Forum Article www.acsami.org
Flexible Zirconium MOF as the Crystalline Sponge for Coordinative Alignment of Dicarboxylates Jun-Sheng Qin,†,‡ Shuai Yuan,†,‡ Ali Alsalme,*,§ and Hong-Cai Zhou*,‡,§ §
Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
‡
S Supporting Information *
ABSTRACT: Because of their permanent porosity and unparalleled structural diversities, flexible metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising and highly desirable in host−guest chemistry. In this work, we employed a flexible ZrMOF system, namely PCN-700 species, as the crystalline sponge for guest inclusion. A family of linear dicarboxylate ligands was adsorbed in the void space of PCN-700, which were subsequently confirmed by crystallographic observation. The stretching degree of the PCN-700 series was varied by means of dicarboxylate encapsulation through coordinative alignment. KEYWORDS: crystalline sponge, metal−organic framework (MOF), flexibility, guest encapsulation, zirconium, coordination bond
■
accuracy.31−34 In most cases of crystalline sponge study, guest molecules are presented with the hydrogen bonds or van der Waals interactions of the host frameworks. Inspired by the above-mentioned outstanding findings, we were intrigued by the possibility of employing the crystalline sponge method for the soaking of dicarboxylate ligands, thus offering a unique opportunity to adsorb linear dicarboxylate fragments by coordination bonds. PCN-70035 adopts a flexible bcu topology and possesses inherent flexibility.36,37 In PCN700, each [Zr6O4(OH)8(H2O)4] (Zr6) cluster is coordinated to 8 Me2-BPDC fragments (Me2-BPDC = 2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl4,4′-dicarboxylate) and 8 terminal −OH−/H2O groups. The dihedral angle between the two biphenyl rings derived from Me2-BPDC can rotate from 78.1 to 89.5°, endowing the framework with certain flexibility. As shown in Figure 1, six Zr6 clusters were connected by eight Me2-BPDC fragments, resulting in a flexible octahedral cage structure, which makes it possible to accommodate guest molecules with shrink nature. In addition, the terminal −OH−/H2O moieties coordinated to Zr sites can be substituted by carboxylate groups via an acid− base reaction. Meanwhile, as a Zr-MOF, PCN-700 owns superior stability owing to the strong affinity between Zr(IV) and carboxylate-O atoms from Pearson’s hard/soft acid/base concept.38,39 These three points promote us to develop the flexible PCN-700 to be an ideal platform as crystalline sponge.
INTRODUCTION With the development of X-ray diffraction technique, the structures of more and more compounds were reliably determined at atomic level.1,2 However, X-ray diffraction method would be limited because it is not applicable to noncrystalline samples in principle. In 2013, Fujita et al. demonstrated a groundbreaking work that introduce a technique to overcome the inherent limitations of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, termed as the crystalline sponge method.3 In their work, the structures of absorbed target guest molecules were clearly determined by crystallographic analysis along with the host frameworks. With this revolutionary approach, not only did researchers realize the structural determination of molecules that hardly crystallize4−6 but they also determined the absolute configuration of natural products and transient species of several reactions.7−10 Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs, also known as porous coordination polymers or PCPs) are an emerging class of porous materials with periodic ordered structures constructed from metal-containing nodes (metal ions or clusters) and organic linkers.11−25 In recent years, MOFs has caught increasing attention and become one of the fastest growing areas in synthetic chemistry and material science, because of their structural and functional tunability.26,27 Apparently, MOFs with easily tuned pore features show great promise for targeted molecular recognition through well-defined pore spaces and environments.28−30 In this regard, MOFs are favorable for the study of guest inclusion behaviors, because of their potential in exhibiting a single-crystalline nature, allowing for the structural characterization of the framework with a high degree of © 2017 American Chemical Society
Special Issue: Hupp 60th Birthday Forum Received: December 19, 2016 Accepted: January 24, 2017 Published: February 6, 2017 33408
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16264 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 33408−33412
Forum Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
