well as chlorpheniramine meleate and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (820). A rapid HPLC procedure has been introduced which is capable of determining several drugs including aspirin and cyclobenzaprine in the presence of methyl cellulose (1070). Individual compounds of cough-cold preparations have been analyzed by using liquid chromatographic procedures. Methodologies have been described for formulations consisting of various combinations of the following drugs: chlorpheniramine, ephedrine, dextromethorphan, guaiphenesin, phenylpropanolamine, pheniramine, pseudoephedrine, and tripolidine (460,490,570, 730,900, 96D, 990, 1040). Silver ion has been added to the mobile phase used to determine isophenindamine in phenindamine tartrate (1330). The antiinflammatory indomethacin has been quantitated in capsules by reversed-phase chromatography (1170). Various aspects for the optimization of the mobile phase for the separation of barbiturates by reversed-phase chromatography (1320) and barbiturates and related compounds of forensic interest by ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography (950) have been reported. A method for determining 5-ethyl-5-(l-ethylpropy1)barbituric acid in pentobarbitone has been developed (780). Improved detection of barbiturates has been possible by derivatization using 2-naphthacyl bromide (790). Twenty-nine barbiturates have been identified by a combination of retention data and absorbance ratios (1400). Flow-programming and ion-pair chromatography have been employed to analyze elixirs, injectables, and tablets containing dyphylline, guaiphenesin, phenobarbitone, and ephedrine (500). Various antidepressants, antihypertensives, and tranquilizers have been studied during the time of the current review. Upon reevaluation of the British 1973 Pharmacopeia assay for amitriptyline it has been found that the use of chloroform in the procedure may invalidate the results due to quaternization (1090). In addition, amitriptyline has been determined simultaneously in combination with chlordiazepoxide (560). The antihypertensives captopril and dihydralazine have been quantitated by liquid chromatographic procedures, respectively (1160,800). A photochemical-reactiondetector recently has been applied to the analysis of clobazam, a normally nonfluorescent compound. The method has been found to give a detection limit of 30 pg (1230). Electrochemical detection has been found useful for the quantitation of the anticonvulsant, nitrazepam (690, 700). Methods for the separation of clorazepate in the presence of other related benzodiazepines (580)as well as from solid dos e forms (640) have been reported. A reversed-phase metho? has been described for the determination of grandaxin, a 2,3-benzodiaze ine, and related impurities (1130). Likewise, both HPL8 and TLC methodologies have been developed for various azepines (450, 1360) as well as the neuroleptic bromperidol(1350). The separation characteristics of selected tricyclic antidepressants by ion-pair procedures have been evaluated (670,1260,1290). Several local anesthetics which include: benzocaine (1060), lidocaine (1250,1380), pramocaine (1390))and tetracaine (1020,1280) have been determined in the presence of excipents, degradation products., and related compounds. Ion-pair procedures also have been found to be useful for the analysis of the anticholinergic antiparkinsonian agent L-dopa (740) and for adiphenine (530). Benzhexol hydrochloride has been assayed in tablets by using a reversed-phase system consisting of a C2 column and a 3:l methano1:ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer mobile phase (930). Likewise, nadolol and related &adrenergic blocking drugs have been separated on a Cz surface (1120) as well as a CISsurface (1000). Analytical procedures with cyano (910) and octadecyl(920) columns have been developed for the determination of bretylium tosylate. The P-adrenergic salbutamol has been quantitated in the presence of degradation products by using a procedure which involves classical chromatography followed by HPLC analysis (680). The retention behavior of pharmaceutically active adrenergic amines under ion-pair conditions has been studied (810). The res-
PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRIJGS
olution of enantiomers of norepinephrine and epinephrine based on the formation of derivatives with acetylglycosyl isothiocyanates has been reported (1080). Likewise, liquid chromatography has been employed for the determination of diastereoisomers in methylphenidate hydrochloride (1100). Isoprenaline in the presence of degradation products and antioxidants (590)and metaraminol in the presence of methyland propylparbens (980)have been se arated by using the counterion reagents dodecyl sulfate and &ctyl sulfosuccinate, respectively. Specific assay procedures have been described for the vasodilators nitroglycerin (660, 1420),and oxymetazoline (1l l D). Other cardiovascular agents which have been studied include: diacetolol(510, 1220),digitalis (650,9401, and idoxuridine (720).Stability indicating procedures have been developed for the analysis of the formulated antifungals clotrimazole (770)and myxin (970).The ratio of the C12,C14, and CI6 homologues of benzalkonium chloride have been determined at the 0.004% level on a cyano column with an acetate buffer-acetonitrile mobile phase (1030). Ion- air procedures have been developed to quantitate chlorhexizine in formulated products (470,1140). Similarly, 4-chloroaniline, 81 potential impurity of chlorhexidine has been analyzed at the parts-per-million range (1150). Liquid chromatographic procedures which have been reported for antineoplastic agents include the analysis of cis-dichlorodiammineglatinum using chemically bonded and solvent-generated ion exchangers (1200),daunorubicin and doxorubicin with an ion-pair mobile phase (710),and methotrexate on a octyl-decyl column (600). A rapid isocratic method has appeared for the determination of the anticancer pro-drug cyclocytidine and its hydrolysis products (1340).Bisacodyl and deacetylated products have been examined in formulations using a C18 column and an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mobile phase (1810).Reversed-phase procedures which also employ an octadecyl surface have been reported for the analysis of formulations consisting of the thyroid replacement agents liothyronine and thyroxine singularly or in combination (630, 1190,and 124L)). A method using an amino column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer has been described for quantitating phosphocreatinine and creatinine in pharmaceutical preparations (480). A derivatization procedure has been developed which is capable of separating the 5-trans-isomer as well as the 15R-epimer of carbopront, a synthetic prostaglandin (520).A review has been published which covers the HPLC analysis of important peptides (890).Other compounds which have been studied over the course of the review period include: alkylaminocyclohexanecarbonitrilesand phenylcyclohexylamines (1370), 2,5-diaziridinyl-3,6-bis(carboethoxyamino)-1, 4-benzoquinone (118D),rrieclofenoxate (131D),methoxsalen (75D),pirquinozol (830),pralidoxime chloride ( 5 5 0 ) ,and sennosides A and B (880). Thin-]Layer Chromatography, Thin-layer chromatographic methods have been described for the analysis of various benzodiazepines and related compounds. Both the photochemical decomposition (1490)as well as the acid hydrolysis (1670)have been studied. Likewise, a pH-gradient TLC procedure has been used to examine new vs. aged solutions of a mixture of seven benzodiazepines (1680). The identification of various benzodiazepines from the TLC of their hydrolysis products also has been reported (1600).A large number of barbiturates have separated on several reversed-phase thin-layer systems (1470,1540, 1590). The influence of organic modifier on the selectivity of bonded thin-la er plates has been examined, using barbiturates and benzodilasepines as test solutes (1580). A one-step reversed-phase procedure has been developed to replace the current TJSP method for digoxin and related fluorescing substances (14613). Likewise, the separation of the glycosides of Digitalis purpurea on silica gel plates has been reported (1620). The application of high-performance thin-layer chromatography has been utilized for a variety of compounds (1430-1450,1710) including tromethamine (1430) and hexoprenaline (1710). Analytical procedures for phenylbutazone and related decomposition products in formulations have been developed (1550,1640).Comparative studies of the quantitation of methamphetamine by densitometry and by differential pulse polarography following initial derivation and subsequent separation by TLC have been carried out. The reported relative standard for both methods was 3%
(1650).A stability indicating procedure for indicine N-oxide which involved an initial TLC separation, a subsequent extraction, and a colorimetric analysis has been developed (1530).Two TLC systems have been reported for the analysis of indomethacin and degradation products in capsules, suppositories, and bulk drug (1500).Fluorescamine has been used for the detection of sympathomimetics which contain primary amino groups (1740). Seven spray reagents have been utilized for the identification and detection of methyl and propyl hydroxybenzoates in an ointment preparation (176’0). Likewise, these same preservatives have been separated by circular high-performance thin-layer chromatography (1730). Ehlk meprobamate and tablet formulations have been found to contain 0.1 to 1.0% of bis[2-(3-carbamoyloxymethyl)-2nnethylpentyl] carbonate (1630). Preparative thin-layer chromatography has been used to examine the oxidation of retinyl acetate. Fourteen compounds were obtained (1660). The influence of air, nitrogen, and helium on the fluorescence of benperidol and pimozide has been examined (1520).The separation and quantitation of phenolic disinfectants following treatment with diazotized sulfanilic acid has been reported (1690).The ion-pair complex formed with acid orange 5 has heen employed in the quantitation of pyrine and related compounds (1480). Other compounds studied by TLC methods during the time of this review have included: imidazoles (1510, 1570), antineoplastic agents 1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-arylazo-2-nitroethanes(1720) and arylazopyrimidines (1610),and g-acridone derivatives (1560). Chromatography (Miscellaneous). An on-column periodate reaction method for ephedrine sulfate has been complared by seven laboratories. As a result of excellent recoveries, the method has been adopted by the AOAC (1760). The quantitative determination of several preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations have been examined by varilous chromatographic techniques (1780). The decomposition products of dimethindene (1750)and contaminants associated with gemcadiol (1800)have been separated on open colunrlns of Sephadex. Likewise open column chromatography using alumina as the absorbent has been used to examine phenylephrine and related decomposition products (1790). A cation-exchange column has been employed for separating thyrloidal amino acids from excipients and dyes prior to subsequent analysis by HPLC (1810). Positive and negative plasmagrams have been reported for several barbiturates (277D). Spectroscopy (Colorimetric). Within the last 2 years, various colorimetric procedures have been published for the analysis of nitrogen-oxygen containing compounds. Spectroscopic determinations of several analgesics and antipyretics and comwhich have included acetaminophen (2080,2170), binations of acetaminophen and aspirin (1820,2010)have been reported. In addition, evaluation of the selectivity of several different colormetric methods for various analgeciics has been carried out (2240).The presence of salicylic acid in formulated products has been quantitated as the Fesalicylate complexes (1980,2000). Iron complexes also hiwe been used in the analysis of rafoxanide (2050),pol (vinyl alcohol) (18601,diloxanide (22501,and allopurinol &34D). Also, other procedures have been reported for allopurinol (2070) and diloxanide (2230). Two spectrophotometxic procedures have been described for the determination of ithe antiinflammatory oxyphenbutazone in pharmaceutical pneparations. Both were found to give results in agreement with the British Pharmacopoeia method (1830). Several antihistamines have been quantitated following initial precipitation with molybdophosphoric acid and subsequent treatment with hydrazine hydrate to reduce the insoluble Complexes to molybdenum blue (2220).Likewise, molybdophosphoric acid has been used in the analysis of nitrazepam (2210).Diazepmn has been analyzed in formulated products following initial hydro1 sis and treatment with ninhydrin. Good precision and reprod/ucibility have been reported (2140). Reagents uried to produce complexes with various antihistaminic compounds have included: acid-base dyes for chlorcyclizine hydrochloroide (2190),aniline in combination with cyanogen bromide for chlorpheniramine maleate (195D),Dragendarff solution for cyproheptadine hydrochloride (2280),cobalt thiocyanate for mebhydrolin napadisylate (192D),and ammonium reineckate for triprolidine hydrochloride (19119). Metoclopramide hydrochloride also has been determined by ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
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PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS
