Formaldehyde Release from Wood Products

Downloaded by 80.82.77.83 on May 4, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: August 8, 1986 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1986-0316.ix002

Author Index Anderson, W. H., 154 Andrews, B. A. K o t t e s , 52 Baker, V., 67 B a t h i j a , A., 40 B e r t o n i e r e , N o e l i e R., 52 Cameron, F. A., 198 C o u t r o t , D., 209 Dunker, A. K., 76 Emery, J . A., 26 F r i c k , J r . , J . G., 52 G r i f f i s , L. C , MO Groah, W i l l i a m J . , 17 G u s t a f s s o n , Hans N. 0., 145 Hanetho, P e r , 202 Hermanns, K., 1,67 Ho, Mat H., 107

Hobbs, H., 40 H o e t j e r , J . J . , 125 Johns, W i l l i a m E., 76 K a n a p i l l y , G. M., 40 K o e r t s , F., 125 Lagroon, H. S., 154 Meyer, B., 1, 67, 217 M o k l e r , B. V., 40 Myers, George E., 87 Newton, L. R., 154 P i c k r e l l , J . A., 40 P i z z i , A., 198 R e i n h a r d t , Robert M., 52 Romeis, M., 188 Stephens, K. A., 154 Weng, J u i - L i n , 116

Subject Index A

A b s o l u t e odor t h r e s h o l d , formaldehyde, 5 Adhesive r e s i n s , m a n u f a c t u r i n g steps, 3 A i r chamber t e s t , m a t e r i a l s t a n d a r d s f o r formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 224 A i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , h i s t o r y and d i s c u s s i o n , formaldehyde c o m p l a i n t s and, 4-6 A i r exchange r a t e , e f f e c t s o f l o a d i n g and, chamber c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 167-173 A i r exposure l i m i t g u i d e l i n e s or regulations, various countries, i n d o o r , 224t A i r formaldehyde l i m i t s , d i s c u s s i o n , i n d o o r , 222 A i r g u i d e l i n e s , formaldehyde, comparison o f o c c u p a t i o n a l and ambient, 221 A i r h u m i d i t y , e f f e c t on formaldehyde s t o r a g e and e m i s s i o n from wood, 74 A i r h u m i d i t y and t e m p e r a t u r e , e f f e c t on formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 211 A i r p o l l u t i o n , formaldehyde, r e g u l a t o r y a g e n c i e s , i n d o o r , 218 American Plywood A s s o c i a t i o n s t u d y , p h e n o l i c p a n e l e m i s s i o n s , 32-35 Amide d e r i v a t i v e s , c e l l u l o s e , r e a c t i o n w i t h formaldehyde and i t s , 52

A m i n o p l a s t s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 210 Ammonia t r e a t m e n t , e f f e c t on p a r t i c l e b o a r d e m i s s i o n s , 135 Anhydroglucose u n i t s , p o l y m e r i c c h a i n of c e l l u l o s e , 5 4 f Aqueous formaldehyde r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s , 13C-NMR, 68 Aqueous phase, wood, formaldehyde a b s o r p t i o n and r e a c t i o n , 71 Automated flow i n j e c t i o n a n a l y s i s (FIA) system, formaldehyde, 107

B

B a s e - c a t a l y z e d phenol-formaldehyde (PF) b o a r d , mechanisms o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 87 B e l l method, formaldehyde e m i s s i o n from a p a n e l s u r f a c e , 205 Board c o n d i t i o n i n g f o r l a r g e chamber t e s t i n g , environmental t e s t chamber, 163-165 Board formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , e f f e c t o f r e s i n h y d r o l y s i s or other p r o c e s s e s , 88 Bonded wood p r o d u c t s ambiguous e v i d e n c e o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 90 gas e l u t i o n , 91-95

231

Meyer et al.; Formaldehyde Release from Wood Products ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

232

FORMALDEHYDE RELEASE FROM WOOD PRODUCTS

Bonded wood p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d l i t e r a t u r e evidence o f d i f f u s i o n c o n t r o l , 89 mechanisms o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 87 water e x t r a c t i o n , 98 w e i g h i n g b o t t l e t e s t , 95-98