different linear carboxylate compounds, PCN-700 exhibited an excellent sponge-like behavior. The carboxylate compounds were adsorbed in the flexible cages of PCN-700. The resulted compounds, namely, PCN-700-SA, PCN-700-DOBDC, PCN700-MA, PCN-700-DOBPDC, and PCN-700-AZDC, maintain adequate crystallinity following guest encapsulation, which were subsequently analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic data were summarized in Table S1. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that PCN-700-SA, -DOBDC and -DOBPDC crystallized in P42/mmc space group, and PCN-700-MA and -AZDC in P42/ncm space group, respectively. The similar frameworks of these final products derived from PCN-700, in which each Zr6 cluster was connected to eight Me2-BPDC fragments above and below the equatorial plane. In PCN-700-SA, two SA fragments were hanging on a Zr6 cluster instead of four terminal −OH−/H2O groups (Figure 2a). In addition, the eight terminal −OH−/H2O groups can be fully substituted by four SA fragments (noted as PCN-700-SA4) if there is enough immersion time (Figure S1). This may be assigned to the suitable match size between SA moiety and the pocket of PCN-700. Like the case in PCN-700SA, DOBDC moieties were hanging to Zr6 clusters as terminal ligands but with a chelating mode in PCN-700-DOBDC (Figure 2d). In these two products, SA and DOBDC fragments, resided in the pocket of crystalline sponge, play the role of terminal ligands, and such connectivity does not make a change on the topology of the whole framework. In PCN-700-MA, the carboxylate groups of MA were bridged to two adjacent Zr6 clusters (Figure 2e). MA fragments support the PCN-700
Figure 1. Octahedral cage in PCN-700. All hydrogen atoms were omitted for clarity.
■
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A family of linear organic dicarboxylate compounds with different lengths and functional groups, that is, squaric acid (H2SA), 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (H2DOBDC), muconic acid (H2MA), 3,3′-dihydroxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (H2DOBPDC), and (E)-4,4′-(diazene-1,2-diyl)dibenzoic acid (H2AZDC), were chosen for the crystalline sponge study. When PCN-700 was immersed in a solution containing
Figure 2. Comparison of PCN-700 structures after the encapsulation of a series of dicarboxylates: (a) PCN-700-SA, (b) PCN-700-FA, (c) PCN-700BDC, (d) PCN-700-DOBDC, (e) PCN-700-MA, (f) PCN-700-NDC, (g) PCN-700-BPDC, (h) PCN-700-DOBPDC, and (i) PCN-700-AZDC. All hydrogen atoms were omitted for clarity. 33409
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16264 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 33408−33412
Forum Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
and BPDC (4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylate) without substituents obviously open up the frameworks (Figure 2f, g). Compared with DOBDC, DOBPDC adopted a similar chelating fashion residing in the cage but served as bridging linkers to support the framework because of its larger size (Figure 2h). However, the level of opening up the framework by sorption of DOBPDC is evident smaller than that of BPDC, resulting from their different coordination modes. Although the length of AZDC is larger than that of BPDC, the structure of PCN-700AZDC did not change (Figure 2i), which can be assigned to its same coordination orientation with Me2-BPDC. To confirm spongelike effect, the reproducible positioning of the guest molecules within the unit cell has been performed. The crystalline sponge, PCN-700, can absorb target molecules from their solution into the pores, because of the molecularrecognition ability of the pores, rendering the incoming molecules to adopt a preferential arrangement in the crystal. After the encapsulation of different dicarboxylate compounds, the structural stability and porosity of resultant samples was retained, as confirmed by the N2 adsorption experiments (Figure S4). These results suggest that dicarboxylate linkers with different lengths in the absence/presence of hydroxyl groups can be adsorbed into the voids formed between adjacent Zr6 clusters.41−43 On the one hand, the presence of replaceable sites on the host framework, namely the Zr sites coordinated to −OH−/H2O groups, is necessary in the present study. On the other hand, the flexibility of PCN-700 makes it successful to be employed as a crystalline sponge through coordination bond interactions. Furthermore, the 1H NMR measurement was carried out to determine the amounts of guest molecules (Figures S5−S8). From the 1H NMR spectra, we can see that the results of PCN-700-DOBDC and -DOBPDC were in good agreement with the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Table S2). However, the contents of MA and AZDC in PCN-700-MA and -AZDC measured by 1H NMR technique were higher than those by X-ray diffraction results. This result perhaps can be assigned to the presence of disordered MA and AZDC in the cages of PCN-700-MA and -AZDC.