using ammonium reineckate (1900) as well as with other reactive reagents (2020,2270). The expectorant bromhexine hydrochloride has been assayed in combination with antibiotics, using bromcresol purple (1970). Likewise, bromcresol purple as well as bromphenol blue and methyl orange have been used to assay clonidine hydrochloride (2200). A rapid colorimetric method involving alkaline extraction with chloroform followed by reaction with bromcresol green has been developed for the analysis of chlorhexidine (1850). Iodochlorohydroxyquinoline (2120))furazolidone (1960))metronidazole (1880, 2290)) nitrofurantoin (1890), and nitrofurazone (2150) also antiinfectives have been determined spectrophotometrically. The vasodilator isoxsuprine has been measured at 375 nm and 610 nm after treatment with sodium cobaltnitrile (2300) and 2,6-dichloroquinone chlorimide (2320)) respectively. During the current review period, modifications to the USP procedure for calcium gluceptate have been suggested (2330). Likewise, the low recovery of nitroglycerin in 5% dextrose solution by the USP XIX procedure has been investigated. It has been reported that available procaine for diazotisation is reduced due to competition of nitrate ion and dextrose (1990). In addition, a semiautomated version of the USP XX method for content uniformity has been adopted as official first action by the AOAC (2110). A comparison of spectrophotometric and titrimetric determinations of epinephrine has been carried out (1840). Quantitation of chondroitin with phlorogucinol (2040))naphazoline via reaction with chloranil (1870))phenylephrine following treatment with 4-aminophenol (2180)) and salbutamol by complexation with 3,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinonechlorimine (2260)have been reported. Other colorimetric procedures have been developed for the local anesthetics lidocaine (2060) and procaine (2160))the antihypertensive methyldopa (1930),the anticancer agents fluorouracil (2100),ftorafur (2030))and procarbazine (2090))the central stimulant leptazol(2310), and the anthelmintics diethylcarbamazine (1940) and mebendazole (2130). Reactive procedures for various isoxazoles also have been described (2350). Spectroscopy (Fluorometric). Spectrofluorometric, either direct or in combination with a separation technique, has been found useful for the determination of several over-thecounter analgesics which includes aspirin (2400). The analgesic etonitazene has been detected down to a concentration of 0.5 fig/mL following reduction with Na2S204(2390). The limit for determination of chlorpheniramine by an ion-pairing fluorometric procedure has been reported to be 50 ng mL following treatment with sodium coumarin-6-sulfonate (2 D). An investigation of the fluorescent properties of domperidone has resulted in a sensitive method for the antinauseant in various preparations (2360). Fluorometric methods for the quantitation of epinephrine in formulated products have been reported (2370,2420). Several 1,Cbenzodiazepineshave been converted to suitable derivatives following treatment with zinc-HC1 and phthalaldehyde (2410). Spectroscopy (UV and Miscellaneous). A semiautomated UV assay for the determination of aspirin in bulk and tablet formulations has been compared to the USP XIX method. The proposed method has been found to be accurate and precise with the absence of interference from common excipients (2580). Stability indicating procedures have been developed for the analgesic-antiinflammatories tolmetin (2550) and xilobam (2560). A pH-induced difference technique has been utilized for the antiinflammatory oxyphenbutazone (2430). Likewise, difference spectroscopy has been used in the analysis of methylphenobarbitone (2670) and cinnamic acid (2610). Results obtained from the assay of procyclidine in tablets and injectionables by a second derivative method have been found to compare well with those obtained by the official titrimetric procedure (2570). A combined polynominal method has been used to quantitate procaine hydrochloride in the presence of 4-aminobenzoicacid (2680). The application of orthogonal functions to the spectrophotometric analysis of furazolidone and nifuroxime (2520) and acetazolamide (2500)have been reported. The specificities of the International, European, British, and United States Pharmacopeia assays for digoxin have been evaluated. The USP method has been the only one found to be specific for digoxin (2490). Various components of cream bases described in the Formulary of the Dutch Pharmacists
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have been examined. A cleanup procedure has been found not to be needed in the direct determination of tripelenamine-HC1, tretinoin, salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, clioquinol, and resorcinol (2660). Other compounds analyzed by spectrophotometric techni ues include: antazoline and naphazoline (2470),diloxanile (2630))hexamine (2650),nitrazepam (2540))and pethidine (2640). Conventional UV analysis (2620)as well as the photoacoustic spectroscopy of propranolol in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions (2460) has been carried out. Both sodium amobarbital and sodium secobarbital as well as minor components have been detected and verified by using computerized manipulation of FTIR data (2590). Likewise, combinations of these same compounds have been studied by carbon-13 NMR spectrometry (2440). Powders and tablets containing 20-80 mg of nadolol have been assayed by using a proton magnetic resonance procedure (2600). 'H NMR spectrometricassays for nikethamide (2510) and methoxyflurande (2530))and I3C NMR determinations of mono- and dimethylamphetamines (2450) and triethylenetetramine (2480) also have been reported during the current review period. Electrochemical Analysis. Polarogra hic procedures have been applied to the analysis of the 1,l-Ienzodiazepines, flurazepam (2760)and temazepam (2730). The quantitation of allopurinol (2740))nitroglycerin (2780))oxyphenbutazone (2750))and thyroxine (2770) in solid formulations and disodium edetate in ophthalmic solutions (2720)also has been reported. Both ac and dc polarograms have been published which illustrate the effect of photodegradation of nifedipine on its electrochemical properties (2820). The polarographic behavior of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline in different supporting electrolytes has been examined (2690). ac, dc, and differential-pulse polarography, as well as, cyclic voltammetry have been employed to elucidate the electrochemical behavior of haloperidol and several structurally related neuroleptics (2830,2840). Likewise, cyclic voltammetry has been used to study diazepam (2700) and triprolidine (2850). Several procedures employing ion-selective electrodes have been published. Meprobamate has been quantitated by using an ammonia selective electrode following decomposition with acid (2810). A propranolol-responsive coated wire electrode (2860) and a procaine graphite rod impregnated electrode (2790)have been developed. Likewise, a graphite rod type of electrode has been used in the analysis of procyclidine and cyclizine hydrochlorides (2710). Direct potentiometry has been employed to analyze compounds containing covalently bonded halogens (2800). Miscellaneous. Since the last review, the anion mass spectrometry of various barbiturates has been investigated (3080). Mass spectrometry also has been utilized to assess the purity of the antitumor drug cyclophosphazene (3010) and to analyze impurities found in aspirin (2870). Analgesic formulations containing salicylic acid (2980)and salicylamide (2930) have been examined by using diffusion-cell and ring-oven methods, respectively. A nonaqueous titration procedure has been found to be useful for assessing the purity of 1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrileand its hydrobromide salt (3040). Likewise, titration procedures have been developed for acetaminophen (2910), dihydralazine sulfate (2920))meclozine hydrochloride (3020))nadolol(2990,3000), pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (2950), and several valepotriates (2970). Other miscellaneous methods include identification procedures for benzodiazepines (3050),amiloride hydrochloride (3100),tranylcypromine sulfate and viquidil hydrochloride (3090),and guanoctine hydrochloride (3110) and stability studies on aminophylline (3060), trifluorothymidine (2940))and neostigmine (3030). Additionally, over the last 2 years a study of six methods for estimating free formaldehyde in NazS2O5treated vaccines (2900) and the examination of the automated analysis of moperone (3070) have been carried out. Lastly, immunoassays for phenobarbitone (2960,3120),ion-pair extraction studies of terbutaline (2880),and a hydrodynamic flow-in'ection procedure for meptazinol (2890) have been reported.
STEROIDS Gas Chromatography. LC continues to be the method of choice for most chromatographic procedures for steroids. However, oestrogens have been analyzed by GC (IE,2E, 4E). Fluoracetyl derivatives have been determined by GC/MS of
PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS
both esterified and conjugated oestrogens in tablets (1E). An acid hyclrolysis procedure for identification of oestrogens in formulations has been proposed (2E)as well as a capillary GC procedure for quantitation (4E). Capillary GC in combination with temperature programming has been employed to resolve various derivatives of equine estrogens (5E). Both GC and LC have been used to analyze norethandrolone. Each has been found to agree with the British Pharmacopeia method and with better reported reproducibility (3E). Liquid Chromatography. The effect of the different percentel of octadecylsilane on the retention of triamcinolone acetonide has been studied to develop an LC method (20E). A general method of analysis for equine estrogens using dansyl derivatives has been developed and identification of nine estrogens has been accomplished (27E). In addition a general method for assaying oral contraceptives on silica has been published (19E). LC has also been used to separate and identify steroids of two solanaceous plants by using a silica column (34E). A general method for six corticosteroids in topical preparations with two solvent systems has been described using a Zorbax C8 column (37E). A general procedure using two different columns has been described for analyzing seven cortical steroids (7E). Various methods have been described for hydrocortisone ( M E , 25E), hydrocortisone acetate (6E,17E, 22E), and hydrocortisone cypionate (24E). Degradation products of hydrocortisone have separated in the same LC method as the parent drug (18E). One of the methods! for hydrocortisone acetate was an interlaboratory study that has reported a total standard deviation of 3.69% and was presented as an alternative to the colorimetric procedure in the British Pharmacopeia ( 1 7E). Dexamathasone (15E), clexamathasone acetate @ E ) , and dexamethasone phosphate ester (13E),have all been separated and quantified on reversed phase CIScolumns. The latter was an ion-pair method used to assay for prednisolone phosphate and the sulfite adducts of the two steroids (23E). In addition, four other methods for analyzing prednisolone using LC have been reported (12E, 14E, 30E, 31E), the latter being able to quantitate chlorhexidine (31E). One procedure has used sodium sulfite in the mobile phase t~ separate prednisolone from its degradation products (12E) while a second method has been described as a QC release method with only negligible interference from degradation products (30E). Reversed-phase (16E)and a normal-phase (33E)procedures have been published for ethinyloestradiol and norethindrone in oral formulations. Norethindrone has also been analyzed simultaneously with mestranol for content uniformity in tablets using progesterone as the internal standard with fluorescence (230 nm excitation and 280 nm detection) and UV (254 nm) for detection (32E). An isocratic procedure using a CBcolumn has been used to analyze testosterone esters in oily solutions ( 9 8 ) . In a similar procedure testolactone and its formulations have been analyzed using LC ( 1 l E ) . The results differ from the "F colorimetric method by about 2% but impurities such as testosterone, progesterone, and 11-deoxycortisol can also be determined to a limit of 0.1% (w/w). Oily solutions of oestradiol and five of its esters have been analyzed by LC on a C8 column after extraction with acetonitrile-water (90:10) with recovery of better than 99% ( I O E ) . Halcinonide has been determined by LC with a RSD of 1.2-1.5% (21E). The same method has been applied to triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, and diflorasone diacetate. Determination of diosgenin in plants has been accomplished by separation of the petroleum ether extract of the acidic hydrolysate with a silica column imd RI detection (23E). The method has been reported to be more specific than the gravimetric method. An LC procedure for the new glucocortical budesonide has been shown to be precise and more selective than the pharmacopeial method for corticosteroids (28E). A procedure quantitating quinestrol in tablets using a C18column, has been described as a specific procedure with a coefficient of variation of 1.6% (%E). A reversed-phase chromatographic procedure has been published for the determination of ten steroid acetates (363). LC has also been used for the determination of nine oestrogens in tabletsi, using the normal and reversed-phase systems after hydrolysis of the conjugates (26E). In addition, a review article with 45 references has discussed the LC separations of steroids in formulations and biological fluids (29E). Thin-Layer Chromatography. Steroid contaminants in chlormadinone acetate and oestriol separated by TLC and
quantitated by proton NMR to a limit of 0.1% impurity (%E). A discussion of the separation and quantitation of a wide variety of steroid hormones has been presented, using HPTLC (38E). The author has discussed the extraction procedure, linear and circular modes of separation, and the advantages (time, sensitivity, and selectivity) of the technique over other chromatographic procedures. A pair of epimeric oxidation products of dexamethasone,betamethasone, and other related drugs have been separated with a silica plate and a neutral developing solvent and quantitated by reflectance densitometry (40E). The degradation behavior of ethinyloestradiol, lomustine, and four other drugs in various TLC systems has been studied (41E). It was determined that a silica plate containing calcium carbonate was the best for most appllications. Spectroscopy (Colorimetry). Colorimetric methods have been described for prednisolone by using the tetrazolium blue or Bundguard and Hansen (1979) methods (42E) and an odinitrobenzene blue-violet method (43E). The first procedure (42E) used a chromatographic step to remove the degradation product 17-deoxyprednisolone. Powders and tablets containing stilboestrol have been analyzed by using a time-dependent bleaching reaction of methyl orange (44E). Phenolic compounds interfere in this procedure. A specific kinetic method involving azine formation from P-methasone 17-valerate in the presence of its degradation products has heen described (45E). In addition, a flow injection method based on the reduction of tetrazolium blue by corticosteroids has recently appeared and has been applied to methylprednisolone (46E). A selective method using cupric acetate has also heen ublished for the determination of corticosteroids in tablets y oxidation to azines (47E). Spectroscopy (Miscellaneous). Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to analyze tablets for ethinyloestradiol in the presence of norethindrone with good sensitivity and precision (4E).A similar method for diethylstilbestroltablets, using a semiautomated procedure, has been found to yield more accurate results when compared to the USP method (49E). Mass spectroscopy has been used to identify 16methylprednisone acetate in Mexican formulations (50E). The results were confirmed by using NMR and analysis of an authentic sample. Electrochemical Analysis. A pulse polarographic procedure for the quantitation of norestrel and norethisterone has appeared where excipients do not interfere even at low dosage levels when an ultrafiltration procedure is used for sample treatment (51E). A series of articles describing the polarographic analysis and electrochemical mechanism of the reduction of various corticosteroids in single and multicomponent formulations have been published by DeBoer et al. (52E-54E). In addition, differential pulse polarography has been used to determine fluocinolone acetonide in formulatiions with results that agree with the USP method (55E). Miscellaneous. Two of a series of articles on the stability of corticosteroids under anaerobic conditions have been published in the last 2 years (56E,57E). A review of GC/lMS, radioimmunoassay, and LC procedures for the analysis of conjugated steroids has appeared with 19 references (58E). A semimicro redox titrimetric method based on the reducibility of the a-keto1groups of prednisolone and hydrocortisone has been published (61E). A combination of LC and GC procedures for some norgestrel intermediates (59E)has been discussed. In addition, multiple techniques have been used to assay methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and their htemisuccinate esters (6OE).