C

Carbon-13 n u c l e a r magnetic resonance (13C NMR) aqueous e t h a n e d i o l - f o r m a l d e h y d e derivatives, 69t c e l l u l o b i o s e , 72f c e l l u l o s e model compounds, formaldehyde s t o r a g e , 67 e t h a n e d i o l - m e t h y l e n e g l y c o l , 70f formaldehyde, 7 0 f methanol-formaldehyde d e r i v a t i v e s , 68t methoxy formaldehyde, 7 0 f Carcinomas, n a s a l , i n mice and r a t s , 40 C a r p e t s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 42,45t C e l l o b i o s e , 13C-NMR spectrum, 7 2 f r e a c t i o n w i t h formaldehyde, c e l l u l o s e model systems, 71 Cellulose ethylene glycol-formaldehyde reaction,69 formaldehyde c r o s s - l i n k t h e o r y development, 53-57 formaldehyde r e a c t i o n s , e a r l y s t u d i e s , 53 i n t e r m o l e c u l a r c r o s s - l i n k i n g by formaldehyde, 55 methanol-formaldehyde r e a c t i o n , 68 models f o r formaldehyde s t o r a g e , 13C NMR, 67 r e a c t i o n w i t h formaldehyde amide d e r i v a t i v e s , 52 c o t t o n , 68 sugar-formaldehyde r e a c t i o n , 71 thermodynamics o f water a b s o r p t i o n on wood, 7 2 f Chamber and f i e l d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , measurement methods, 158 Chamber formaldehyde c o n c e n t r a t i o n , temperature e f f e c t , l 6 9 f Chamber p r o t o c o l f o r t e s t i n g wood products, environmental test chamber, 158 C l o t h e s , new, r e l e a s e o f formaldehyde, 44t C o l l o i d a l d i s p e r s i o n s , UF r e s i n s , 77 C o l l o i d a l model, UF r e s i n s , 79 Combustion p r o d u c t , formaldehyde, 210t

Comminution flow r a t e e f f e c t s on gas e l u t i o n , formaldehyde r e l e a s e from bonded wood p r o d u c t s , 91 implications f o r large-panel formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 98 Comparison o f o c c u p a t i o n a l and ambient a i r g u i d e l i n e s , formaldehyde, 221 Comparisons between c r o s s - l i n k i n g and p o l y m e r i z a t i o n , c o t t o n f a b r i c , 61 Continuous flow a n a l y s i s (CFA), d i s c u s s i o n , 108 Cotton c e l l u l o s e commercial r e a c t i o n s , 52 r e a c t i o n w i t h formaldehyde, 68 Cotton f a b r i c comparisons between c r o s s - l i n k i n g and p o l y m e r i z a t i o n , 61 finished for wrinkle resistance, c r o s s - l i n k s u b s t i t u t i o n , 56t Cotton f i b e r s , i n t r a f i b e r p o l y m e r i z a t i o n o f m e t h a c r y l a t e , 60f Cross-linking agent development, c e l l u l o s e cross-linking with formaldehyde, 57 f a b r i c s , c r e a s e r e c o v e r y a n g l e , 58f m o i s t u r e r e g a i n as a r e s u l t o f s w e l l i n g d u r i n g , 62f response, c e l l u l o s e c r o s s - l i n k i n g w i t h formaldehyde, 57-61 substitution, cotton fabric finished f o r w r i n k l e r e s i s t a n c e , 56t theory development, c e l l u l o s e reactions with formaldehyde, 53-57 C r y s t a l l i n e n a t u r e , UF, 79 Cured neat r e s i n s , formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n , 103

D

D e s i c c a t o r method comparison o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e rate c o e f f i c i e n t s , ventilated chambers and n o n v e n t i l a t e d , 46t c o r r e l a t i o n with environmental test chamber method, 176,179 dynamic chamber and 2-hr, p h e n o l i c p a n e l p r o d u c t s , v a r i o u s , 36t formaldehyde v a l u e s , r e l a t i o n s h i p between number o f V-grooves i n d e s i c c a t o r samples, 2 3 f m a t e r i a l standards f o r formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 224 measurements, m a t e r i a l s and methods, formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 41 summary, p h e n o l i c p a n e l s , 30t


INDEX

233


D i f f u s i o n b a r r i e r , d e f i n i t i o n , 202 D i f f u s i o n c o n t r o l , bonded wood p r o d u c t s , l i t e r a t u r e e v i d e n c e , 89 D i s p e r s i o n , importance i n F I A , 109 D i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n s o f formaldehyde a i r l e v e l s , m o b i l e home, 11f Dynamic chamber t e s t , 2-hr d e s s i c a t o r t e s t s , phenolic panel products, various, 3 6 t formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w , 28 m a t e r i a l s and methods, formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 42 p h e n o l i c p a n e l s , summary, 29t r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s from product c o m b i n a t i o n s , 48t

E

E m i s s i o n measurement and exposure modeling, h i s t o r y and d i s c u s s i o n , 6-12 E m i s s i o n m o d e l i n g , formaldehyde emission rate, 9 E m i s s i o n parameters w i t h ammonia t r e a t m e n t , c a l c u l a t e d , 136t E m i s s i o n t e s t methods, formaldehyde, 8 t E n e r g y - e f f i c i e n t homes, formaldehyde e m i s s i o n problems, 218 Environmental f a c t o r s , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n modeling, 10 E n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber board c o n d i t i o n i n g f o r l a r g e chamber t e s t i n g , 163-165 chamber d e s i g n , 156-158 c o n d i t i o n i n g c a b i n e t , I66f formaldehyde r e c o v e r y s t u d i e s , 159-163 h i s t o r y , 155 methodology t o c o r r e l a t e q u a l i t y c o n t r o l method, 178 p a r t i c l e b o a r d , hardwood plywood p a n e l i n g and u n f i n i s h e d MDF, 174 q u a l i t y c o n t r o l t e s t methods and chamber c o r r e l a t i o n s , 176 round r o b i n chamber comparisons, 176 s k e t c h , I60f temperature e f f e c t on chamber c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , 165 wood p r o d u c t s , v a r i o u s , c o m b i n a t i o n l o a d i n g , 173-175 Enzymatic f l u o r o m e t r i c method I fluorescence i n t e n s i t y v s . t i m e , 121f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n , 119