structure just like the jack screws support the scissor jack. The similar connection mode has been encountered in our previous work (Figure 2b, c, f, and g).40 In that case, we have demonstrated that the crystal height along c-direction can be tuned by varying the lengths of ligands, which is similar to a scissor jack that can be lifted and lowered by driving screws. And the channel size along a-axis is directly correlated to the linear linker length. Like the chelating coordination mode of DOBDC, DOBPDC also adopted a chelating mode to connect with Zr6 clusters in PCN-700-DOBPDC (Figure 2h). However, both the two ends of DOBPDC were bonded to Zr sites due to the size match between cage and DOBPDC. Interestingly, DOBPDC connected two adjacent Zr6 clusters in a double bridge mode. As a result, a rigid framework was formed, deriving from the flexible parent PCN-700-Me2. From the topological point of view, the overall framework of PCN-700MA and -DOBPDC was transformed from a flexible bcu net to a rigid bct net. In PCN-700-AZDC, AZDC fragments were bonded to Zr6 sites in the same orientation with Me2-BPDC (Figure 2i). In this sense, the overall framework of PCN-700AZDC does not change from the topological viewpoint. These dicarboxylate compounds can be adsorbed in the cage of PCN-700 in an ordered array, but with different modes, perhaps can be assigned to their different lengths in the presence/absence of −OH groups. From the X-ray diffraction analysis, we can see that the 1D channel that perpendicular to the ab plane is almost unchanged before and after the spongelike behavior of PCN-700 (Figure S2). However, the channel size along the a-axis direction varied with the linker length and functional groups (Figure 2 and Figure S3), and the guest encapsulation induce a more or less unit cell dimension change (Table 1). The length of SA (3.22 Å) is half of the distance Table 1. Spongelike Behavior of PCN-700 PCN-700 PCN-700-SA PCN-700-FA PCN-700-BDC PCN-700-DOBDC PCN-700-MA PCN-700-NDC PCN-700-BPDC PCN-700-DOBPDC PCN-700-AZDC
a (Å)
c (Å)
V (Å3)
guest size (Å)
24.35 23.87 35.05 24.40 23.64 34.33 23.67 23.07 23.61 34.15
14.92 15.89 12.66 14.88 16.99 14.71 16.81 19.16 17.14 14.66
8844 9060 15561 8861 9495 17327 9428 10199 9549 17096
3.22 4.95 7.00 7.00 7.44 9.10 11.35 11.35 13.25
■
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we performed a systematic study on a flexible ZrMOF as a crystalline sponge and demonstrated that linear dicarboxylate compounds with different lengths and functional groups can be encapsulated into the void of PCN-700. Singlecrystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to study the single-crystal-to-single-crystal guest inclusion. The present research expands the potential ability of MOFs as the crystalline sponge to adsorb dicarboxylate compounds through coordination bonds, and the positions of guest molecules can be obtained by X-ray crystallography. More investigation is currently underway in our lab.
between two adjacent Zr6 clusters in pristine PCN-700 (6.98 Å), so two SA fragments were encapsulated in one cage. Owing to interactions of these two SA fragments, the framework was a little opened up to 8.06 Å in PCN-700-SA (Figure 2a). However, the adsorption of FA (fumarate, 4.95 Å) squeezes the framework of PCN-700 owing to its proper length and inherent flexibility (Figure 2b). Although DOBDC possesses a similar length with BDC (1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), the connection modes were different between pristine PCN-700 and guest molecules resulting from the presence of −OH groups (Figure 2c, d). In addition, two DOBDC fragments were adsorbed in the cage due to its hanging feature, thus the framework was opened up (17.0 Å), which is larger than that of PCN-700-BDC (14.9 Å). With the encapsulation of MA, the channel size did not change by a large amount like the case of BDC (Figure 2e), whereas the rigid linear NDC (2,6-napthalene dicarboxylate)
■
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
S Supporting Information *
The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16264. Experimental details, figures, and tables (PDF) Crystallographic data (CIF)
■
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
*E-mail:
[email protected]. 33410
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16264 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 33408−33412
Forum Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces *E-mail:
[email protected].