E
SULFUR General. A review of synthesis, physical properties, analytical methods, and metabolism of probenecid has been presented (IF). A review has appeared on the preparation, physical properties, identification tests, and titrimetric determination of metal-sulfa drug complexes (2F). This review contains 76 references and emphasizes metal complexes containing copper, mercury, and silver. A review has been published for the analysis of various phenothiazine drugs (3'). Liquid Chromatography. As in the past, liquid chromatography continues to be an important technique for analyzing sulfur-containing compounds. A stability-indicating assay for the immunosuppressive agent, azathioprine, andl ita active moiety, mercaptopurine, has been developed (5F). An ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
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PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS
HPLC method employing a Hypersil ODS column was developed for the determination of chlorpromazine and thioridazine in pharmaceutical formulations (103') and was found to agree with compendial methods. Liquid chromatography (16F) as well as LC/MS (7F)has been used for the analysis of chlorpromazine and related phenothiazines. The cis and trans isomers of the antidepressants dothiepin and dithiaden have been separated and quantitiated by normal-phase chromatography (15F). The diuretics furosemide (12F) and hydrochlorothiazide (4F, 11F) have been quantitated by reversed-phase chromatography in formulations. The tranquilizers, triflupromazine (14F),fluphenazine, and fluphenazine decanoate (8F) and their N-oxides have been separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Several phenothiazine tranquilizers (13F)have been monitored in the eluant of HPLC after postcolumn derivatization. Pyrantel tartrate has been quantitated by HPLC in swine feed and supplements with recoveries 196% (6F). The retention behaviors of thioctic acid and several analogues have been reported (9F). Thin-Layer Chromatography, A TLC method using Silica Gel has been described for the ratid seDaration of 24 closely related antineoplastic arazothiaioles (i8F). Overestimation of foreign substances in the British Pharmacopiea TLC method for glyburide can occur if TLC plates are not spotted promptly (199. 4-Nitrobenzenediazoniumsulfate has been shown to be a useful spray reagent for the identification of phenothiazine drugs (17F). Spectroscopy (Colorimetric). A method for the determination of disulfiram in tablets has been published (24F). Disulfiram is reacted with CUIand the colored Cu-diethyldithiocarbonate complex is measured at 428 nm. A metachromatic assay method has been reported for, the anticoagulant, heparin by using Niles blue (208'). A method for tinidazole and metronidazole has been published based on their reaction with pentacyanoaminoferrate (21F). A multiwavelength assay for several phenothiazines has appeared and is based upon their reaction with molybdoarsenic acid (23F). Complex formation between Cu(I1) and thiobarbituates is the basis of method which can measure down to 2 X lo4 M of thiobarbiturate (22F). Spectroscopy (Miscellaneous). The spectrophotometric estimation of cimetidine in dosage forms was compared with a nonaqueous titration procedure and found to yield similar results (27F). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry has been used to determine probenecid in pharmaceutical formulations (25F). The method is more rapid and simpler than compendial methods. The UV and fluorescence behavior of phenothiazines has been examined after oxidation with peracetic acid ( 2 6 9 . Thiopeptin has been quantitated in animal feed at the 5-20 ppm level using a fluorometric method (29F). Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to determine small amounts of several sulfonamides (29F). Electrochemical Analysis. Chlorpromazine, promazine, and promethazine have been determined polarographically after oxidation with Br, (30F). Chlorpromazine has been determined by using chronocoulometry after preconcentration onto a wax-impregnated electrode (32F). Optimal conditions for the coulometric titration of sulfur-containing amino acids have been published (3327). Several thiobarbiturates have been determined voltammetrically (31F, 34F). Miscellaneous. The solubility of azathioprine in water and 12 organic solvents has been studied (3777). Four heparin fractions prepared by column gel chromatography were assayed by four methods and the British Pharmacopiea method and found to give different results (38F). The degree of the divergence of the method was dependent on the molecular size of the chromatographic fractions. The equivalence point for the titration of methimazole has been assessed conductometrically (35F) and several phenothiazines have been determined titrimetrically with chloramine T (36F). Y
VITAMINS General and Gas Chromatography. A complete analytical profile of cyanocobalmin with 742 references has been published which includes physical properties, bulk solution properties, analytical methods, stability, and metabolism (1G). A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been reported for the determination of vitamin D2 and D3 in multivitamin 78R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
tablets and raw materials (3G). A review has appeared which discusses the various GC procedures that are available to quantitate vitamin D (4G). A gas chromatographic assay has been reported that is capable of separating the racemates of a-tocopherol acetate (5G). A capillary column coated with Silar 1OC has been shown useful in separating the diastereomers of vitamin K (6G). Thermal cleavage of thiamine in the presence of NaHS03 is the basis of a modified GC procedure (2G). Liquid Chromatography. Over the last 2 years a variety of liquid chromatographic procedures has been reported for vitamins. Reversed-phase chromatography using a fixed wavelength (26G) or a microprocessor-controlled variable wavelength (21G) detector has been used to quantitate water-soluble vitamins in pharmaceutical preparations. A PBondapak CI8 column has been shown useful for the determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins (17G). The separation of fat-soluble vitamins can be achieved on a cyano column (12G). A study has appeared that compares reversed-phase and normal-phase separations of fat-soluble vitamins (8G). Several normal-phase methods have been described for the quantitation of vitamin A palmitate requiring minimal sample preparation (20G). Several normal-phase assays have been described for the separation of the D vitamins (15G, 22G, 25G). A rationalization of the elution order for vitamin D compounds has been reported (9G). The elution order was found to depend upon the relative planarity and stereochemical configuration of the compounds. A reversed-phase method has been introduced for the analysis of vitamin D in vitamin D3preparations (11G). A discrepancy between the AOAC method and a HPLC method for vitamin D3 in resin containing dry powders has been solved (16G). The discrepancy was caused by the different solubility of vitamin DI in benzene and pentane; the LC method has been modified and adopted official first action by AOAC. A collaborative study has been performed by 24 laboratories for the determination of vitamin D in multivitamin preparations (IOG). Ascorbic acid has been quantitated in tablets after postcolumn reaction with dimethyldiacridinium dinitrate followed by chemiluminesence detection (24G). A simultaneous method for the determination of vitamins B1, B2,Be, and niacinamide has been developed by using a combination of TLC and HPLC on a phenyl column (14G). The B6vitamins have been quantitated by using a BioRad A-25 resin and two fluorometers in series (23G). Several methods have appeared for the determination of folic acid in multivitamin preparations (13G,18G). Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection has been shown to provide superior detection limits and linearity for vitamin K, when compared to UV detection (7G). Panthenol has been determined after precolumn derivatization with fluorescamine (19G). Thin-Layer Chromatography, As in the past, thin-layer chromatography continues to be an important means for rapid identification and detection of vitamins and their degradation products. An improved quantitative TLC method for the separation of cobalamin derivatives has been presented (29G). The method can be used for the determination of cyanocobalamin in fermentation mixtures without sample cleanup or preconcentration. Thiamine and pyridoxine have been quantitated in aged pharmaceuticals using HPTLC and second derivative ultraviolet spectrometry (28G). Spectroscopy (Colorimetric). Vitamin A has been determined without saponification by column chromatography and spectrophotometry (34G). Vitamin B12has been quantitated after degradation with aqua regia and complexation of free cobalt with hexamethylphosphoramide and thiocyanate (32G). Ascorbic acid has been estimated at 730 nm after reaction with ammonium molybdate (33G) or reaction with ferricyanide (36G). Quantitation of vitamin E after oxidation with Fe(II1) and complexation of the reduced iron with ferrozine is the basis of a new method (30G). Pipirdine and malonitrile have been used as reactants for the semiautomated determination of vitamin K3 (35G). Thiamine has been quantitated by using orthogonal polynomials (37G)or spectrophotometrically in the presence of water-soluble vitamins (31G). Spectroscopy (Fluorometric). Thiamine has been quantitated by using flow injection extraction and fluorometric detection at 465 nm (38G). A liquid chromatographic procedure has been compared to a fluorometric method for the
PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS
analysis of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations (39G). The fluorometric method was found to give more accurate results than the LC method, but the chromatographic method was found to be more precise. Thiamine and riboflavin have been determined by using an intensified diode array (40G). Thiamine has been determined kinetically after oxidation to thiochrome (41G). The initial rate of reaction was measured fluorometrically over 16 s and was proportional to thiamine concentration between 20 nM and 0.1 mM. Electrochemical Analysis, Combinations of the B vitamins and ascorbic acid have been assayed by a direct potentiometric titration using 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (44B). Sodium ascorbate,pyridoxine, and folic acid procedures have been outlined by using differential pulse polarography (45G). A potentiometric enzyme electrode has been used as a means to quantitate L-ascorbic acid over a range of 50 pM to 50 mM (47G). Differential pulse voltammetry has been found suitable for the analysis of vitamin K (46G). An ammonia gas sensing electrode was employed for the analysis of niacinamide in multivitamin preparations (48G). Miscellaneous. Ascorbic acid has been determined by a simple, rapid, spectrophotometric and titrimetric method, using ferricinium trichloroacetate or Blue I1 (49G). Dichloramine B (50G),dichloramine T (52G),and ferricyanide (51G) were shown to be useful redox titrants for the determination of vitamin C.
TECHNIQUES Chromatography. A variety of review articles have been published dealing with various chromatographic techniques including one (9H) which deals with all chromato raphic techniques in quality assurance of pharmaceuticals. Eeneral reviews on gas chromatography in pharmaceutical applications (12H) and the use of GC/MS (26H)have appeared. Similarly, the use of thin-layer chromatography has been addressed for purity (6H) and stability testing (27H). The latter article also discusses the use of thermal analysis in conjunction with TLC. Correlation of TLC and LC procedures has been discussed in a review article (21H). Other review articles on LC analysis have appeared (2H, 7H, 8H, 13H, 22H, 24H). Two articles have discussed the use of LC in pharmaceutical analysis (2H, 24H) while another emphasizes peptide separations ( 13H). The inte ration of LC with mass spectrometry (7H) or precolumn cferivatization (2223 has also been considered. Hydrodynamic chromatography has also been addressed for particle size and pharmaceutical analysis (8H). Procedures utilizing continuous development HPTLC have been used for the analysis of nine @-blockingdrugs (28H). Other techniques of analysis using TLC involves first- and second-derivative recordings (25H) and special linearization techniques (5H) have been reported. Gas-solid chromatography has been reported as a routine technique for the determination of oxygen at the low parts per million level in pharmaceuticals (16H). LC has been used as an identification technique for antiinflammatory drugs (1H)and drugs found in fatal poisonings ( I I H ) , the latter using fluorescence detection. Peak homogeneity has been used as a validation test for HPLC by using a ra id scanning spectrophotometer (3H). Chemically modifiec!silicas have been used to separate cardiac glycosides. The mechanism of separation and surface properties of the packings have been explored (4H). Miniaturization of an ILC system to reduce void volumes and improve resolution (in one case by 50%) of six sulfonamides has been presented (IOH). Similar improvements can be obtained by switching to short micro-bolre LC columns (14H). Statistical optimization methods to evaluate the value of the capacity factor as a function of solvent ratio, pH, buffer concentration, and ion pair reagent has permitted improved separation and quantitation of several alkaloids (15H). In addition, the utility of automated LC for dissolution studies, small-scalepreparative separation, and other methods have been discussed (17H). Chiral agents in the mobile phases have been found useful for the separation of enantiomers (19H). Blockage of columns from the 1uSe of methylcellulose in the LC quantitation of drugs in suspensions has been resolved by the use of sodium chloride in the extraction procedure (18H). In addition, care of LC columns when usin extracts of fat- or oil-based preparations has been presentel (20H). An electrochemical detector for LC has been described and consists of a tubular platinum
working electrode and a platinum auxiliary electrode (2JH). The method has been applied to catecholamine determinations. Spectroscopy. A review article has discussed the role of the minicomputer in analysis of multicomponent drug mixtures by using UV spectrophotometry (29H). Differential spectrophotometry of drugs has been used as a m e a n ~to improve the results of the assay (31H). Examples of the procedure have been given for acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide. The use of lasar Raman spectroscopy has been proposed as a nondestructive technique for quantitating the O/N concentrations in the headspace of pharmaceutical ampules (30H). Similarly, lasar light-scattering techniques have been reviewed for the analysis of particles in pharmaceuticals (32H). 2-Naphthylchloroformate has been proposed as a derivatization reagent for the analysis of tertiary amines followed by fluorescence spectroscopy (33H). Identification of drug substances using IR spectroscopy for compenldial monographs has been presented and discussed (34H). IR has been used for drug classification by using an expanded multivariate technique (35H). Electrochemical Studies. Polarography of vitamins, catecholamines, and hormones (36H), cathodic stripping voltammetry of organic halides in dissolution studies (37'H), and differential pulse polarography of drugs in formulations (38H) have been reported. In addition, review articles with 393 and 18 references, respectively, have discussed electrochemical techniques in drug analysis (40H, 41H). Capilllary packed bed electrodes using granular vitreous carbon have been described for microanalysis (39H). The use of fundamental harmonic ac polarography has also been presented as a tool for analysis of pharmaceuticals (4223). Voltammetry of pharmaceuticals 143H) and biologically important molecules (44H) have also been shown to be feasible with selected p a phite electrodes. Coulometric generation of reagents for application to drug analysis has been reported to be a highly sensitive and accurates technique (45H). Various inorganic and organic reagents have been used as titrants in this procedure. Thermal Analysis. A feature common to all DSC purity scans has been discovered which expands the sensitivity of this technique in broad range purity analysis (46H). Studies on the applicability of differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis for determining the composition of drug formulations has been published (47H). In addition, therimal analysis has been described for neuroleptic drugs and vitamins (48H). Miscellaneous. An electrolytic sensing-zone apparatus has been used for determining particle size of pharmaceutical powders (49H). Methodology has been described for the direct measurement of conditional ion-pair extraction constants utilizing a membrane phase separator (5023). Similarly, pK values of 20 bases in glacial acetic acid have been reporte$ (51H). Finally, a 3-year study comparing lots of anti-C3d antibody from various sources for radioimmunoassay evaluation has concluded that this technique has merit as a standardization criterion (52H).