Enzymatic f l u o r o m e t r i c m e t h o d — Continued II fluorescence i n t e n s i t y versus t i m e , 122f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n , 120 t r a c e a n a l y s i s o f formaldehyde, two n o v e l , 123 Enzymatic method p r i n c i p l e , 117 procedure, 118 wood p r o d u c t s , 116 Equilibrium concentration, formaldehyde r e l e a s e from p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 126 E q u i l i b r i u m j a r method c o r r e l a t i o n t o chamber, particleboard, l80f c o r r e l a t i o n t o environmental t e s t chamber, 176,178 E s t e r i f i c a t i o n , commercial r e a c t i o n s o f c o t t o n c e l l u l o s e , 53 Ethanediol-formaldehyde d e r i v a t i v e s , 13C-NMR peaks o f aqueous, 69t Ethanediol-methylene g l y c o l m i x t u r e s , 13C-NMR, 7 0 f E t h e r i f i c a t i o n , commercial r e a c t i o n s o f c o t t o n c e l l u l o s e , 53 Ethylene glycol-formaldehyde r e a c t i o n , c e l l u l o s e , model systems, 69 European p a r t i c l e b o a r d i n d u s t r y , development o f e m i s s i o n t e s t i n g , 218 Exposure m o d e l i n g , h i s t o r y and d i s c u s s i o n , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n measurement and, 6-12 E x t e n s i b i l i t y , effect of cellulose cross-linking with formaldehyde, 55 F Fabrics crease recovery angle o f cross-linked, 58f formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 42 r e l e a s e o f formaldehyde, 45t F i b e r p r o p e r t i e s , changes r e l a t e d t o c r o s s - l i n k i n g , 59 Fiberglass i n s u l a t i o n products, formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 42 F i e l d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , formaldehyde measurement methods, 158 F i e l d measurements v s . p r e d i c t e d formaldehyde l e v e l s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, 183



234


Flow i n j e c t i o n a n a l y s i s (FIA) apparatus and r e a g e n t s , formaldehyde, 110 automated system, formaldehyde, 107 d i s p e r s i o n , 111f p r i n c i p l e , 108-111 p r o c e d u r e , formaldehyde, 112 t y p i c a l response peaks, formaldehyde, 1 l 4 f Flow r a t e e f f e c t s on gas e l u t i o n , bonded wood p r o d u c t s , comminution and, 91 F l u o r o m e t r i c enzymatic method I fluorescence i n t e n s i t y versus time, 121f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n , 119 II fluorescence i n t e n s i t y versus time, 122f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n , 120 t r a c e a n a l y s i s o f formaldehyde, two n o v e l , 123 F l u o r o m e t r i c enzymatic methods, formaldehyde r e l e a s e from wood p r o d u c t s , 116 Formaldehyde air levels, diurnal variations i n moble homes, 11f a i r measurements, 7 amide d e r i v a t i v e s , c e l l u l o s e r e a c t i o n w i t h , 52 a n a l y s i s by F I A apparatus and r e a g e n t s , 110 p r o c e d u r e , 112 b e h a v i o r toward u r e a , 77 13C NMR o f c e l l u l o s e model compounds, 67 13C-NMR spectrum, 7 0 f combustion p r o d u c t , 21Ot common human response, 222 c o m p l a i n t s and a i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , h i s t o r y and d i s c u s s i o n , 4-6 content and e m i s s i o n , p a r t i c l e b o a r d t e s t methods, 204 cross-linking, cellulose r e a c t i o n s , 53-61 detection, pararosaniline method, 112 determination of occupational t h r e s h o l d l e v e l s , 219 e a r l y developments, c e l l u l o s e r e a c t i o n s w i t h , 53 e m i s s i o n from p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 188 FIA system, 107 hardwood plywood c o n s t r u c t i o n s , p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e s , 19f loss r a t i o s , various h u m i d i t i e s , 99f-100f

