Formation of Gold Nanorods by Seeded Growth: Mechanisms and

9 hours ago - The trends in experimental data are reproduced well by this model and we are able to predict the yield of nanorods. Simulations also rev...
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Formation of Gold Nanorods by Seeded Growth: Mechanisms and Modeling Advait Chhatre, Rochish Thaokar, and Anurag Mehra Cryst. Growth Des., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01387 • Publication Date (Web): 04 May 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 5, 2018

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Crystal Growth & Design

Formation of Gold Nanorods by Seeded Growth: Mechanisms and Modeling ∗

Advait Chhatre, Rochish Thaokar, and Anurag Mehra

Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India

E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +91 (22) 2576 7217. Fax: +91 (22) 2572 6895

Abstract Seeded growth is one of the most successful and well-studied methods of making nanorods of FCC metals such as Ag, Au, Pt, etc. In this method separately prepared tiny metal seeds (typically smaller than 10 nm) are added to a growth solution containing metal precursor, a weak reducing agent such as ascorbic acid, and a capping agent. The mechanisms that lead to specic shape selection and growth of nanoparticles, in this method, are poorly understood. We propose a mechanism of nanorod growth based on the physical phenomenon of twinning and develop a population balance based model. Briey, on mixing with growth solution, the seeds start growing isotropically, during which some of the seeds undergo twinning and transform their growth habit to form nanorod nuclei. The nanorod nuclei grow along one dimension to form nanorods, and a mixture of nanorods and nanospheres is obtained after a short aging time (typically 25

the yield of nanorods

(RY ) depicts power law kind of trend with respect to yield parameter and scales as (from Figure 12). Let us write it as

YP as

RY ∝ Y P α .

Y P 0.8

From Equation 27, we can observe that

itself scales as square of width of nucleation window. Therefore, the nanorod yield scales

RY ∝

law for



RY

N˙ gs,mean NT 0



(nw2 − nw1 )2α

i.e., the power law index for

(nw2 − nw1 )

in scaling

is twice of that for the other terms in yield parameter. This indicates that the

stimuli that can alter the width of nucleation window are expected to have an accelerated impact on the yield of nanorods.

Conclusion Based on physical phenomena of twinning we have proposed a mechanism for the formation of gold nanorods in a seeded growth protocol. We have used the framework of population balance equations for simulating the proposed mechanism.

The only adjustable inputs to

our model are the rate constant for surface reaction and the product of solvation equilibrium constants of Au(I) complex and ascorbic acid.

Simulations capture the salient feature of

one-dimensional growth along with the kinetics of nanorod and nanosphere growth.

The

trends in the experimental data, such as inverse proportionality between the aspect ratio of nanorods and amount of seeds, the negative linear relation between the aspect ratio and size of seeds, and sigmoidal evolution pattern are replicated in the simulations. The model also has the capability of predicting the yield of nanorods.

Simulations also reveal that

growth of nanospheres competes with the nucleation of nanorods, and thus decides the yield of nanorods in the system. The model is quite general that it can be applied to simulate nanorod formation of any material that has FCC crystal structure.

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Further, the model

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can also be extended to include more shapes such as triangular plates, hexagonal plates, etc.

by dening corresponding nucleation zones, nucleation rates and growth rates.

This

model therefore can serve as an excellent tool for scale-up of the nanorod synthesis using seed-mediated growth approach.

Acknowledgement This study was supported by a research grant titled Engineering Aspects of Ultrane Particle Technology, made available under the Intensication of Research in High Priority Areas (IRHPA) scheme of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi. Authors thank Utsab Mukherjee for his help in debugging the solver for population balance equations using the high-resolution algorithm.

Supporting Information Available SI-1: Chemicals and Experimental Methods, SI-2: Number density of seeds, SI-3: Correlation between dimensions of nanorod seeds and nanospheres, SI-4: High resolution algorithm for solving PBEs, SI-5: Algorithm followed for simulating the model, SI-6: TEM micrographs for seed concentration study

This material is available free of charge via the Internet at

http://pubs.acs.org/.

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Graphical TOC Entry

For Table of Contents Use Only, Title: Formation of Gold Nanorods by Seeded Growth: Mechanisms and Modeling Authors: Advait Chhatre, Rochish Thaokar, and Anurag Mehra Synopsis: We propose a mechanism for the formation of gold nanorods by seeded growth. Five-fold twinning in FCC crystals and its occurrence over a specic size range are the central ideas in the mechanism. Apart from the ability to predict the evolution of the size of nanorods and nanospheres, it also provides valuable clues for predicting the yield of nanorods.

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