MISCELLANEOUS Topics of a general nature have included the analysis of sunburn preparations (80,coloring agents in pharmaceuticals (90,and creams (211). The application of basic statistics (41) and the utility of diagrammatic procedures for representating assays ( 110 in pharmaceutical analysis have been discussed. Chromatographic methods have been described for mono- and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in intravenous solutions (21), bulk sorbitol (71))water food dyes ( I O I ) , and fatty ointment excipients (201). The analysis and control of rubber stopplers for parenteral use also has been examined (121 and 141). Commercial water from three sources intended for use in iv injections has been screened by HPLC (181). In addition, over the last 2 years the LAL test for parenteral injectables (131 and 160, the analysis of talc ( 5 0 ,the measurement of the fat base content in emulsion ointments (171))and the determination of unbound preservatives in the aqueous phase of emulsions (31) have been topics of interest. An improved device for the measurement of halothane has been described (60.Likewise, sampling procedures for pressurized inhalation aerosols have been examined (151). Other topies have included the identification of tragacanth ( 1 9 0 , a comparative study ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
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between laboratories of automated content uniformity tests of tablets (220, and the influence of tablet components on their thermal stability (231).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank S. Aldrich, D. Gibbson, C. Gilpin, and L. Ran-
weiler for their valuable assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED GENERAL
(1) Albertini, A.; Da Prada, M.; Preskar, B. A. ”Radioimmunoassay of Drugs and Hormones in Cardlovascular Medicine”; Elsevier: Amsterdam 1979; 364 pp. (2) Baker, J. K.; Fifer, E. K. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (5), 590. (3) Beyer, W. F. Chromatogr. Sci. 1979, 9 (3), 1065. (41 Carr, G. P. UV Spectrom. Group Bull. 1981 (Part l), 64. (5) Cosofret, V. V., Ed. “Membrane Electrodes In Drug-Substances Analysis“; Pergamon Press: Elmsford, NY, 1981; 376 pp. (6) Florey, K., Ed. “Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances”; Academic Press: New York, 1980; Vol. 9, 618 pp. (7) Gilpln. R. K.; Pachla, L. A.; Ranweller, J. S. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 142R. (8) Hulshoff, A.; Forch, A. D. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 220 (a), 275. (9) Kraml, M.; Robinson, W. T. Chromatogr. Sci. 1979, 9 (3), 1099. (10) Lurle, I.S.; Demchuk, S. M. J . Liq. Chromatogr. 1981, 4 (2), 337. (11) Lurie, I.S.;Demchuk, S. M. J . Llq. Chromatogr. 1981, 4 (2), 357. (12) Massart, D. L.; Detaevernier, M. R. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1980, 78 (3), 139. (13) Midha, K. K.; Butterfield, A. G. Chromatogr. Sci. 1979, 9 (3), 1015. (14) Midha, K. K.; Butterfield, A. G. Chromatogr. Sci. 1979, 9 (3), 1049. (15) Moody, G. J., Ed. “International Symposium on Electroanalysls in Clinical, Envlronmental and Pharmaceutical Chemlstry”; Royal Soclety of Chemistry/University of Wales Instltute of Sclence and Technology: Cardiff, Wales, 1981; 148 pp. (16) Munson, J. W., Ed. “Modern Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis”; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1981; 485 pp. (17) Roy, T. A.; Schulman, S. G. Drugs Pharm. Sci. 1981, 77 (Pharm. Anal., Pt. A), 105. (18) Schulman, S. G.; Sturgeon, R. J. Drugs Pharm. Sci. 1981, 77 (Pharm. Anal., Pt. A), 229. (19) Shoeman, D. W. Chromatogr. Sci. 1979, 9 (3), 1087. (20) Wong, S. H. Y. Adv. Chromatogr. 1981, 79, 1. ALKALOIDS General (1A) Baker, John K.; Skelton, R. E.; Riley, Thomas N.; Bagley, Jerome R. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1980, 78 (4), 153. (2A) Dingjan, H. A.; Dreyer-Van Der Glas, S. M.; Tjan, G. . pharm. Weekbi. 1980, 775 (14), 445. (3A) Habib, Abdel-Azim M. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 ( l ) , 37. (4A) Halim, A. F. Pharmazie 1981, 36 (2), 157. (5A) Huizing, Hindrik J.; Malingre, Theo. M. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 205 (I), 218. (6A) Le Xuan, P.; Munler, R. L.; Meunier, S. Chromatographia 1980, 13 (1I), 693. (7A) Poochikian, G. K.; Cradock, J. C. J . Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (e), 637. Cinchona (EA) Bauer, Michel; Untz, Germaln J . Chromatogr. 1980, 792‘(2). 479. (9A) Davis, P. J.; Klein, A. E. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 788 (I), 280. (10A) Glasl, Heinrich Dtsch. Apoth.-Ztg. 1981, 727 (40), 2125. (1 1A) Golankiewicz, Bozenna; Boryskl, Jerzy J . Chromatogr. 1982, 234 (2), 521. (12A) Holak, Walter; Plank, William M. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (12), 1436. (13A) Kleln, Allen E.; Davis, Patrick J. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52 (14), 2432. (14A) Klein, A. E.; Davls, P. J. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 207(2), 247. (15A) Veiapoldi, R. A.; Mielenz, K. D. “A Fluorescence Standard Reference Material: Quinine Sulfate Dihydrate”; U S . Government Prlnting Office: Washington DC, 1980; 139 pp. (16A) Verzele, M.; Redant, G.; Qureshi, S.; Sandra, P. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 799, 105.
Ergot (17A) Doebbelln, Waiter: Hartmann, Volker Dtsch. Apoth .-Ztg 1980, 720 (30), 1821. (18A) Flieger, M.; Wurst, M.; Stuchlik, J.; Rehacek, 2. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 207,(1). 139. (19A) Pask-Hughes. R. A,; Corran. P. H.; Calam, D. H. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 274 (3), 307. (20A) Pask-Hughes, R. A,; Corran, P. H.; Calam, D. H. Anal. Proc. (London) 1981, 78 (6), 247. (21A) Prosek, M.; Katic, M.; Kucan, E.; Medja, A,; Bano, M. Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. 1980, 3 (Recent Dev. Chromatogr. Electrophor.), 39. (22A) Scott, Peter M.; Lawrence, Guiilaume A. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1980, 2 8 ( 6 ) , 1258. (23A) Szabo, Antai; Karacsony, Elisabeth M. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 793 (3), 500. (24A) Szepesi, G.; Gazdag, M.; Terdy, L. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 797, 101.
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PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS (968) Dell, A.; Morris, H. R.; Hecht, S. M.; Levln, M. D. Blochem. Blophys. Res. Commun. 1980, 97. 987. (978) Elrod, L. Whlte. L. 8.; Wong, C. F. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 208, 357. (988) Elrod, L., Jr.; Cox, R. D.; Plasz. A. C. J. fharm. Scl. 1982, 71, 161. (998) Fledler, H. P. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 204, 313. (1008) Hornlsh, R. E. J. chromatogr. 1982, 236, 481. (1018) Kadar-Pauncz, J.; Harsanyl, I.J. Chromatogr. 1980, 195, 251. (1028) Kalasz, H.; Horvath, C. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 215, 295. (1038) Kimura. Y.; Kltamura. H.; Araki, T.; Ncguchl, K.; Baba, M.; Hori, M. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 206, 563. (1048) Koeppe, R. E.; Weiss, L. 8 . J. Chromatogr. 1981, 208, 414. (1058) Kondo, K. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 190, 493. (1068) Kralslntu, K.; Parfltt, R. T.; Rowman, M. G. Int. J. Pharm. 1982, 10, 67. (1078) Landis, J. 8 . ;Grant, M. E.; Nelson, S. A. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 202, 99. (1088) Llghtbown, J. W.; Gutterldge, J. M. C.; Shute, D. J. Blol. Stand. 1081, 9 , 253. (1098) Llghtbown, J. W.; Mussett, M. V. J. Blol. Stand. 1981, 9 , 209. (1108) Llghtbown, J. W.; Mussett, M. V. J. Blol. Stand. 1981, 9 , 227. (1118) Mahoney, W. C.; Duksin, D. J. Chromatogr. 1080, 198, 506. (1128) Manlus, G.; Tscherene, R.; Ventelcher, R.; Secker, A. J. Pharm. Scl 1981, 7 0 , 1024. (1138) Mateju. J.; Beran, M.; Jlzba, J.; PodoJII,M. J. Llq. Chromatogr. 1981, 4,977. (1148) McEniry, M. A. Fed. Reglst. 1979, 4 4 , 30334. (1158) Mechllnskl, W.; Schaffner, C. P. J. Antlblot. 1980. 33, 591. (1168) Ogasawara, T.; Goto, S.; Morl, S.; Okl, T. J . Antlblot. 1981, 3 4 , 47. (1178) Shute, D. J.; Toeg, D.; Gutterldge, J. M. C. Med. Lab. Scl. 1981, 3 8 , 115. (1188) Thomas, A. H.; Pharm, 8.; Newland, P.; Quinlan, G. J. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 216, 367. (1198) Treiber, L. R. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 213, 129. (1208) TsuJI, K.; Rahn, P. D.; Kane, M. P. J. Chromatogr. 1982, 235, 205. (1218) Vanderhaeghe, H.; Kerremans, L. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 193, 119. (1228) Whail, T. J. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 219, 89. (1238) Whall, T. J. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 208, 118. Isoniazid (1248) Bark, L. S.; Kershaw, L. Anal. R o c . (London) 1981, 18, 307. (1258) Bark, L. S.; Kershaw, L. J. Therm. Anal. 1980, 18, 371. (1268) Butterfield, A. C.; Curran, N. M.; Matsul, F. F.; Sears, R. W. Can. J. fharm. Scl. 1980, 15, 94. (1278) Butterfield, A. G.; Lovering, E. G.; Sears, R. W. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69, 222. (1288) Butterfield. A. G.; Curran, N. M.; Lovering, E. G.; Matsul, F. F.; Robertson, D. L.; Sears, R. W. Can. J. fharm. Scl. 1981, 16, 15. (1298) Hanlf, M.; Jamshald, F.; Parveen, S. Anal. Chlm. Acta 1970, 110, 171. (1308) Matsul, F.; Butterfield, A. G.; Curran, N. M.; Loverlng, E. 0.; Sears, R. W.; Robertson, D. L. Can. J. Pharm. Scl. 1981, 16, 20. (1318) Mbay, M. T. J. fharm. Belg. 1981, 36,251. (1328) Nayak, A. N.; YathIraJan, H. S.; Manjappa, S. Curr. Scl. 1981, 5 0 , 812. (1338) Sastry, C. S. P.; Reddy, 8. S.; Rao, 8. G. Indlan J. fharm. Scl. 1981,43, 118. (1348) Sira). P.; Krlshna, R. R.; Mum, S. S. N.; Reddy, 8. S.; Sastry, C. S. P. Talanta 1981, 28, 477. Miscellaneous (1358) Aboul-Eneln, H. Y.; Ai-Rashood, K. A.; El-Fatatry, H. M. Chem. Blomed. Envlron. Instrum. 1980, 10, 237. (1368) Abou, 0. A. A.; Hassan, S. M.; Metwally, M. E. S. Analyst (London) 1080, 105, 1113. (1378) Aboutabl, E. A.; Hassan, M. M. A. Talanta 1080, 2 7 , 679. (1388) Bhanumathi, L.; Wadodkar, S. F.; Kasture, A. V. Indian Drugs 1080, 17, 304. (1398) Carignan, G.; Lodge, 8. A.; Skakum, W. Chromatogr. 1982, 234, 240. (1408) Caron, J. C.; Shroot, 8. J. Pharm. Scl. 1081, 70, 1205. (1418) Eisayed, L.; Hassan, S. M.; Keianl, K. M.; El-Fatatry, H. M. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63, 992. (1428) Feyns, L. V.; Grady, L. T. Anal. froflles Drug Subst. 1981, 10, 289. (1438) Hassan, S. M.; Metwally, M. E. S.; Ouf, A. M. A. Anal. Lett. 1982, 15, 213. (1448) Hassan, S. M.; ECSayed, L.; Kelani, K. M.; Amer, M. M. Fresenlus' 2. Anal. Chem. 1981, 308, 24. (1458) Helboe, P.; Thomsen, M. Analyst (London) 1981, 106, 361. (1468) Ibrahlm. S. N.; Stroud. N.; Meakin, 8. J. J. fharm. fharmacol. . 1981, 33, 7P. (1478) Mbay, M. T.; Bosly, J. J . fharm. Belg. 1981, 36,253. (1488) Patel, R. 8.; Patel, A. A.; Gandhi, T. P.; Patel, P. R.; Patel, V. C.; Manaklwala. S. C. Indlan Druas 1980. 18. 76. (1498) Roos, k. W. J. Assoc. bff. Anal. Chem. 1981, 6 4 , 851. (1508) Sane, R. T.; Shastrl. V. K.; Anaokar, P. G.; Nayak, V. 0. Indlan Drugs 1982, 19, 198. (1518) Seymour, M. D.; Bailey, D. L. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 206, 301. (1528) Shah, A. K.; Agrawal, Y. K.; Banerjee, S. K. Anal. Lett. PartB 1981, 1 4 , 363. (1538) Thomas, A. H.; Thomas, J. M.; Hooloway, I . Analyst (London) 1980, 105. 1068. (1548) Townley, E.; Roden. P. J. Pharm. Sc/. 1980, 6 9 , 523. (1558) Ueno, H.; Nlshlkawa, M.; Muranaka, M.; Horluchi, Y. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 207, 425. (1568) Veale, H. S.;Harrington, G. W. J. Chromatogr. 1081, 208, 161.