(13) Lu, W.; Wei, Z.; Gu, Z.-Y.; Liu, T.-F.; Park, J.; Park, J.; Tian, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Q.; Gentle, T., III; Bosch, M.; Zhou, H.-C. Tuning the Structure and Function of Metal−Organic Frameworks via Linker Design. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 5561−5593. (14) He, Y.; Li, B.; O’Keeffe, M.; Chen, B. Multifunctional Metal− Organic Frameworks Constructed from Meta-benzenedicarboxylate Units. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 5618−5656. (15) Du, D.-Y.; Qin, J.-S.; Li, S.-L.; Su, Z.-M.; Lan, Y.-Q. Recent Advances in Porous Polyoxometalate-Based Metal−Organic Framework Materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 4615−4632. (16) Schoedel, A.; Li, M.; Li, D.; O’Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Structures of Metal−Organic Frameworks with Rod Secondary Building Units. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 12466−12535. (17) Nugent, P.; Belmabkhout, Y.; Burd, S. D.; Cairns, A. J.; Luebke, R.; Forrest, K.; Pham, T.; Ma, S.; Space, B.; Wojtas, L.; Eddaoudi, M.; Zaworotko, M. J. Porous Materials with Optimal Adsorption Thermodynamics and Kinetics for CO2 Separation. Nature 2013, 495, 80−84. (18) Sato, H.; Kosaka, W.; Matsuda, R.; Hori, A.; Hijikata, Y.; Belosludov, R. V.; Sakaki, S.; Takata, M.; Kitagawa, S. Self-Accelerating CO Sorption in a Soft Nanoporous Crystal. Science 2014, 343, 167− 170. (19) Zhang, Y.-B.; Zhou, H.-L.; Lin, R.-B.; Zhang, C.; Lin, J.-B.; Zhang, J.-P.; Chen, X.-M. Geometry Analysis and Systematic Synthesis of Highly Porous Isoreticular Frameworks with a Unique Topology. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 642. (20) Qin, J.-S.; Du, D.-Y.; Li, W.-L.; Zhang, J.-P.; Li, S.-L.; Su, Z.-M.; Wang, X.-L.; Xu, Q.; Shao, K.-Z.; Lan, Y.-Q. N-rich Zeolite-Like Metal−Organic Framework with Sodalite Topology: High CO2 Uptake, Selective Gas Adsorption and Efficient Drug Delivery. Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 2114−2118. (21) Qin, J.-S.; Du, D.-Y.; Guan, W.; Bo, X.-J.; Li, Y.-F.; Guo, L.-P.; Su, Z.-M.; Wang, Y.-Y.; Lan, Y.-Q.; Zhou, H.-C. Ultrastable Polymolybdate-Based Metal−Organic Frameworks as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation from Water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 7169−7177. (22) Wang, F.; Liu, Z.-S.; Yang, H.; Tan, Y.-X.; Zhang, J. Hybrid Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks with Catalytically Active TO4 Building Blocks. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 450−453. (23) Yuan, S.; Chen, Y.-P.; Qin, J.; Lu, W.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Q.; Bosch, M.; Liu, T.-F.; Lian, X.; Zhou, H.-C. Cooperative Cluster Metalation and Ligand Migration in Zirconium Metal−Organic Frameworks. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 14696−14700. (24) Qin, J.-S.; Du, D.-Y.; Li, M.; Lian, X.-Z.; Dong, L.-Z.; Bosch, M.; Su, Z.-M.; Zhang, Q.; Li, S.-L.; Lan, Y.-Q.; Yuan, S.; Zhou, H.-C. Derivation and Decoration of Nets with Trigonal-Prismatic Nodes: A Unique Route to Reticular Synthesis of Metal−Organic Frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 5299−5307. (25) Wang, X.; Lu, W.; Gu, Z.-Y.; Wei, Z.; Zhou, H.-C. TopologyGuided Design of an Anionic bor-Network for Photocatalytic [Ru(bpy)3]2+ Encapsulation. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 1926−1929. (26) Deng, H.; Doonan, C. J.; Furukawa, H.; Ferreira, R. B.; Towne, J.; Knobler, C. B.; Wang, B.; Yaghi, O. M. Multiple Functional Groups of Varying Ratios in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Science 2010, 327, 846−850. (27) Hirai, K.; Furukawa, S.; Kondo, M.; Uehara, H.; Sakata, O.; Kitagawa, S. Sequential Functionalization of Porous Coordination Polymer Crystals. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 8057−8061. (28) Chen, B.; Xiang, S.; Qian, G. Metal−Organic Frameworks with Functional Pores for Recognition of Small Molecules. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 1115−1124. (29) Kreno, L. E.; Leong, K.; Farha, O. M.; Allendorf, M.; Van Duyne, R. P.; Hupp, J. T. Metal−Organic Framework Materials as Chemical Sensors. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 1105−1125. (30) Li, J.-R.; Sculley, J.; Zhou, H.-C. Metal−Organic Frameworks for Separations. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 869−932. (31) Inokuma, Y.; Ukegawa, T.; Hoshino, M.; Fujita, M. Structure Determination of Microbial Metabolites by the Crystalline Sponge Method. Chem. Sci. 2016, 7, 3910−3913.
ORCID
Hong-Cai Zhou: 0000-0002-9029-3788 Author Contributions †
J.-S.Q. and S.Y. contributed equally.
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP) at KSU is gratefully acknowledged for supporting this work. This work was also supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Award DE-SC0001015, and the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Program under Award DE-EE0007049. The authors also acknowledge the financial supports of U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DEFE0026472). S.Y. also acknowledges the Texas A&M Energy Institute Graduate Fellowship Funded by ConocoPhillips and Dow Chemical Graduate Fellowship.
■
REFERENCES
(1) Ooi, L. Principles of X-Ray Crystallography; Oxford University Press: Oxford, U.K., 2010. (2) Sheldrick, G. M. A Short History of SHELX. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr. 2008, 64, 112−122. (3) Inokuma, Y.; Yoshioka, S.; Ariyoshi, J.; Arai, T.; Hitora, Y.; Takada, K.; Matsunaga, S.; Rissanen, K.; Fujita, M. X-ray Analysis on the Nanogram to Microgram Scale Using Porous Complexes. Nature 2013, 495, 461−466. (4) Vinogradova, E. V.; Müller, P.; Buchwald, S. L. Structural Reevaluation of the Electrophilic Hypervalent Iodine Reagent for Trifluoromethylthiolation Supported by the Crystalline Sponge Method for X-ray Analysis. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3125− 3128. (5) Mori, K.; Akasaka, K.; Matsunaga, S. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and HPLC Analysis of the Stereoisomers of Miyakosyne A [(4E,24E)14-Methyloctacosa-4,24-diene-1,27-diyne-3,26-diol], a Cytotoxic Metabolite of a Marine Sponge Petrosia sp., to Determine the Absolute Configuration of Its Major Component as 3R,14R,26R. Tetrahedron 2014, 70, 392−401. (6) Ramadhar, T. R.; Zheng, S.-L.; Chen, Y.-S.; Clardy, J. The Crystalline Sponge Method: MOF Terminal Ligand Effects. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 11252−11255. (7) Yoshioka, S.; Inokuma, Y.; Hoshino, M.; Sato, T.; Fujita, M. Absolute Structure Determination of Compounds with Axial and Planar Chirality Using the Crystalline Sponge Method. Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 3765−3768. (8) Urban, S.; Brkljača, R.; Hoshino, M.; Lee, S.; Fujita, M. Determination of the Absolute Configuration of the PseudoSymmetric Natural Product Elatenyne by the Crystalline Sponge Method. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 2678−2682. (9) Duplan, V.; Hoshino, M.; Li, W.; Honda, T.; Fujita, M. In Situ Observation of Thiol Michael Addition to a Reversible Covalent Drug in a Crystalline Sponge. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 4919−4923. (10) Cuenca, A. B.; Zigon, N.; Duplan, V.; Hoshino, M.; Fujita, M.; Fernández, E. Undeniable Confirmation of the syn-Addition Mechanism for Metal-Free Diboration by Using the Crystalline Sponge Method. Chem. - Eur. J. 2016, 22, 4723−4726. (11) Schneemann, A.; Bon, V.; Schwedler, I.; Senkovska, I.; Kaskel, S.; Fischer, R. A. Flexible Metal−Organic Frameworks. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 6062−6096. (12) Guillerm, V.; Kim, D.; Eubank, J. F.; Luebke, R.; Liu, X.; Adil, K.; Lah, M. S.; Eddaoudi, M. A Supermolecular Building Approach for the Design and Construction of Metal−Organic Frameworks. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 6141−6172. 33411