Formaldehyde—Continued

measurement methods f o r chamber and f i e l d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , 158 n a t u r a l presence i n environment, 209 observed i n d o o r a i r exposures, 222t o c c u p a t i o n a l exposure l i m i t s f o r v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , 220t o c c u p a t i o n a l t h r e s h o l d l e v e l s and exposures, 219-221 odor d e t e c t i o n dose-response c u r v e , h e a l t h y young a d u l t s , 6 odor t h r e s h o l d , 223f r e a c t i o n w i t h c e l l u l o s e model systems c e l l o b i o s e , 71 e t h y l e n e g l y c o l , 69 methanol, 68 sugar, 71 r e a c t i o n w i t h c o t t o n c e l l u l o s e , 68 reduction-emission steps during r e s i n manufacture, 4 regulatory agencies, indoor a i r p o l l u t i o n , 218 r e l a t i o n s h i p between number o f V-grooves i n d e s i c c a t o r samples, 2 3 f schematic diagram, microprocessor-controlled FIA system, 111f sources i n p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 202 s t a b i l i z i n g influence of, associated l i q u i d systems, 77 s t a t e s , a c i d - c a t a l y z e d UF-bonded b o a r d , 102 s t o r a g e i n wood, mechanisms, 67 t y p i c a l response peaks, F I A system, 1 l 4 f v a r i o u s phenolic-bonded panel p r o d u c t s , summary o f t e s t data, 34t Formaldehyde c o n c e n t r a t i o n a i r as f u n c t i o n o f a i r temperature, p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 212f chamber e f f e c t o f a i r change r a t e and loading, I69f,172f e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s combinations o f wood p r o d u c t s , 175f f u n c t i o n o f a i r f l o w , 131t f u n c t i o n o f time w i t h o u t v e n t i l a t i o n , 127f Sweden, p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 215f temperature e f f e c t , chamber, l 6 9 f urban a i r , 21Ot Formaldehyde d e r i v a t i v e s , 13C-NMR peaks o f aqueous e t h a n e d i o l , 6 9 t Formaldehyde d e t e r m i n a t i o n , p r i n c i p l e , enzymatic method f o r , 117 Formaldehyde e l u t i o n d i f f e r e n t dry gasses, p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 93f



INDEX

235

Formaldehyde e l u t i o n — C o n t i n u e d n i t r o g e n , UF p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 94f Formaldehyde e m i s s i o n comminuted systems, i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r l a r g e p a n e l , 98 c o n t r o l and r e d u c t i o n , methods, 12-14 d i s c u s s i o n , woodbased p a n e l s and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , 151 e f f e c t of r e s i n h y d r o l y s i s or other p r o c e s s e s , b o a r d , 88 French p a r t i c l e b o a r d p r o d u c t i o n , f u n c t i o n o f , 214t f u n c t i o n o f age and FU r a t i o , MDF, 13 hardwood plywood and o t h e r wood-based p a n e l p r o d u c t s , 17 l a r g e p a n e l s , 101 m a t e r i a l s s t a n d a r d s , 224-226 measurement and exposure m o d e l i n g , h i s t o r y and d i s c u s s i o n , 6-12 model development, h i s t o r y , 125 particleboard d i s c u s s i o n , 203 e f f e c t of d i f f u s i o n b a r r i e r s , 202 e f f e c t of s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s and o v e r l a y s , 205-207 e f f e c t of v e n e e r i n g , 137 phenolic panels l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w , 27-32 t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , 27 product t e s t methods, 7 r a t e comparison, v a r i o u s wood-based p a n e l s , 146 r e d u c t i o n methods, 20 r e g u l a t i o n s , v a r i o u s European c o u n t r i e s , 213t r e s u l t s , boards s p i k e d w i t h t a n n i n e x t r a c t , 200t standards benchmarks, 18 r e g u l a t i o n , d i s c u s s i o n , 154 t e s t methods, 146 development, 20 v a r i o u s , 8t v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , 225t test results p i e c e s o f f u r n i t u r e , 149 woodbased p a n e l s and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , 149 v a r i a b l e h u m i d i t y , 196t wood p r o d u c t s , r e d u c t i o n s t e p s , 87 Formaldehyde e x t r a c t i o n , w a t e r , bonded wood p r o d u c t s , 98 Formaldehyde l e v e l s e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, f i e l d measurements v s . p r e d i c t e d , 183 f u n c t i o n of v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e , mobile home, 11f multiple-product loading chamber, 174t Formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 97f

Formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n — C o n t i n u e d water, p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 99f weighing b o t t l e technique bonded wood p r o d u c t s , 95-98 d i s c u s s i o n , 104 Formaldehyde r e c o v e r y , e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, 159-163 Formaldehyde r e g u l a t i o n s French view o f European, 209-216 o c c u p a t i o n a l and indoor a i r exposure, 217 Formaldehyde r e l e a s e bonded wood p r o d u c t s ambiguous e v i d e n c e , 90 mechanisms o f , 87 dependence on r e s i n f o r m u l a t i o n and c u r i n g c o n d i t i o n s , 2-4 e f f e c t o f p a n e l age, 31 e f f e c t of temperature, 28 method and p r o c e d u r e , enzymatic methods, 118 model e f f e c t of volume and l o a d i n g f a c t o r , 133 particleboard d i s c u s s i o n , 125 i d e a l m i x i n g , 129 i n t r o d u c t i o n , 126-128 p l u g f l o w , 128 n a s a i g | r c J n o m a s i n mice and a

particleboard d e s c r i b e d by two c h a r a c t e r i s t i c parameters, 139 determination of e q u i l i b r i u m concentration, 126 i n t r o d u c t i o n t o model, 126-128 mass t r a n s f e r r e s i s t a n c e s , 132 model parameter d e f i n i t i o n , 130-132 model examples, 133-140 p l u g flow model, 128 r e a l l i f e , p r e d i c t i o n by l a b o r a t o r y measurement, 188 r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n , enzymatic f l u o r o m e t r i c method I , 119 UF p a r t i c l e b o a r d , t a n n i n s - i n d u c e d d e p r e s s i o n , 198-201 UF systems, 85 wood p a n e l p r o d u c t s bonded w i t h PF a d h e s i v e s , 26 wood p r o d u c t s , f l u o r o m e t r i c enzymatic methods, 116 Formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t , d i s c u s s i o n , 43 Formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s d e s i c c a t o r measurements, m a t e r i a l s and methods, 41 dynamic chamber measurements, 42 s e l e c t e d consumer p r o d u c t s , 40 v e n t i l a t e d chambers and nonventilated desiccators comparison o f , 46t


236


Formaldehyde r e m o v a l , gas e l u t i o n , bonded wood p r o d u c t s , 91-95 Formaldehyde s u r f a c e e m i s s i o n m o n i t o r (FSEM), c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, 176,179 Formaldehyde v a p o r , most common human response, 5 Formaldehyde-urea r a t i o formaldehyde e m i s s i o n r e d u c t i o n , 20 formaldehyde r e l e a s e , model, p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 133 F u r n i s h and cured r e s i n , n i t r o g e n e l u t i o n o f p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 104


G

Gas a n a l y s i s method m a t e r i a l s t a n d a r d s f o r formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 224 particleboard, test result comparison, 190t r a t i o , 192f Gas e l u t i o n , bonded wood p r o d u c t s , formaldehyde removal, 91-95 Gas f l o w method comparison, v a r i o u s p a r t i c l e b o a r d p r o d u c t s , 195f influence o f short-term moisture v a r i a t i o n s , 193t m e r i t e v a l u a t i o n o f exposure r i s k , 213 Gas m o i s t u r e e f f e c t s on gas e l u t i o n , formaldehyde r e l e a s e from bonded wood p r o d u c t s , 92 G e o r g i a I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, formaldehyde r e c o v e r y s t u d i e s , 159-163 G e o r g i a - P a c i f i c , formaldehyde r e c o v e r y s t u d i e s , 161 G l y c i n e , b a l a n c e diagram f o r condensation, 84f

H

Hardwood plywood i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s , 17 p o t e n t i a l sources o f formaldehyde, 19f s i n g l e l a r g e s t end use, 18 weight p e r c e n t o f UFR, 2 Hardwood plywood p a n e l i n g combination loading, environmental t e s t chamber, 173 c o r r e l a t i o n o f 2-hr d e s i c c a t o r t o chamber, I 8 0 f

Hardwood plywood p a n e l i n g — C o n t i n u e d e f f e c t o f a i r change r a t e and l o a d i n g on chamber formaldehyde c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 172f u n f i n i s h e d MDF, e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 174 Humidity e f f e c t on formaldehyde s t o r a g e and e m i s s i o n from wood, a i r , 74 formaldehyde l o s s r a t i o s , v a r i o u s , 99f-100f mean formaldehyde e m i s s i o n w i t h v a r i a b l e , 196t Hydrolysis r e s i n , a c t u a l boards, l i t e r a t u r e e v i d e n c e , 89 UF r e s i n , c o n t r i b u t i o n t o b o a r d , 88 H y d r o p h i l i c i t y o f UF r e s i n s , changes i n , 85

I Indoor a i r exposure l i m i t g u i d e l i n e s or r e g u l a t i o n s , v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , 224t Indoor a i r formaldehyde l i m i t s , d i s c u s s i o n , 222 Indoor a i r p o l l u t i o n , formaldehyde, r e g u l a t o r y a g e n c i e s , 218 Insulation products, release o f formaldehyde, 4 4 t Intermolecular c r o s s - l i n k i n g o f c e l l u l o s e by formaldehyde, 55 I s o c y a n a t e s , r e s i d u a l formaldehyde r e l e a s e , wood p r o d u c t s made with, 2

L

Large-chamber t e s t i n g , e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, board c o n d i t i o n i n g , 163-165 Loading and a i r exchange r a t e , e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, e f f e c t s on chamber c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 167-173