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(1578) Wu, H. L.; Hsu, L-C.; Hsu, C-Y. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 193, 476. (1568) 210, C. A.; Massaranl, G.; Pietta, P. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 200, 245. INORGANICS Slngle Element Analysis (1C) Alexander, P. W.; Joseph, J. P. Talanta 1081, 28 (12), 931. (2C) Ali, S. L. ; Litterst, F. J.; Wagner, F. M. Fresenlus' 2. Anal. Chem. 1980, 302 (I), 52. (3C) Baaske, D. M.; Smith, M. D.; Karnatz, N.; Carter, J. E. J. Chromatogr. 1981,212, 339. (4C) Boddapatl, S.; Butler, L. D.; Im, S.; DeLuca, P. P. J. Pharm. Scl. 1080, 96 (5), 608. (5C) Brune, D.; Beltesbreakke, H. Swed. Dent. J. 1080, 4 (3), 125. (6C) Dubled, A,; Meyer, 8.; Mueller, J. Schwelz, Apoth.-Ztg. 1079, 117(16), 431. (7C) Flynn. I. W. J. Pharmacol. Methods 1979, 2 (3), 279. (8C) Hicks, C. P.; Splro, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1981, (3), 131. (9C) Hussaln, A.; Haddadln, M. J. Parenter. Drug Assoc. 1979, 33 (4), 222. (1OC) Lindstrom, R. E.; Patel, S. N.; Wilkinson, P. K. J. Parenteral Drug ASSOC.1980, 34 (l), 5. (11C) McGary, E. D. J. fharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (E), 948. (12'2) Mason, J. T.; Jr. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69(1), 101. (13C) Nakashima, K.; Aklyama, S. Chem. fharm. Bull. 1980, 28(8),2518. (14C) Neve, J.; Hanocq, M.; Van Kerchove, C. Mlcrochem. J. 1981, 28 (3), 41 1. (15C) Polo, D. L.; Hernandez, M. J.; Rodriguez, J. A. Analyst(London) 1981, 106 (1264), 737. (16C) Roeske, D.; Behrendt, H. Pharm. Prax. 1980, 35(4), 162. (17C) Thlelemann, H. Scl. fharm. 1980, 48 (3), 266. (18C) Verma, K, K.; Gupta, A. K.; Bose, S. Farmaco. Ed. frat., 1081, 36 (I), 23. Multiple Element Analyslr (l9C) Hassan, S. S. M.; Eldesoukl, M. H. Mlkrochlm. Acta 1981, I 1 (3-4), 261. (20C) Kanlas, G. D. J. Radioanal. Chem. 1080, 60 (I), 237. (21'2) Noguchl, K.; Shlmlzu, M.; Salrenji, E.; Ikeda, N. Radioisotopes 1980, 29 (6),261. (22C) Roeder, E.; Puetz, W.; Frisse, R. Fresenlus' A . Anal. Chem. 1981, 307(2),120. (23C) Szlrmai, E.; Gonslor, 8 . Arch. Arznelther 1080, 4 (l), 14, 16. (24'2) Szlvos, K.; Juhal, E.; Kantor, T.; Pungor, E. Mlkrochlm. Acta 1981, 1 (3-4), 259. (25C) Vandenbalck, J. .; Patrlarche, G. J.; Christian, G. D. J. Pharm. Belg. 1979, 34 (6),349. Redlopharmaceutlcals (26C) Bish, R. E.; Silverstein, D.; Bede, J. I.J. Radioanal. Chem. 1980, 57 (2), 565. (27C) Braun, H.; Hoffmann, P.; Lleser, K. H. J. Radioanal. Chem. 1981, 67 (l), 215. (28C) Day, J. L.; Maybaum, J.; Sadee, W. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 206 (2), 407. (29C) Frltzberg, A. R.; Lewls, D. J. Nucl. Med. 1980, 21 (12), 1180. (30C) Gul, S. 2.; Llang, Y. S.; Wang, G. Q.; Gu, J. H. Nucl. Tech. 1981, (2), 42. (31C) Helde, L.; Stamm, A.; Boegl, W. STH-Ber., 1980, No. 7 , 222. (32C) Helde, L.; Stamm, A.; Boegl, W. STH-Ber. 1980, No. 9 , 278. (33C) Helde, L.; Stamm. A.; Boegl, W. STH-Ber., 1981, (5), 268. (34C) Lucka, 8.;Sluda, A. J. Labeled Compd. Radlopharm. 1981, 18 (IO), 1471. (35C) McBride. M. H. D.: Shaw. S. M.: Kessier. W. V. Am. J. HOSD.Pharm. ' 1079, 36 (IO), 1370.' (36C) Pinkerton, T. C.; Helneman, W. R.; Deutsch, E. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52
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(37c) Shimizu, M.; Noguchl, K.; Morlwaki, K.; Sairenji, E. Radlolsotopes 1980, 29 (7), 326. (38C) Strehlau, E.; Weliand, J. Radloblol., Redlother. 1980, 21 (3), 376. (39C) Waterhouse, P. H.; McLean, J. R. J. Radloanal. Chem. 1081, 65 11-2). 349. (40C) Williams, C. C. J. Nucl. Med. 1981, 22 ( l l ) , 1015. (41C) WOng, S. H.; Hosaln, P.; Zeichner, S. J.; Spltznagle, L. A,; Hosaln, F. I n t . J . Appl. Radlat. Isol. 1981, 32 (4), 185. (42C) Zlmmer, A. M.; Spies, S. M. J. Nucl. Med. 1981, 22(5), 465. (43C) Zimmer, A. M.; Majewskl, W.; Spies, S. M. €urnJ. Nucl. Med. 1982, 7 (2), 88. (44C) Zodda, J. P.; Heineman, Wllllam R.; Gilbert, T. W.; Deutsch, E. J. Chromatogr. 1982, 227 (I), 249. NITROGEN-OXYQEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS General (1D) Aboul-Eneln. H. Y.; AI-Badr, A. A,; Ibrahim, S. E. Anal. froflles Drug Subst. 1981, 10, 665. (2D) Clzmarlk, J.: Blesova, M. pharmazle 1980. 35 (7), 405. (3D) Flasch, H.; Diembeck. W. Handb. Exp. fharmacol. 1981, 56, (Card. ' Glycosides, Part l), 27. (4D) Hassan, M. M. A.; Jado, A. I.; Zubair, M. U. Anal. froflles Drug Subst. 1981, 10, 1. (5D) Hassan, M. M. A.; Loutfy, M. A. Anal. froflles Drug Subst. 1981, 10, 705. (6D) Hassan, M. M. A,; Mossa, J. S . Anal. froflles Drug Subst. 1081, 10, 55.
PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS (7D) Maier, R. D. Arch. Toxlcol. 1980, 45 (2) 123. (ED) Padmanabhan, G. R. Anal. Proflles Drug Subsf. 1981, 70, 473. (9D) Souter, R. W. Anal. Proflles Drug Subst. 1981, 70, 499. (1OD) Stead, A. H.; Allan, A. R.; Ardrey, R. E.; Bal, T. S.; Callaghan, T. M.; GIII, R.; hloffat, A. C.; Oon, M. C. H. J . Forenslc Scl. SOC.1981, 27 (l), 41. Qas Chromatography ( I l D ) Amos, 6.; Marple. L.; Smlthers, J.; Math, S. B. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 206(1), 151. (120) Barazl, S.; Bonlni, M. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 202 (3), 473. (l3D) Black, D. B.; Lawrence, R. C.; Lovering, E. G.; Watson, J. R. J. Pharm. Scl. 1981, 70 (2), 208. (14D) Budd, R. D. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 792(1), 212. (15D) Carter, J. E.; Dutcher, J. S.; Carney, D. P.; Kleln, L. R.; Black, L. A.; Erhardt, IP. W. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (12), 1439. (16D) Chrlstophersen, A. S.; Rasmussen, K. E. J. Chromafogr. 1980, 792 (2), 363. (17D) COUHS, R. T.; Dawe, R.; Jones, G. R.; Llu, S. F.; Midha, K. K. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 790(1), 53. (18D) De Fabrizio, F. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (7), 854. (19D) De Fabrizlo, F. J. Pharm. Scl. 1981, 70(10), 1151. (20D) Drlessen, 0.; Emonds, A. HRC CC J. Hlgh Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromafogr. Commun. 1980, 3 (2), 62. (21D) Dybowski, R. Anal. Proc. (London) 1981, 18 (7), 316. (22D) Galarite, R. N.: Ewvllle. J. C.: Vlsalli, A. J.; Patel, D. M. J . Pharm. Scl. ' 1981, 711 (2), 167. (23D) GI. R.; Stead, A. H.; Moffat, A. C. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 204, 275. (24D) Harden, R. C.; Mailen, D. N. B.; Osborne, D. J.; Smith, J. M. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 206 (l), 83. (25D) Helkkinen, L.; Halmekoskl, J. Acta Pharm. Fenn. 1979, 68 (2), 79. (260) Inarnidar, P. K.; Dornauer. H.; De Souza, N. J. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 1121. 1449. (27D) 'Kahson, K. E. J. Chromafogr. 1981, 279 (3), 373. (28D) Khaiafalla, N.; Shams-Eideen, M. A. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1981, 58(8), 225. (29D) Legauit, D. J . Chromafogr. 1980, 202 (2), 309. (30D) Mandrou, B.; Soebito-Saleh, S.; Brun, S. Labo-Pharma-Probl. Tech. 1980, 28 (300), 546. (31D) Martin, R. P.; Lum, S. W. K.; McGonlgle, E: J.; Gubler, H. R. J . Pharm. Scl. 1982, 77 (l), 112. (320) May, J. C.; Del Grosso, A. V.; Barron, R. P. J . Blol. Stand. 1980, 8 13). 209. (33Dj' Millard, B. J.; Shelnln, E. B.; Benson, W. R. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (lo), 1177. (34D) Munro, G.; Rowe, L. R.; Evans, M. B. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 204, 201. (35D) Naraslmhachari. N.; Frledel, R. 0. Anal. Lett., Part A 1980, 73 (6), 517. (36D) Pillal, Dilranjan N.; Dllli, S. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 220 (3), 253. (37D) Saady, J. J.; Naraslmhacharl, N.; Frledel, R. 0. Clln. Chem. (WlnsfonSalem, N.C.)1981, 27(2), 343. (380) Sandra, P.; Van den Broeck, M.; Verzele, M. HRC CC,J. Hlgh Reso/ut. Chromafogr Chromafogr. Commun. 1980, 3 (4), 196. (39D) Sane, R. T.; Narkar, V. S.; Karkhanls, P. P.; Anaokar, P. G. J . Indlan Chem. SOC.1980, 57(11). 1071. (40D) Sane, R. T.; Karkhanis, P. P.; Anaokar, P. G. Indian J . Pharm. Scl. 1981, 43(3), 111. (41D) SOlnt3, W. H.; Vlncek, W. C.; Agee. D. T.; Bonl, J.; Burlelgh, 0. C.; Casey, T. H.; Christian, M.; Jones, A,; Klng, D. T.; Martin, D.; O'Neil, D. J.; Quinn, P. E.; Strother, P. J . Anal. Toxlcol. 1880, 4 (5), 217. (42D) SZySi!kO, E.; Wejman, W. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 279 (2), 291. (43D) Tawakkol, M. S.; Mohamed, M. E.; AbouCEneln, H. Y. Chromafographla 1981, 74 (lo), 587. (44D) Wojtowlca, E. J. J . Pharm. Scl. 1982, 77 (2), 288.
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Liquid Chromatography (45D) Alary, J.; Villet, A. J . Pharm. 6elg. 1980. 35(6), 408. (46D) Bachman, W. J. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64 (3), 564. (470) Bachner, J.; Heinisch, G.; Matous, H. HRC CC, J . Hlgh Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1981, 4 (3), 132. (48D) Ballerini. R.; Chlnol, M.; Cambl, A. J . Chromafogr. 1979, 779 (2), 365. (49D) Barkan, S.; Weber, J. D.; Smith, E. J . Chromafogr. 1981, 279(1), 81. (50D) Block, J. H.; Ayres, J. W.; Henry, D. R.; Levine, H. L. J. Chromafogr. 1980, 793(1), 111. (51D) Bowker, M. J.; Gladwin, R. P.; Mills. D. J.; Stubbles, J. A. J. ChromafOgr. 1980, 200, 261. (52D) Brown, L. W.; Carpenter, B. E. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 9 (12), 1396. (53D) Brown, N. D.; Scovill, J. P.; Sleeman, H. K.; Doctor, B. P. J. ChromatOl7r. 1980. 200. 267. (54Dr Brown.". E.; Sleeman, H. K.; Doctor, B. P.; Scovill, J. P. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 795 (l), 146. (55D) Brown. N. D.; Strickler, M. P.: Sleeman. H. K.; Doctor. 8. P. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 212 (3), 361. (56D) Burke, D.; Sokoloff, H. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (2), 138. (57D) Carroll, M. A.; White, E. R.; Zarembo, J. E. Anal. Chem. 1981. 53(9),
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(58D) Clark, R. C.; Noggle. F. T., Jr. J . Chromafogr. 1980, 788 (2), 426. (59D) Clements. J. A.; Hasson, K.; Smith G. J . Chromafogr. 1980, 789 (2), 272. (80D) Combes, H.; Dedde, M.; Martln, C. J . F'harm. Belg. 1980. 35 (3), 196. (61D) Das Gupta, V. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69(1), 110. (62D) Das Gupta, V. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (1). 113. (63D) De Meiler, P. *J. J. Pharm. Weekbl. 1981, 776 (36), 1085. (64D) Elrcd, L., Jr.; Shada, D. M.; Taylor, V. E. J . Pharm. Scl. 1981, 70 (7), 793.
(65D) FujII, Y.; Fukuda, H.; Salto, Y.; Yamazaki, M. J. Chromafogr. 1980, 202(1), 139. (66D) Gelber, L. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980. 69 (9), 1084. (67D) Greving, J. E.; Bouman, H.; Jonkman, J. H. G.; Westenberg, H. G. M.; DeZeeuw, R. A. J. Chromafogr. 1979, 786, 683. (68D) Hakes, L. B.; Corby, T. C.; Meakin, B. J. J . Pharm. Pharmacol. 1070, 37 (Suppi.), 25P. (69D) Hanekamp, H. B.; Voogt. W. H.; 808, P.; Frei, R. W. J . Ll9. Chromatoor. 1980. 3 (81. 1205. (70Dj Hanekamp, 'H. B.; Voogt, W. H.; Frei, R. W.; Bos, P. Anal. Ch~sm. 1981, 53 (S), 1382. (71D) Haneke, A. C.; Crawford, J.; Aszalos, A. J. Pharm. Scl. 1981, 70 (lo), 1112. (72D) Hansen, S. H.; Thomsen, M. J . Chromafogr. 1981, 209 (I), 77. (73D) Heldemann, D. R. J . Pharm. Scl. 1981, 70(7), 820. (74D) Hermansson, T.; Wlese, B. Chromafographia 1981, f4 (9), 529. (75D) Hlkal, A. H.; Morad, A. R. M.; El-Houfy, S. Chromatographla 1980. 73 (2), 105. (76D) Hoogewijs, G.; Matterne, J.; Massart, D. L. Anal. Lett., Part 6 15180, 73 (E), 69 1. (77D) Hoogerhelde, J. G.; Strusiak, S. H.; Taddei, C. R.; Townley, E. R.; Wyka, B. E. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64 (4), 864. (78D) Hoogmartens, J.; Roets, E.; Vanderhaeghe, H. J . Chromatogr. 19181, 279 (3), 431. (79D) Hulshoff, A.; Roseboom, H.; Renema, J. J. Chromatogr. 1079, 786, 535
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405.