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16264 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 33408−33412
Forum Article
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (32) Yoshioka, S.; Inokuma, Y.; Duplan, V.; Dubey, R.; Fujita, M. Xray Structure Analysis of Ozonides by the Crystalline Sponge Method. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 10140−10142. (33) Brunet, G.; Safin, D. A.; Korobkov, I.; Cognigni, A.; Murugesu, M. Hidden Transformations of a Crystalline Sponge: Elucidating the Stability of a Highly Porous Three-Dimensional Metal−Organic Framework. Cryst. Growth Des. 2016, 16, 4043−4050. (34) Hayes, L. M.; Knapp, C. E.; Nathoo, K. Y.; Press, N. J.; Tocher, D. A.; Carmalt, C. J. The Crystalline Sponge Method: A Systematic Study of the Reproducibility of Simple Aromatic Molecule Encapsulation and Guest−Host Interactions. Cryst. Growth Des. 2016, 16, 3465−3472. (35) Yuan, S.; Lu, W.; Chen, Y.-P.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, T.-F.; Feng, D.; Wang, X.; Qin, J.; Zhou, H.-C. Sequential Linker Installation: Precise Placement of Functional Groups in Multivariate Metal−Organic Frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 3177−3180. (36) Cavka, J. H.; Jakobsen, S.; Olsbye, U.; Guillou, N.; Lamberti, C.; Bordiga, S.; Lillerud, K. P. A New Zirconium Inorganic Building Brick Forming Metal Organic Frameworks with Exceptional Stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13850−13851. (37) Furukawa, H.; Gándara, F.; Zhang, Y.-B.; Jiang, J.; Queen, W. L.; Hudson, M. R.; Yaghi, O. M. Water Adsorption in Porous Metal− Organic Frameworks and Related Materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 4369−4381. (38) Pearson, R. G. Hard and Soft Acids and Bases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 3533−3539. (39) Bai, Y.; Dou, Y.; Xie, L.-H.; Rutledge, W.; Li, J.-R.; Zhou, H.-C. Zr-based Metal−Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, Structure, and Applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 2327−2367. (40) Yuan, S.; Zou, L.; Li, H.; Chen, Y.-P.; Qin, J.; Zhang, Q.; Lu, W.; Hall, M. B.; Zhou, H.-C. Flexible Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks as Bioinspired Switchable Catalysts. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 10776−10780. (41) Deria, P.; Mondloch, J. E.; Tylianakis, E.; Ghosh, P.; Bury, W.; Snurr, R. Q.; Hupp, J. T.; Farha, O. K. Perfluoroalkane Functionalization of NU-1000 via Solvent-Assisted Ligand Incorporation: Synthesis and CO2 Adsorption Studies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 16801−16804. (42) Jiang, J.; Gándara, F.; Zhang, Y.-B.; Na, K.; Yaghi, O. M.; Klemperer, W. G. Superacidity in Sulfated Metal−Organic Framework-808. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 12844−12847. (43) Yuan, S.; Chen, Y.-P.; Qin, J.; Lu, W.; Zou, L.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, X.; Sun, X.; Zhou, H.-C. Linker Installation: Engineering Pore Environment with Precisely Placed Functionalities in Zirconium MOFs. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 8912−8919.
33412
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16264 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 33408−33412