M Manufactured home r e g u l a t i o n s , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n s , 22-24 Mass t r a n s f e r r e s i s t a n c e s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e , p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 132



INDEX

237

MDF—See Medium d e n s i t y f i b e r b o a r d Medium d e n s i t y f i b e r b o a r d (MDF) e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, p a r t i c l e b o a r d , hardwood plywood p a n e l i n g and u n f i n i s h e d , 174 formaldehyde e m i s s i o n as a f u n c t i o n of age and molar r a t i o F:U, 13f formaldehyde e m i s s i o n v e r s u s p e r f o r a t o r - v a l u e , 150f l o a d i n g and a i r exchange r a t e e f f e c t s on chamber c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 171,172f weight percent o f UFR, 2 Melamine-urea-formaldehyde particleboard, test result comparison, 190t Methanol-formaldehyde d e r i v a t i v e s , 13C-NMR peaks, 68t Methanol-formaldehyde r e a c t i o n , c e l l u l o s e , model systems, 68 Methoxy formaldehyde, 13C-NMR spectrum, 7 0 f M e t h y l o l agent, s y n t h e s i s , r e a c t i o n with c e l l u l o s e , 54f MFR—See Melamine-formaldehyde r e s i n s M o b i l e homes, formaldehyde e m i s s i o n problems, 218 M o i s t u r e r e s i s t a n t boards, formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , d i s c u s s i o n , 151

N N a s a l carcinomas i n mice and r a t s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 40 Nitrogen e l u t i o n o f p a r t i c l e b o a r d , and cured r e s i n , formaldehyde e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e s , 104

0 O c c u p a t i o n a l and ambient a i r g u i d e l i n e s , formaldehyde, comparison, 221 O c c u p a t i o n a l exposure l e v e l s , formaldehyde, r e c e n t l y observed, 221 O c c u p a t i o n a l exposure l i m i t s , formaldehyde, v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , 220t Occupational threshold l e v e l s e x p o s u r e s , formaldehyde, 219-221 formaldehyde, d e t e r m i n a t i o n , 219 Odor d e t e c t i o n , dose-response c u r v e , h e a l t h y young a d u l t s , 6 Odor t h r e s h o l d , formaldehyde, a b s o l u t e , 5,223f

P

Panel l a r g e , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 101 o t h e r wood-based m a t e r i a l s , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n t e s t r e s u l t s , 149 v a r i o u s wood-based, formaldehyde e m i s s i o n r a t e comparison, 146 P a n e l age, e f f e c t on formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 31 Panel p r o d u c t s , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n s , hardwood plywood and o t h e r wood-based, 17 P a n e l s u r f a c e , b e l l method, formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 205 P a n e l i n g , e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber r e s u l t s v s . q u a l i t y c o n t r o l , 182 Paper p l a t e s and cups, r e l e a s e o f formaldehyde, 45t Paper p r o d u c t s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 42 Particleboard background formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 188 correlation of equilibrium jar to chamber, I 8 0 f effect a i r change r a t e and l o a d i n g on chamber formaldehyde concentration, l69f d i f f u s i o n b a r r i e r s on formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 202 v e n e e r i n g on formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 137 e n c l o s e d space, 126f e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber r e s u l t s vs. q u a l i t y c o n t r o l , 182 equilibrium concentration, formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 126 formaldehyde c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n a i r vs. a i r temperature, 212f formaldehyde e l u t i o n by d i f f e r e n t dry g a s s e s , 9 3 f formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , d i s c u s s i o n , 151 formaldehyde e m i s s i o n v s . p e r f o r a t o r - v a l u e , 150f formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n , 97f formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n i n water, 99f f u r n i t u r e , and cured r e s i n , e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e s , 104 hardwood plywood p a n e l i n g , combination l o a d i n g i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, 173 hardwood plywood p a n e l i n g and u n f i n i s h e d MDF, e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, 174 i d e a l m i x i n g model, formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 129