(121D) Salvesen, B.; Songedal, K.; Sund, R. B. Medd. Nor. Farm. Selirk. 1980, 42 (3), 115. (122D) Schleffer, G. W. J . Chromafogr. 1980, 202 (3), 405. (123D) Scholten, A. H. M. T.; Brinkman, U. A. T.; Frel, R. W. Anal. Chlm. Acta 1980, 774, 137. (124D) Smith, D. J.; Blesmeyer, M.; Yaclw, C. J . Chromatogr. Scl. 1981, 79 (a, 72. (125D) Smith, F. M.; Nuessie, N. 0. Anal. Lett., Part 6 . 1981, 74 (E), 567. (1260) Sokolowskl, A.; Wahlund, K. G. J. Chromafogr. 1980, 789 (3), 209. (127D) Sonl, S. K.; Van b i d e r , D. J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64 (4), 875. (128D) Stuber, B.; Mueller, K. H. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1980, 55 (6),73. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
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(129D) Sutheimer, C. Chromatogr. News/. 1979, 7(2), 38. Taguchi, V. Y.; Cotton, M. L.; Yates, C. H.; Mlllar, J. F. J. Pharm. SCi. 1981. 70(1). 64. (131D) Tatsuhara, T.; Tabuchi, F. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1980, 28 (3), 779. (132D) Toon, S.; Rowland, M. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 208 (2), 391. (133D) Tscherne, R. J.; Umagat, H. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 89 (3), 342. (134D) Tuncel, M.; Nortarl, R. E.; Malspeis, L. J. Llq. Chromatogr. 1981, 4 (5),887. (135D) Van den Eeckhout, E.; Bens, G. A.; De Moerloose, P. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 793 (2), 255. (136D) Villet, A.; Alary, J. Coeur, A. Talanta 1980, 27 (E), 659. (1370) Wall, G. M.; Clark, C. R. J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64 (e), 1431. (138D) Waraszkiewica, S. M.; Mllano, E. A,; DlRubio, R. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70 ( l l ) , 1215. (139D) Weinberger. R.; Mann, B.; Posluszny, J. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 89 (4), 475. (140D) White, P. C. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 200, 271. (1410) Williams, K. J.; Po, A. LI Wan; Irwin, W. J. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 794 (2), 217. (142D) Wu, C. C.; Sokoloski, T. D.; Burkman, A. M.; Wu, L. S. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 276, 239. Thin-layer Chromatography (143D) Andermann, G.; Andermann, C. HRC CC, J. H/ghResolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1980, 3 (I), 36. (144D) Bens, G. A.; Van den Bossche, W.; De Moerloose, P. Anal. Chem. SYmp. Ser. 1980, 3 (Recent Dev. Chromatogr. Eiectrophor.), 1. (1450) Bidlo-Igloy, M.; Horvath, Tlbor HRC CC, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 1980, 3 @), 42 1. (146D) Bloch, D. E. J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63 (4), 707. (147D) Bress, W.; Ziminski, K.; Long, W.; Manning, T.; Lukash, L. Clln. Toxlcol. 1980, 76 (2), 219. (148D) Buhl, F.; Hachula, U.; Chwlstek, M. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 279 (l), 189. (149D) Cornellssen, P. J. G.; Beljersbergen van Henegouwen, G. M. J. Pharm. Weekbl. Sci. Ed. 1980, 2(2), 547. (150D) Curran, N. M.; Lovering, E. G.; McErlane, K. M.; Watson, J. R . J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (2). (151D) DeAngells, R. L.; Slgel, C. W.; Welch, R. M.; Foss, R. G. J . Liq. Chromatogr. 1980, 3 (12), 1835. (1520) DeCroo, F.; Bens, G. A,; De Moerloose, P. HRC CC, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1980, 3 (E),423. (153D) D'Silva, J. B.; Notari, R. E. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 89 (4), 471. (154D) Eklert, L.; Grodzlnska-Zachwieja, 2.; Bojarskl, J. Chromatographia 1980, 73 (E),472. (155D) Fabre, H.; Mandrou, B. J . Pharm. Scl. 1981, 70 (4), 480. (156D) Galy, A. M.; Galy, J. P.; Barbe, J. Analusis 1980, 8 ( 6 ) , 269. (157D) Gattavecchia, E.; Tonelli, D. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 793 (2), 340. (158D) Gonnet, C.; Marichy, M. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1980, 3 (12), 1901. (159D) Grassini-Strazza, G.; Cristalll, M. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 274 (2), 209. (160D) Groenewegen, J. Th. M.; De Meijer, P. J. P. Pharm. Weekbl. 1980, 775 (31), 965. (161D) Jain, R.; Agarwal, D. D.; Goyal, R. N. Fresenius' Z.Anal. Chem. 1980, 307 (5). 438. (162D) Janssen, A.; Sopczak, D. Chromatographia 1980, 73 (E),479. (163D) Lawrence, R. C.; Lovering, E. G.; Pokier, M. A,; Watson, J. R. J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (12), 1444. (164D) Matsul, F.; Robertson, D. L.: Polrler, M. A.; Lovering, E. G. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (4), 469. (165D) Oelschlaeger, H.; Mueller, M. Pharmazie 1981, 36 (12), 807. (168D) Parizkova, H.; Blattna, J. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 797, 301. (167D) Roets, E.; Hoogmartens, J. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 794 (2), 262. (168D) Stahl, E.; Mueller, J. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 209 (3), 484. (169D) Thielemann, H. Pharmazie 1980, 35 (5-6), 329. (170D) Thielemann, H. Pharmazie 1980, 35 (7), 440. (171D) Traveset, J.; Such, V.; Gonzalo, R.; Geipl, E. HRC CC, J . High Reso/ut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1981, 4 ( l l ) , 589. (1720) Upadhyaya, J. S.;Upadhyaya, S. K. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 798 (2), 224. (173D) Volkmann, D. HRC CC, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1980, 3 (4), 189. (174D) Wlntersteiger, R.; Guebitz, G.; Hartinger, A. Chromatographia 1980. 73 (5),291.
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Chromatography (Miscellaneous) (175D) Buchmann, M.; Kesseirlng, U. W. J. Chromatogr. 1981. 273(3). 515. (176D) Clark, C. C. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63 (4), 692. (1770) Ithakissios, D. S. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1980, 78 (2), 88. (178D) Korsic, J.; Mlllvojevic, D.; Smerkoij, R.; Kucan, E.; Frosek, M. HRC CC , J High Resolut Chromatogr . Chromatogr , Commun 1981, 4 (I), 24. (179D) Ossman, A. R. E. N. J. Pharm. Beig. 1980, 3 5 ( 6 ) , 445. (180D) Philllp, J.; Szulczewski, D. H. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980. 69 (e), 687. (181D) Rapaka, R. S.; Knight, P. W.; Prasad, V. K. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 796 (3), 512.
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Spectroscopy (Colorlmetrlc) (182D) Abdel-Hady, E. M.; Ogbonnia, 0. S. Pharmazle 1980, 35 (E), 474. (183D) Abou-Ouf, A.; Walash, M. I.: Hassan. S. M.; El-Sayed, S. M. Analyst (London) 1980, 705 (1247), 169. (184D) Abou-Ouf, A.; Walash, M. I.; Salem, F. B. Analyst (London) 1981, 706 (1268). 949. (185D) 'Andeimann. G.; Buhler, M. 0.; Erhart, M. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (2), 215.
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PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS
(244D) Avdovich, H.. W.; Neville, G. A. Can. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 15 (4), 75. (245D) Bailey, K.; Legault, D. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981, 123, 75. (246D) Becconsall, J. K.; Percy, J.; Reid, R. F. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53 (13), *no_.
CVJI.
(247D) Belal, S.; Elsayad, M. A. H.; Abdel-Hamid, M. E.; Abdine, H. Analysf (London) 1980, 105 (1253), 774. (248D) Casy, A. F. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1981, 33 (5), 333. (249D) El-Masry, S.;Khalil, S. A. H. J . Drug Res. 1980, 72(1-2), 183. (250D) Elsayed, M. A. H.; Elsayed, Y. M.; Abdine, H. Analyst (London) 1980, 105 11248). 222. (251D) ‘Hassan, M. M. A.; Jado, A. I.; Loufy, M. A. Spectrosc. Left. 1980, 13 (9), !595. (252D) Ha!ssan, S.M.; El-Sayed, L.; Kalani, K. M.; Amer, M. M. fresenlus’ Z . Anal. Chem. 1981, 308 (I), 24. (253D) Henry, K. \N. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64 (5), 1154. (254D) Hornyak, I.; Szekelyhdl, L. Anal. Chim. Acta 1980, 120, 413. (255D) Janickl, C. A.; Daly, K. F. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (2), 147. (256D) Janlcki, C. A.; Walkling, W. D.; Erlich, R. H.; Bainbridge, C. A. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70 (7), 778. (257D) Jones, R.; Marnham, G. J . Pharm. Pharmacol. 1981, 33 (7), 458. (258D) Juhl, W. E.; Kirchhoefer, R. D. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (5), 544. (259D) Moffat, D. J.; Neville, G. A. Can. J . Spectrosc. 1981, 26 (l), 14. (260D) Mohamed, M. E.; Tawakkol, M. S. Pharmazie 1981, 36 (12), 856. (261D) Saleh, M. R. I.; Habib, A. A. M.; El-Shaer, N. J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63 (e), 1195. (262D) Sanghavi, PI. M.; Jivani, N. G. Talanta 1980, 27 (7). 591. (263D) Sanghavl, N. M.; Kulkarni, S. P. Indian Drugs 1980, 17 (lo), 299. (264D) Taha, A. M.; El-Rabbat, N. A.; Fattah, F. A. J . Pharm. Belg. 1980, 35 (6), 437. (265D) Taha, A. M.; El-Rabbat, N. A.; Abdel, F. F. Analyst (London) 1980, 105 (1261), 568. (266D) Van de Vaart, F. J.; Hulshoff, A,; Indemans, A. W. M. Pharm Weekbl., Sci. € d . 1980, 2(6), 179. (2671)) Wahbi, A. M.; Bararay, M. Analyst (London) 1980, 705 (1254), 855. (268D) Wehbi, A. A. M.; Beiai, s.; Bedair, M.; Abdine, H. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64 (5), 1179. Electrochemlcal Analysls (2691)) Amier, M. M.; Ahmad, A.-K. S.; Ellaithy, M. M. Egypt. J. Pharm. Scl. 1977 (Pub. 1979), 78 (3), 323. (270D) Blsedei. W. J.; Hahn, Y. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 1979, 2 (2), 111. (271D) Campbell, M. J. M.; Demetriou, B.; Jones, R. Analyst (London) 1980, 105 (1251). 605. (272D) ‘Carlson, M.; Habeger, L. E. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (7), 826. (2730) Chan, H. K.; Fogg, A. G. Analyst (London) 1981, 106 (1264), 768. (274D) Chatten, L. G.; Boyce, M.; Moskalyk, R. E.; Pons, B. S.;Madan, 0.K. Analyst (London) 1981, 106 (1260). 365. (275D) Ellaiithy, M. M.; El-Tarras, M. F.; Amer, S. W. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. ‘1981, 64 (6), 1439. (276D) Groves, J. A.; F. S. W. Analyst (London) 1981, 106 (1265), 890. (277D) Jaoobsen, E.; Fonahn, W. Anal. Chim. Acta 1980, 119 (I), 33. (2780) Lannigan, N. A.; Johnson, J. R.; PryceJones, R. H.; Sim, J. J . Pharm. Pharmacol. 1981, 22 (Suppl.), 9P. (279D) Negoiu, D.; Ionescu, M. S.; Cosofret, V. V. Talanta 1981, 28 (6), 377. (280D) Rakias, F.; Toth, K.; Pungor, E. Anal. Chim. Acta 1980, 127, 93. (281D) Tagami, S. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1980, 28(9), 2642. (282D) Thoma, K., Klimek, R. Dtsch. Apoth.-Ztg. 1980, 120 (42), 1967. (283D) Vire, J. C.; Fischer, M.; Patrlarche, G. J.; Christian, G. D. Talanta 1981, 213 (5), 313. (284D) Vir(%J. C.; Fischer, M.; Patriarche, 0. J. Analusis 1982, 10 (I), 19. (2851)) Watson, A. Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. 1980, 2 (Electroanal. Hyg., Environ., Clin. Pharm. Chem.), 245. (2660) Yarnada, T.; Frelser, H. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981, 125, 179. Mlscellanews (287D) Boniforti, L.; Quaglia, M. G.; Violante, N. Eur. J . Mass Spectrom. Biochem. Med. Environ. Res. 1980, 1 (3), 179. (268D) Brandts, P. M.; Maes, R. A. A.; Leferlnk, J. G.; De Llgny, C. L.; Nieuwdorp, G. H. E. Anal. Chlm. Acta 1982, 135(1). (269D) Chan, H. K.; Fogg, A. G. Anal. Chlm. Acta 1979, 711, 281. (290D) Chandler, M. D.; Frerichs, G. N. J . Biol. Stand. 1980, 6’(2), 145. (291D) El-Fatatry, H. M.; AbouCEnein, H. Y.; Lotfi, E. A. Can. J. Pharm. Scl. 1980, 1 5 ( 1 ) , 19. (2928) Friedrich, F.; Kottke, K.; Kuehmstedt, H. Zentralbl. Pharm. Pharmakother. Laboratorlumsdlagn. 1981, 120 (4), 355. (293D) Hartif, M.; Parveen, S.; Jamshald, F.; Shahnawaz, S.; Shelkh, 2. J. Chem. SOC.Pak. 1880, 2(2), 67. (294D) Jones, M. F. J . Pharm. Pharmacol. 1981, 33 (5),274. (295D) Jones, R.; Marnham, G. J . Pharm. Pharmacol. 1980, 32 (12), 820. (296D) Krausz, L. M.; Hitz, J. 8.; Buckler, R. T.; Burd, J. F. Ther. Drug. Monk. 1980, 2(3),261. (297D) Liptak, J.; Petrl, G. V. Scl. Pharm. 1980, 46 (3), 203. (298D) Loth, H.; Hailer, M. Arch. Pharm. 1981, 314 (3), 282. (299D) Moliamed, M. E.; Tawakkol, M. S.; AbouCEnein, H. Y. Pharmazle 1981, 36 (7), 516. (300D) Mohamed, M. E.; Tawakkol, M. S.; Lotfi, E. A,; AbouCEnein, H. Y. Anal. Left. Part 13 1981, 14 (5), 349. (301D) Monsarrat, B.; Prome, J. C.; Labarre, J. F.; Sournies, F.; Van de Grampel, J. C. Blomed. Mass Spectrom. 1980, 7 (9), 405. Popovic, R. B.; Vukosavijevic, M. D. Pharmazie 1980, (302D) Nikolic, K. I.; 35 (8), 479. (303D) Pors8t,H.; Kny, L. Zentralbl. Pharm ., Pharmakother. Laboratorlumsdiagn. 1980, 179 (7), 707.