238



Particleboard—Continued

i n d u s t r y , development o f e m i s s i o n t e s t i n g , European, 218 l o a d i n g and a i r exchange r a t e e f f e c t s on chamber c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 170t loading effect i n ventilated chamber, plywood and, 47t mass t r a n s f e r r e s i s t a n c e s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 132 model formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 125-128 parameter d e f i n i t i o n , formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 130-132 PF, e l u t i o n by n i t r o g e n , 9 4 f , 9 6 f p l u g f l o w model, formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 128 problem w i t h c u r r e n t l a b o r a t o r y methods, 211 p r o d u c t i o n , f u n c t i o n o f formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , F r e n c h , 214t r e s i d u a l formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 2 s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s and o v e r l a y s , e f f e c t on formaldehyde e m i s s i o n from, 205-207 t a n n i n s - i n d u c e d formaldehyde r e l e a s e d e p r e s s i o n , UF, 198-201 two c h a r a c t e r i s t i c parameters f o r formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 139 v a r i a t i o n o f formaldehyde c o n t e n t Sweden, 215f weight p e r c e n t o f UFR, 2 Perforator test comparison board c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , 192f various particleboard p r o d u c t s , 194f influence o f short-term moisture v a r i a t i o n s , 193t m a t e r i a l s t a n d a r d s f o r formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , 224 particleboard, test result comparison, 190t summary, p h e n o l i c p a n e l s , 2-hr d e s s i c a t o r t e s t , 30t P F — S e e Phenol-formaldehyde P F R — S e e Phenol-formaldehyde r e s i n s Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) a d h e s i v e s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e from wood p a n e l p r o d u c t s bonded w i t h , 26 b a s e - c a t a l y z e d b o a r d , mechanisms o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 87 board, l i b e r a t i o n o r e x t r a c t i o n o f formaldehyde, 91-98 bonded m a t e r i a l s , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , d i s c u s s i o n , 151 p a r t i c l e b o a r d e l u t i o n by nitrogen, 96f Phenol-formaldehyde r e s i n (PFR), formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n , 103

Phenolic panels e m i s s i o n s , American Plywood A s s o c i a t i o n s t u d y , 32-35 formaldehyde e m i s s i o n s , 26 l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n s , 27-32 summary, 2-hr d e s i c c a t o r and p e r f o r a t o r t e s t d a t a , 30t dynamic chamber t e s t d a t a , 2 9 t theoretical considerations, formaldehyde e m i s s i o n s , 27 various products dynamic chamber and 2-hr d e s s i c a t o r t e s t s , 36t summary o f formaldehyde t e s t d a t a , 34t P l u g - f l o w model, formaldehyde r e l e a s e , p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 128 Plywood c o n s t r u c t i o n t y p e , 18 hardwood i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s , 17 p o t e n t i a l sources o f formaldehyde, 19f s i n g l e l a r g e s t end use, 18 weight p e r c e n t o f UFR, 2 particleboard, loading effect i n v e n t i l a t e d chamber, 47t p a r t i c l e b o a r d and hardwood, combination l o a d i n g , e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber, 173 Polymerization, cotton f a b r i c , comparisons between c r o s s - l i n k i n g and, 61 P r a t t ' s model f o r the s t a b i l i z i n g i n f l u e n c e o f formaldehyde, a s s o c i a t e d l i q u i d systems, 77 P r e s s e d wood p r o d u c t s formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 42,43 r e l e a s e o f formaldehyde, 44t Product d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n m o d e l i n g , 9 Product t e m p e r a t u r e , e f f e c t on formaldehyde s t o r a g e and e m i s s i o n from wood, 74 Product t e s t methods, formaldehyde emission, 7

R Ramachandran p l o t polyglycine, 82f UFR, 8 2 f R e g u l a t i o n , d i s c u s s i o n , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n s t a n d a r d s , 154 Resin e f f e c t s on gas e l u t i o n , formaldehyde r e l e a s e from bonded wood p r o d u c t s , 95


INDEX

Res

239

in—Continued


experimental procedures, nitrogen e l u t i o n of p a r t i c l e b o a r d , and c u r e d , 104 Resin h y d r o l y s i s a c t u a l boards, l i t e r a t u r e evidence, 89 e v i d e n c e , 89 Resin s y n t h e s i s , wood a d h e s i v e s , h i s t o r y o f development, 3