(304D) Solne, W. H. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70 (l), 106. (305D) Tewari, S. N.; Shukia, S. K. J . Indian Acad. forensic Sci. 197!3, 18 (I), 68. (306D) Van DOD,C.; Overvliet, G. M.; Smits, H. M. Pharm. Acta Helv. 11981, 56 (9-lo), 281. (307D) Waaler, T.; Gundersen, H.; Kvaleid, I.; Torud, Y.; Mueller, H.; Hasler, C. Pharm Acta Helv 1980, 55 (7-8), 203. (308D) Whitehouse, M. J.; Jones, L. V. Blomed. Mass Spectrom. 19111, 8 15). 231 (309D)-Yalcindag, 0. N. Sci. Pharm. 1981, 49 (2), 197. (310D) Yalcindag, 0. N. Sci. Pharm. 1980, 48 (2), 166. (31 1D) Yalcindag, 0. N. Sci. Pharm. 1981, 49 (3), 346. (312D) Yamaoka, A.; Takaton, T. J. Immunol. Methods 1979, 28(1-2), 51. STEROIDS
Gas Chromatography (1E) Cairns, Thomas; Slegmund, €mil G.; Rader, Bobby Anal. Chem. 1981, 53(8),1217. (2E) Carignan, Germain; Lodge, Bruce A. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (12), 1453.
(3E) Carignan, Germain; Lodge, Bruce A. J. Chromatogr. 1979, 7751 (l), 184. (4E) Plllai, G. K.; McErlane, K. M. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70(9), 1072. (5E) Pillai, G. K.; McErlane, K. M. HRC CC, J . High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1981, 4 (2), 70. Llquld Chromatography (6E) Adams, P. S.;Crlpps, A. L. J . Pharm. Pharmacol. 1980, 32 (Suppl.), 47P. (7E) Balierlni, R.; Chinoi, M.; Ghelardoni, M. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 193 (3), 413. (8E) Belliardo, Flavio; Bertollno, Antonella J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1981, 41 (2), 293. (9E) Carlgnan, Germain; Lodge, Bruce A.; Skakum, William J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 69 (IO), 1214. (10E) Carlgnan, G.; Lodge, B. A.; Skakum, W. Can. J. Pharm. Sci. 1880, 15(1), 10. (11E) Carignan, G.; Lotlge, B. A.; Skakum, W. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 206 (I), 174. (12E) Dekker, D.; Beijnen, J. H. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 193 (3), 480. (13E) Dljkstra, J.; Dekker, D. J . Chromatogr. 1982, 238 (l), 247. (14E) Gagne, Denise; Lodge, Bruce A. Can. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 76 (l), 23. (15E) Gagne, Denlse; Lodge, Bruce A. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 193 (l), 160. (16E) Gluck, J. A. P.; Shek, E. J . Chromatogr. Sci. 1980, 18 ( l l ) , 1331. (17E) Haiiey, David M.; I-ea, Anthony R. J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1!381, 64 (4), 870. (18E) Hansen, Jens; Bundgaard, Hans Arch. Pharm. Cheml. Sci. Ed. 1!B80, 8 (3), 91. (19E) Johnston, Michael A. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 216, 269. (20E) Kirschbaum, Joel J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (4), 461. (21E) Klrschbaum, Joel; Poet, Raymond Bush, Karen; Petrie, Gleen J. Cliromafogr. 1980, 190 481. (22E) Lea, A. R.; Kennedy, J. M.; Low, 0. K. C. J . ehromatogr. 1980, 198 ( I ) , 41. (23E) Mahato. S. B.; Sahu, N. P.; Roy, S. K. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 206 ( l ) , 169. (24E) Munson, J. W.; Wilson, T. D. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70 (2), 177. (25E) Orr, N. A.; HIII, E. A.; Smlth, J. F. J . Pharm. Pharmacol. 1980, 32 (1 l), 766. (26E) Roos, Robert W. qJ. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63 ( l ) , 80. (27E) Roos, Robert W.; Medwlck, Thomas J . Chromatogr. Sci. 1980 18 ( l l ) , 626. (28E) Roth, G.; Wlkby, A.; Nllsson, L.; Thalen, A. J . Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (7), 766. (29E) Smith, Marllyn Dix Chromatogr. Sci. 1981, 78 (Steroid Anal. HPLC), 105. (30E) Stroud, N.; Richardson, N. E.; Davies, D. J. G.; Norton, D. A. Analyst (London) 1980, 105 (1250), 455. (31E) Stuber, B.; Mueller, K. H. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1980, 55(6),71. (32E) Sundaresan, Gloria M.; Goehl, Thomas J.; Prasad, Vadlamani K. J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70 (6),702. (33E) Swynerton, Nollie F.; Fischer, Joseph 8. J . L l q . Chromatogr. 1981D,3 (8), 1195. (34E) Tishbee, Ayre; Kirson, Isaac J. Chromatogr. 1980, 195(3), 425. (35E) Tsilifonls, Dimitri C . ; Chafetz, Lester J . Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (12), 1461. (36E) Van Dame, Halver C. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63 (6), 11184. (37E) Williams, Patricia A.; Blehl, Edward R. J . Pharm. Scl. 1981, 70 (5), 530.
e),
Thln-Layer Chromatography (38E) Amin, M. Instrum. HPTLC, Proc. Int. Symp. Instrum, High Perform. Thin-Layer Chromatogr. (HPTLC), 7st 1980, 9. (39E) Goeber, B.; Petzold, D. R.; Seidler, E. Zentralbl. Pharm., Pharmakother. Laboratoriumsdlagn. 1981, 120 (5),497. (40E) Juenge, E. C.; Flinn, P. E. J. Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70 (4), 415. (41E) Szabo, A. Analyst (London) 1981, 106 (1262), 602. Spectroscopy (Colorlmetry) (42E) Dekker, D. Pharm. Weekbl., Scl. Ed. 1980, 2 ( l ) , 280. (43E) Deodhar, R. D.; Mehta, R. C. IndXsn J . Pharm. Scl. 1980, 42 (4), 126. (44E) Elsayed, M. AbdeCHady; Obiakara, A. Christian Can. J . Pharm. Sei. 1981, 16 (l), 60. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55,
NO. 5, APRIL 1983
8!5 R
PHARMACEUTICALS AND RELATED DRUGS (45E) Hansen, Jens; Bundgaard, Hans Int. J. fharm. 1981, 8 (2), 121. (46E) Landis, John B. Anal. Chim. Acta. 1980, 774, 155. (47E) Hansen, Jens; Bundgaard, Hans Arch. fharm. Cheml, Scl. Ed. 1981, 9 (I), 34. Spectroscopy (Mlscellaneous) (48E) Hirai, Shinichiro; Hussain. Anwar; Babhair, Sallm J. fharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (7), 857. (49E) Kollnskl, Richard E.; Myrick, James W.; Bunch, Elaine A. J. Ph8rm. Scl. 1980, 69 (8), 951. (50E) Urlch, R. W.; Bowerman, D. L.; Levlsky, J. A.; Pflug, J. Lloyd; Seiler, Frank J. J. Anal. Toxlcol. 1980, 4 (2), 49.
(36F) Nayak, A. N.; Rangaswamy; Yathirajan, H. S.; Ramappa, P. G. Indian Drugs 1982, 19, 202. (37F) Newton, D. W.; Murray, W. J.; Ratanamaneichatara, S. Anal Chlm. Acta 1982, 735,343. (38F) Shah, G. A.; Dhall, T. 2 . ; Ferguson, I.; Davis, M. R.; Grahm, D. T.; Pomeroy, A. R.; Dhall, D. P. J. Clln. Pathol. 1980, 33, 562. VITAMINS
General (IG) Klrschbaum, J. Anal. Profiles Drug Subst. 1981, IO, 183.
Electrochemlcal Analysls
Gas Chromatography
(51E) Bond, A. M.; Heritage, I.D.; Briggs, M. H. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981, 727, 135. (52E) DeBoer, H. S.; Lansaat, P. H.; Van Oort, W. J. And. Chim. Acta 1980, 776 (I), 69. (53E) DeBoer, H. S.; Lansaat, P. H.; Koolstra, K. R.; Van Oort, W. J. Anal. Chim. Acta 1979, 1 7 7 , 275. (54E) De Boer, H. S.; Van Oort, W. J.; Zuman, P. Anal. Chlm. Acta 1980, 720, 31. (55E) Leung, C. P.; Tam, S. Y. K. Af?8lySt(London) 1981, 106 (1258), 100.
(2G) Echols, R. E.; Harrls, J.; Miller, R. H. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 193,470. (3G) Edlund, D. 0. Methods Enzymol. 1980, 67,(Vltam. Coenzymes, Pt. F), 343. (4G) Kobayashi, T. Methods Enzymol. 1980, 67 (Vitam. Coenzymes, Pt. F), 347. (5G) Scott, C. G.; Cohen, N.; Rigglo, P. P.; Weber, G. Llplds 1982, 77. 97. (6G) Vecchi, M.; Schmld, M.; Walther, W.; Gerber, F. HRC CC, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Common. 1981, 4 , 257.
Mlscellaneous (56E) (57E) (58E) (59E) (60E) (61E)
Dekker, D. fh8rm. Weekbl.. Sci. Ed. 1980, 2(1), 266. Dekker, D. fharm. Weekbl., Scl. Ed. 1980, 2(3), 839. Nambara, Toshlo Rinsho Byori. 1980, 28 (6), 525. Patthy, Miklos; Tomorl, Eva J. Chromatogr. 1980, 797 ( I ) , 145. Smith, Marllyn Dlx J. fharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (8), 960. Soliman, Raafat; Belal, Said fharmazle 1980, 35 (3), 153.
SULFUR General (1F) AI-Badr, Abdullah A.; El-Obeid, H. A. Anal. Profiles Drug Subst. 1981, 70,639. (2F) Bult, A fharm. Weekbl., Scl. Ed. I 9 8 1 3 , 213. (3F) Falrbrother, J. E. fharm. J. 1979, 222, 271. Llquld Chromatography (4F) Daniels, S. L.; Vanderweilen, A. J. J. fharm. Scl. 1981, 70,211. (5F) Fell, A. F.; Plag, S. M.; Neil, J. M. J. Chromatogr. 1979, 786, 691. (6F) Goras, J. T. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64, 1291. (7F) Henion, J. D. Adv. Mass Spectrom. 1980, 8B,1241. (8F) Heyes, W. F.; Salmon, J. R.; Marlow, W. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 794, 418. (9F) Howard, S. C.; McCormlck, D. B. J. Chromafogr. 1981, 208, 129. (IOF) Mehta, A. C. Analyst(London) 1981, 706, 1119. ( I I F ) Menon, G. N,; Whlte, L. 8. J. Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70,1083. (12F) Roth, J.; Rapaka, R. S.;Prasad, V. K. Anal. Lett. 1981, 74 (B13), 1013. (13F) Scholten, A. H. M. T.; Welling, P. L. M.; Brinkman, U. A. T.; Frei, R. W. J . Chromatogr. 1980, 199,239. (14F) Shirsat, P. H.; Clarke, G. Analyst (London) 1980, 105, 823. (15F) Slais, K.; Subert. J. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 797,137. (16F) Smlth, D. J. J. Chromatogr. Scl. 1981, 19,65. Thin-Layer Chromatography (17F) El-Shabourl, S. R.; Taha, A. M.; Hussin, S.A. Pharmazle 1982, 37,71. (18F) Jaln, R.; Agarwal, D. D.; Goyal, R. N. J . Liq. Chromatogr. 1980, 3 , 557. (19F) Poirier. M. A.; Black, D. B.; Lovering, E. G. Can. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980, 75,8. Spectroscopy (Colorlmetrlc) (20F) Devani, M. B.; Shlshoo, C. J.; Doshi, K., Shah, A. K. Indlan J. fharm. Sci. 1981, 4 3 , 151. (21F) Guven. K. C.; Ertan, G. fharmazie 1979, 34, 752. (22F) Osman, A,; Abu-Elttah, R. J. fharm. Scl. 1980, 69,1164. (23F) Ramappa, P. G.; Gowda, H. S.;Nayak, A. N. Analyst (London) 1980, 705,663. (24F) Wojtowicz, E. J. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64, 554. Spectroscopy (Mlscellaneous) (25F) El-Obeid, H. A.; AI-Badr. A. A. fharmazie 1981, 36, 846. (28F) Gurka, D. F.; Kolinski, R. E.; Myrick, J. W.; Wells, C. E. J. fharm. Sc;. 1980, 69, 1069. (27F) Mehta, H. K.; Chainanl, M. L. Indlan J. fharm. Scl. 1980, 42, 58. (28F) Sato, S.; Higuchl, S.; Tanaka, S. Anal. Chlm. Act8 1980, 120,209. (29F) Shim, J. S. K.; Tolan, J. W.; fink, D. W. J. fharm. Sci. 1980, 6 9 , 275. Electrochemlcal Analysls (30F) Ellaithy, M. M. Indian J. fharm. Scl. 1980, 42, 41. (31F) Ivaska, A.; Vaneesorn, Y.; Davidson, I.E.; Smyth, W. F. Anal. Chlm. Act8 1980, 127, 51. (32F) Jarbawi, T. B.; Heineman, W. R. Anal Chim. Acta 1982, 135, 359. (33F) Sement. E. G.; Glrard, M. L.; Rousselet, F.; Chemla, M. Ann. fharm. F;. 1979, 37, 509. (34F) Vaneesorn, Y.; Smyth, W. F. Anal Chim. Acta 1980, 777,183. Mlocellaneous (35F) Aboul-Enein, H. Y.; El-Fatatry, H. M.; Lotfl, E. A. fharmazie 1980, 35, 604.