Two-product l o a d i n g chamber, formaldehyde l e v e l s , 174t

U

Urban a i r , formaldehyde c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n , 210t Urea b e h a v i o r toward formaldehyde, 77 schematic drawing, 82f S Urea-formaldehyde (UF) b o a r d , l i b e r a t i o n or e x t r a c t i o n o f formaldehyde, 91-98 Scanning e l e c t r o n photograph o f bonded p r e s s e d wood p r o d u c t s , s a f e e m i s s i o n l i m i t s f o r , 226f UFR, 78f bonded wood p r o d u c t s S m a l l - s c a l e t e s t chamber (SSTC), formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , c o r r e l a t i o n to environmental test h i s t o r y , 217 chamber method, 176,181 l a r g e - s c a l e t e s t chamber Sugar-formaldehyde r e a c t i o n , methodology, 154 c e l l u l o s e , model systems, 71 l i t e r a t u r e on formaldehyde S u r f a c e treatment e m i s s i o n , 89 formaldehyde e m i s s i o n s c r y s t a l l i n e n a t u r e , 79 r e d u c t i o n , 12t,20,21 particleboard o v e r l a y s , e f f e c t on formaldehyde n i t r o g e n formaldehyde e l u t i o n , 94f e m i s s i o n from t a n n i n s - i n d u c e d formaldehyde p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 205-207 r e l e a s e d e p r e s s i o n , 198-201 t e s t r e s u l t comparison, 190t systems, formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 85 T Urea-formaldehyde foam p r o d u c t s , insulation, Tannins formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 44t,210 v a r i o u s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e d i f f e r e n t i a l p l o t o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 201f c o e f f i c i e n t s , 43,42 formaldehyde e m i s s i o n r e s u l t s , Urea-formaldehyde r e s i n (UFR) c o l l o i d a l d i s p e r s i o n s , 77 boards s p i k e d w i t h , 200t c o l l o i d a l model, 79 formaldehyde r e l e a s e d e p r e s s i o n , UF c o n t r i b u t i o n t o board h y d r o l y s i s , 88 p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 198-201 Temperature d i s c u s s i o n , 2-4 formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n , 103 e f f e c t on chamber formaldehyde h y d r o l y s i s , mechanisms o f concentration, I65,l69f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 87 e f f e c t on formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , a i r h y d r o l y s i s e v i d e n c e , 89 h u m i d i t y and, 211 e f f e c t on formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 28 p r o p e r t y d e v i a t i o n s from e f f e c t on formaldehyde s t o r a g e and c o n d e n s a t i o n polymers, 76 e m i s s i o n from wood, 74 proposed model, 83f T e x t i l e f i n i s h i n g a g e n t s , formaldehyde s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n photograph, 78f tons used f o r p a n e l m a n u f a c t u r i n g , 2 r e l e a s e , 210 Thermodynamics o f water a b s o r p t i o n on wood c e l l u l o s e , 72f Three-product l o a d i n g chamber, V formaldehyde l e v e l s , 174t Toluene, formaldehyde i n wood based p a n e l s , e x t r a c t i o n w i t h , 147 V e n e e r i n g , e f f e c t on formaldehyde Two-hour d e s i c c a t o r method, e m i s s i o n o f p a r t i c l e b o a r d , 137 c o r r e l a t i o n of environmental test V e n t i l a t e d chambers chamber method, 176,178 formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e Two-hour d e s s i c a t o r method, summary, c o e f f i c i e n t s , 42 p h e n o l i c p a n e l s , 30t


240


V e n t i l a t e d chambers—Continued nonventilated desiccators, comparison o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s , 46t V e n t i l a t i o n r a t e , m o b i l e home, formaldehyde l e v e l s as a f u n c t i o n o f , 11f


W Waferboard, r e s i d u a l formaldehyde release, 2 Water bonded wood p r o d u c t s , formaldehyde e x t r a c t i o n , 98 e x t r a c t i o n o f ground wood o r b o a r d , e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e s , 104 p a r t i c l e b o a r d , formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n , 99f thermodynamics o f a b s o r p t i o n on wood c e l l u l o s e , 72f t y p e s c o n t a i n e d i n wood, 71 Weighing b o t t l e t e s t bonded wood p r o d u c t s , formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n , 95-98 experimental procedures, formaldehyde l i b e r a t i o n , 104 Wood b o a r d , water e x t r a c t i o n o f ground, 104 formaldehyde a b s o r p t i o n and r e a c t i o n , aqueous phase, 71 i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f formaldehyde s t o r a g e model compound r e a c t i o n s , 71-74 mechanisms o f formaldehyde s t o r a g e , 67 Wood a d h e s i v e s formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 210 h i s t o r y o f development, r e s i n synthesis, 3 Wood-based p a n e l p r o d u c t s o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , d i s c u s s i o n , 149,151

Wood-based

oanel

products—Continued

various d i s t i n c t i o n s , 17 formaldehyde e m i s s i o n r a t e comparison, 146 Wood c e l l u l o s e , thermodynamics o f water a b s o r p t i o n o n , 7 2 f Wood p a n e l p r o d u c t s bonded w i t h P F a d h e s i v e s , formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 26 formaldehyde e m i t t i n g p o t e n t i a l , 27-32 most w i d e l y u s e d , 1 Wood p r o d u c t s ambiguous e v i d e n c e , formaldehyde r e l e a s e from bonded, 90 bonded formaldehyde e x t r a c t e d i n water, 98 formaldehyde l i b e r a t e d i n w e i g h i n g b o t t l e t e s t , 95-98 formaldehyde removal by gas e l u t i o n , 91-95 l i t e r a t u r e evidence, d i f f u s i o n c o n t r o l , 89 mechanisms o f formaldehyde r e l e a s e , 87 e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e s t chamber p r o t o c o l , 158 i s o c y a n a t e s , r e s i d u a l formaldehyde release, 2 p r e s s e d , formaldehyde r e l e a s e c o e f f i c i e n t r a t e s , 43 r e l e a s e o f formaldehyde, 44t UF bonded l a r g e - s c a l e t e s t chamber methodology, 154 formaldehyde e m i s s i o n , h i s t o r y , 217 UF-bonded p r e s s e d , s a f e e m i s s i o n l i m i t s , 226f various loading combinations, environmental t e s t chamber, 173-175

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Formaldehyde Release from Wood Products

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