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 55, NO. 5, APRIL 1983
Llquld Chromatography (7G) Brunt, K.; Bruins, C. H. P.; Doornbos, D. A. Anal. Chlm. Acta 1981, 125, 85. (8G) Burns, D. T.; MacKay, C. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 200, 300. (9G) Burns, D. T.; MacKay, C.; Tillman, J. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 190, 141. (10G) DeVrles, E. J.; Mulder, F. J.; Borsje. B. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64, 61. (11G) DeVrles, E. J.; Zeeman, J.; Esser, R. J. E.; BorsJe, B.; Mulder, F. J. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1979, 82, 1285. (12G) Elton-Bott. R. R.; Stacey, C. I. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981, 727, 213. (13G) Holcomb, I. J.; Fursarl, S. A. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 607. (14G) Kwok, R. P.; Rose, W. P.; Tabor, R.; Pattlson, T. S. J. fharm. Sci. 1981, 70,1014. (15G) Lofty, P. A.; Jordi, H. C.; Bruno, J. V. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1981, 4 , 155. (16G) Mulder, F. J.; DeVries, E. J.; Borsje, B. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64, 58. (17G) Pellerin, F.; Dumltrescu, D. Talanta 1980, 27, 243. (18G) Tafolla, W. H.; Sarapu, A. C.; Dukes, G. R. J. fharm. S d . 1981, 70, 1273. (l9G) Umagat, H.; Tscherne, R. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 1368. (20G) VanAntwerp, J.; Lepore, J. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1982, 5 , 571. (21G) Vandemark, F. L.; Schmldt, G. J. J. Llq. Chromatogr. 1981, 4 . 1157. (220) Vanhaelen, F. R.; Vanhaelen, M. J. Chromatogr. 1979, 179, 131. (23G) Vanderslice, J. T.; Stewart, K. K.; Yarmas, M. M. J. Chromatogr. 1979, 176,280. (24G) Veazey, R.; Nieman, T. A. J. Chromatogr. 1980, 200, 153. (25G) Walker, G. A.; Carpenter, B. E.; Tuescher, D. L. J. fharm. Scl. 1980, 69,846. (26'2) Walker, M. C.; Carpenter, B. E.; Cooper, E. L. J. fharm. Scl. 1981, 70,99. Thln-Layer Chromatography (28G) Such, V.; Traveset, J.; Gonzalo, R,; Gelpi, E. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52. 412. (29G) Szepesi, G.; Molnar, J. Chromatographla 1981, 74, 709. Spectroscopy (Colorlmetrlc) (30G) (31G) (32G) (33G) (34G) (35G) (36G) (37G)
Adeniyl, W.; Jaselskis, B. Talanta 1980. 27,993. Jan A.; All, H.; Ashraf, M. J. fharm. (Lahore) 1979, 7 , 12. Bruno, P. Anal. Lett. 1981, 74 (B17-18), 1493. Elnenaey, E.; Sollman, R. Talanta 1979, 26, 1164. Hassan, S. M. fharm. Ind. 1980, 42, 518. Hassan, S. M. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64, 611. Rukminl, N.; Kavitha, V. S. N. P.; Vljaya, K. D. Talanta 1981, 28, 332. Wahbi, A. M.; Belal, S.; Abdlne, H.; Bedalr, M. Analyst(1ondon) 1981, 106,960.
Spectroscopy (Fluorometrlc) (38G) (39G) (40G) (41G)
Karlberg, B.; Rehm, K. D. Ryan, M. A,; Ryan, M. A.;
Thelander, S. Anal. Chlm. Acta 1980, 714,129. fharm. Ztg. 1981, 126, 1859. Ingle, J. D. Talanta, 1981, 28, 225. Ingle, J. D. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52(13), 2177.
Electrochemlcal Analysls (44G) Abou-Ouf, A. A,; welash. M. I.; Rizk, M.; Belal, F. J. Drug Res. 1981, 1 7 , 81. (45G) Ballantine, J.; Woolfson, A. D. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1980, 32, 353. (46G) Hart, J. P.; Catterall, A. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981. 728, 245. (47Q) Matsumoto, K.; Yamada, K.; Osajlma, Y. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1974
(486;. ikolelis, D. P.; Efstathlou, C. E.; Hadjiioannou, T. P. Analyst (London) 1979, 104, 1161. Mlscellaneous (49G) Aly, M. M.; Hassan, M. K.; Souliman, R. M. J. Chem. Techno/. BlOtechno/. 1980, 30, 435. (500) Gowda, H. S.;Shakunthala, R.; Subrahmanya, U. Talanta 1980, 27, 1081. (51G) Rukmini, N.; Kavltha. V. S.N. P.; Vljaya, K. D. Talanta 1981, 28, 332.
Anal. Chem. 1983. 55. 87R-93R (52G) Verma, K. K.; Gulati, A. K. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 2336, TECHNIQUES Chromatography (1H) Baker, John K.; Flfer, E. Kim J . Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69 (5), 590. (2H) Buegtr, A.; Pelnhardt, G. Pharmazle 1980, 35 (7), 443. (3H) Carteir, G. T.; Schlesswohl, R. E.; Burke, H.; Yang, R. J . Pharm. Scl. 1082, 77, (3), 317. (4H) Davydlov, V. Ya.; Oonzalez, M. E.; Klselev, A. V.; Lenda, K. Chromatographla 1981, 74 (l), 13. (5H) Eall, Robert A.; Mueller, Hannes; Tanner, Susanne fresenius' Z. Anal. Cheh. 1981. 305 (4), 267. (6H) Ellert, Udo; Ehmke, Adelheld; Wolters, Bruno Dtsch. Apoth .-Ztg. 1980,
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120(3Q\ \--,. 1815 -
7H)-Ernl, F. J . Chromatogr. 1982, 257 (2), 141. 8H) Falrbrother, J. E. Pharm. J. 1980, 224, 352. 9H) Greig, D. G. T. Dev. Chromatogr. 1080, 2, 147. IOH) Hermansson, J. Chromatographla 1980, 73 (12), 741. 11H) Klng, Leslie A. J . Chromatogr. 1981, 208(1),113. 12H) Kllne, Berry J.: Solne, Wllllam H. Drum Pharm. Sci. 1981, 7 7 (Pharm. . Anal., pt. A), i. (13H) Krummen. K. J. Liq. Chromafogr. 1980, 3 (e), 1243. (14H) Kucera, Paul J. Chromatogr. 1980, 7919(2), 93. (ISH) Lindbergh, Walter; Johansson, Erik; Johansson, Kenneth J . Chroma toor. IgBI. 2 7 7 (21.201. ( 1 6 Lyman,'&ry W.' Johnson, ; Raymond N.; Kho, Boen T. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981. 64 11). 177. (17H) Meakln, Glory; Allingion, Robert Am. Lab. (Fairfleld, Conn.) 1980, 72 (a), 65. (18H) Ng, L.lnda L. Anal. Chem. 1081, 53(7), 1142. (19H) Oelrich, E.; Preusch, H.; Wllhelm, E. HRC CC, J . Hlgh Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1080, 3 (6),269. (20H) Rabel, Fredrlc M. J . Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1981, 64 (5). 1258. (21H) Roggla, S.;Gallo, G. G. Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. 1980, 3 (Recent Dev. Chromatogr. Electrophor.), 47. (22H) Sternson, Larry A. Chem. Derlv. Anal. Chem. 1981. 7, 127. (23H) Stulik, Karel; Pacakova, Ver J . Chromatogr. 1980, 192 (l), 135. (24H) Subert, J. Cesk. Farm. 1980, 29 (6),212. (25H) Traveset, J.; Such, V.; Gonzalo, R.; Gelpl, E. J . Chromafogr. 1981, 204, 51. (26H) Vlnk, Jan; Van Hal, Henk J. M.; Koppens, Paul C. J. M. Adv. Mass Specfron?. 1980, 8B, 1251. (27H) Wollmann, H.; Patrunky, M. Pharmazle 1981, 313(7), 453. (28H) Zhou, L.; Poole, C. F.; Trlsca, J.; Zlatkls, A. HRC CC, J . H/ghResolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1080, 3 (9), 440.
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Spectroscopy (29H) Arnaud, P.; Metayer, C.; Le Gall, N. Labo-Pharma-Probl. Tech. 1980, 28 (298), 380. (30H) Bailev, Glen F.: Moore. Herbert A.. Jr. J . Parenter. Drua. Assoc. 1980, 34 (2), 127. (31H) Elsayed, M. Abdel-Hady; Elsayed, Yousry M.; Abdlne, Hassan Anakst (London) 1980, 705 (1248), 222.(32H) Falrbrother, John E. Pharm. J. 1979, 223 (6053), 651. (33H) Guebitz, G.; Wlntersteiger, R.; Hartinger, A. J . Chromafogr. 1981, 278. 51. (34H) Hellbnrg, Hans; Holmqulst, Per; Vallen. Staffan Acta Pharm. Suec. 1981, 78 (5), 315, (35H) Moss, W. Wayne; Posey, F. T.; Peterson, P. C. J. Forensic Sci. 1980, 25 (2), 304. Electrochemlcal Analysls (36H) Alary, J.; Cantin, D. Labo-fharma-Probl. Tech. 1979, 2 7 (293), 937. (37H) Davldson, Ian E.; Smyth, W. Franklln Anal. Chem. 1979, 51 (13), 2127.
(38H) Jacobsen, E. Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. 1980, 2 (electroanal. tiyg., Environ., Clin. Pharm. Chem.), 227. (39H) Messner, Janet l..; Engstrom, Royce C. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53 (l), 128. (40H) Patriarche, 0. J.; Chateau-Gosselln, M.; Vandenbalck, J. L.; Zurnan, Petr Electroanel. Chem. 1979, f l , 141. 141H) Punaor. E.: Feher, 2.: Naav. ' -. 0.: Llndner, E.: Toth. K. Anal. Proc. b n don), 1582, 79 (2), 79. (42H) Schaar, Jerome Charles Diss. Abstr. I n t . 6 . 1981, 42 (5),1877. (43H) Sharma, L. R.; Bnnsal, P. C.; Kalla, R. K.; Manchanda, A. K. Analyst (London) 1980, 105 (1253), 779. (44H) Smyth, W. Franklin; Ivaska, A.; Burmlcz, J. S.; Davidson, I. E., Vaneesorn, Y. Bloelectrochem. Bloenerg. 1981, 8 (4), 459. (45H) Vlre, 3. C.; Chateau-Gosselln, M.; Patrlarche, G. J. Mikrochlm. Acta 1981, I (3-4), 227. Thermal Analysis (46H) Gustln, Grant M. Thermochlm. Acta 1980, 39 (2), 81. (47H) Radeckl, A.; Wesolowski, M. J . Therm. Anal. 1979, 77(1), 73. (48H) Wesolowski, Marak Mlcrochem. J. 1981, 26 (l),105. Mlscellaneous (49H) Beaublen, L. J.; Vanderwielen, A. J. J . Pharm. Sci. 1980, 69(6), €61. (50H) Cantwell, Frederick F.; Murray, Carmlchael Anal. Chem. 1982, 54 (4), 697. (51H) Castellano, Thomas; Medwick, Thomas; Shlnkal, John H.; Bailey, Leonard J . Pharm. Sci. 1981, 70 (I), 104. (52H) Chaplin, H.; Hoffmann, N. L. Transfusion (fhiladelphla) 1982, 22 (l), 6. MISCELLANEOUS (11) Fed. Reglst. 1981, 46 (79) (24 Apr), 23224. (21) Arbin, A.; Ostelius J . Chromatogr. 1980, 793 (3), 405. (31) Bontinck, A. M.; Herbots, H.; Klnget, R. Acta. fharm. Technol. 1980, 26 (2), 117. (41) Boudreau, C. F.; Harrison, D.J. Drug Dev. I n d . Pharm. 1980, 6 (6), 539. (51) Cloux, J. L.; Laplere, C. L.; Bonnard J.; Bosly, J. J . Pharm. Belg. 1982, 37 (I), 27. (81) Dlprose, K. V.; Epsteln, H. 0.;Redman, L. R. Br. J . Anaesth. 1980, 52 (11). 1155. (71) Dokladalova, J.; Barton, A. Y.; Mackenzie, E. A. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63 (3), 864. (81) Eiden, F.; Tittel, C. Dtsch. Apoth-Ztg. 1981, 7 2 7 (g), 431. (91) Fell, A. F.; Allan, J. Q.Anal. Proc. (London) 1981, 78(7), 291. (101) Gonnet, C.; Marichy, M. Anal. Chem. Symp. Ser. 1980, 3 (reoent Dev. Chromatogr. Electrophor.), 11. (111) Jaques, B. Pharm. J . 1981, 227(6140), 261. (121) Mablleau, N. Scl. Tech. Pharm. 1981, 70 (5), 195. (131) Mascoll, C. C.; Weary, M. E. frog. Ciin. Biol. Res. 1979, 29 (Biomod, Appl. Horseshoe Crab [Limulidae]), 387. (141) Mattson, L. N.; Gaebler, R. N.; Biebe, K. E.; Peppers, R. E. J . Parenbw, Drug Assoc. 1080, 34 (6),436. (151) Moren, F.; Jacobsson, S. E. I n t . J . fharm. 1080, 5(4), 287. (161) Novitsky, T. J.; Ryther, S.S.; Case, M. J.; Watson, S. W. J . Parenter. Sci. Technol. 1082, 36 (l), 11. (171) Rudischer, S.;Bauer, H. J. Pharmazie 1981, 36 (7), 477. (181) Sampson, E. J.; Culbreth, P. H. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N . C . ) 1981, 2 7 (lo), 1773. (191) Stahl, E.; Tugrul, L. Dtsch. A p o t h J t g . 1981. 727 (27), 1409. (201) Van de Vaart, F. J. Pharm. Weekbl. 1981, 176(36), 1098. (211) Van de Vaart, F. J.; Hulshoff, A.; Indemans, A. W. M. fharm. WeekiW. 1980, 775 (44), 1429. (221) Waaler, T.; Gundersen, H.; Kvaleid, I.; Torud, Y.; Muller, H.; Hasler, C. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1080, 55 (7-8), 203. (231) Wesolowski, M. Mlkrochim. Acta 1980, 7 (3-4), 199.
Rubber Anoop Krlshen Fiber & Polymer R&D Division, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company,' Akron, Ohio 443 16
This review covers methods for the identification, characterization, and determination of rubber and materials in rubber. Literature which became available to the author between November 1980, the end of the period covered by the last C o n t r i b u t i o n No. 632 from T h e Goodyear T i r e Research Laboratory, Akron, OH 44316.
& R u b b e r CO.,
review in the series (94), and November 1982 is reviewed. Abbreviations recommended in ANSI/ASTM Designation D1418-81 have been used (2). These are listed in Table [.
GENERAL INFORMATION The American Society for Testing and Materials published the annual edition of test methods for rubber (2). The work of the International Technical Committee TC/45, which deals
0003-2700/83/0355-87R$01.50~0 0 1983 Amsrlcan Chemical Society
07 R
