Fossil Fuels Utilization

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Author Index A r a g h i , H. G., 63 A t t i a , Yosry Α., 21 Avery, M. J . , 109 B l a u s t e i n , Bernard D., 2 B r n a , Theodore G., 176 Brown, Robert C , 98 B u r f o r d , David P., 132 C a n e l l i , Edmondo, 344 Chang, John C. S., 176 Chang, S. G., 159 Chen, J . W., 75 C h i , C.-Y., 30 Drummond, C h a r l e s J . , 146 D u t k i e w i c z , V i n c e n t Α., 344 Engelbach, Robert J . , 325 Fan, C.-W., 30 F e e l e y , Thomas J . I l l , 2 Friedman, S i d n e y , 51 G a f f n e y , J e f f r e y S., 267 G a r r i s o n , A r l e n e Α., 325 Gordon, Glen Ε., 293 Graves, K r i s t i n , 360 Grow, James Μ., 332 Gyorke, Douglas F., 146 H o l t , B. D., 277 Huie, Robert Ε., 284 H u s a i n , L i a q u a t , 344 Junk, G. Α., 109 Kaplan, Norman, 176 Kent, A. C , 75 K i n g , James A., 332 Kohut, John, 332 Kumar, R., 277 L i s k o w i t z , John W., 332 Mamantov, G l e b , 325

Markuszewski, R i c h a r d , 30, 42, 63 Mink, W i l l i a m H., 195 Mroch, D. R., 42 Muchmore, C. Β., 75 N o r t o n , G. Α., 42, 63, 109 Ondov, John M., 309 Parekh, P r a v i n , P., 344 Pechan, Edward H., 360 P i i s p a n e n , W., 124 R a i , C h a r a n j i t , 86 Reethof, Gerhard, 234 R i c h a r d , J . J . , 109 R o c h e l l e , Gary T., 208, 223 R u i z - A l s o p , Rosa Ν., 208 S h e f f i e l d , Ann E., 293 S h e i h , Mung S., 332 S m i t h , W i l l i a m H., 254 S o b o c z e n s k i , Steven K., 51 S t r a s z h e i m , W. E., 42 Tanner, Roger L., 267 T a y l o r , C h a r l e s E., 223 Tempelmeyer, Κ. Ε., 75 T r a t t n e r , R i c h a r d B., 332 T r a y s e r , D., 124 T u r n e r , Donna L., 360 U t z , Bruce R., 51 V i c k , R. D., 109 Webb, P., 124 Webber, James S., 344 Wehry, E. L., 325 Wheelock, T. D., 30 W i l s o n , Steven M., 132 Y o k l e y , Robert Α., 325 Z w i l l e n b e r g , M e l v i n , 332

Subject Index Acoustic agglomeration—Continued r e s u l t s f o r f l y ash a e r o s o l , 250f small p a r t i c u l a t e s , fundamentals, 237-241 A c o u s t i c agglomerator d e s c r i p t i o n , 241-249 moderate temperature, 243f Activity coefficients, prediction, FGD, 223,226 Adsorbents, e x t r a c t i o n procedures, o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 113 A e r o s o l , problems i n measuring, c o a l combustion, 3 1 2 - 3 1 7 A e r o s o l carbon d a t a , r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n , carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s , 270-275

A A c i d - t r e a t e d c o a l , t r a c e element removal, 65 A c i d i c compounds, i n e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 119t Acidic deposition dry d e p o s i t i o n , 3 h i s t o r y and d i s c u s s i o n , 3-8 wet forms, 3 Acidic precipitation a e r o s o l s , d i s c u s s i o n , 344-346 control of precursor emissions, 2 Acoustic agglomeration p a r t i c u l a t e s removal i n c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 234-237

370

Markuszewski and Blaustein; Fossil Fuels Utilization ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

371

INDEX

A f t e r f i l t e r d a t a , c o a l combustion a e r o s o l s , 314 Air pollutants c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , e m i s s i o n s forecasting, 363-365 e f f e c t s on f o r e s t ecosystem, 257 environmental emissions estimation methodology, 3 6 1 - 3 6 3 g l o b a l , e f f e c t s on f o r e s t ecosystems, 258-263 l o c a l , r e g i o n a l , and g l o b a l , 255-257 regional impact on f o r e s t ecosystems, 258,263 Alcohols, s u p e r c r i t i c a l desulfurization, high-sulfur c o a l , 83 KOH p r e t r e a t m e n t , o r g a n i c s u l f u r removal, 79 removal o f o r g a n i c s u l f u r from c o a l , 75 A l i p h a t i c a c i d s , i n e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 117 A l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n s , hot, chemical c l e a n i n g o f c o a l , 30 Alkaline treatment—See Caustic treatment A l k a l i n i t y concentrations, DA p i l o t p l a n t , t o t a l ,

limestone I85f

A l k a n e s , i n e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 117 Aluminum, c u m u l a t i v e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n s , cascade impactor, 3 1 5 f Aluminum r e d u c t i o n p l a n t s , e f f e c t s on f o r e s t ecosystem, 257 Ammonia, p o s s i b l e use i n f l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s e s , 157 Ammonia g a s , e f f e c t on n i t r o g e n o x i d e s e m i s s i o n s , 103 A n i o n s , o r g a n i c s , t o x i c , heavy m e t a l s , removal from i n d u s t r i a l s l u d g e s by coal f l y ash, 333 Aromatics e f f e c t on e f f e c t i v e combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 124 e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 117 Ash a l k a l i - t r e a t e d c o a l , experimental r e s u l t s , 33 coal f l y airborne, electron-microscopical and c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , 344 factors influencing leachate composition, 338 factors influencing leachate pH, 337 f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g sorbent properties, 339-3^3 major and minor c o n s t i t u e n t s , 3 3 7 t

Ash,

coal fly—Continued presence i n h i g h - s u l f a t e p r e c i p i t a t e s , 356 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e element l e a c h i n g and r e m o v a l , 343 sampling p r o c e d u r e s , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 112 s o r b e n t and l e a c h a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , 332 storage or d i s p o s a l , coal combustion, 332 c o a l g r a t e , sampling procedures, o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 112 coal stack bulk elemental compositions, 326t c h e m i c a l r e a c t i v i t y o f adsorbed PAHs, 3 2 5 sampling p r o c e d u r e s , o r g a n i c

p o l l u t a n t s , 112 e x t r a c t i o n procedures, organic p o l l u t a n t s , 113 o i l f l y , s u l f a t e s , airborne m i c r o p a r t i c l e s , 344 removal from c o a l s , v a r i o u s treatments, 4 5 t various treatments, various a l k a l i - t r e a t e d c o a l s , 37 Atmospheric p o l l u t a n t s , modeling f u t u r e e m i s s i o n s , 360 A u t o x i d a t i o n , SO^, c h e m i c a l k i n e t i c s o f i n t e r m e d i a t e s , 284

Β B e c h t e l - m o d i f i e d Radian e q u i l i b r i u m program (BMREP), models, l i m e - o r l i m e s t o n e - b a s e d FGD, 224 Benzenes, c h l o r i n a t e d , e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 120 Benzothiophene model compounds, c h e m i s t r y o f o r g a n i c s u l f u r removal, 52 removal o f s u l f u r , 58 Benzothiophene r e a c t i o n s c a u s t i c s , s u l f u r r e m o v a l , 53 e f f e c t o f KOH:NaOH r a t i o , 54 molten KOH-NaOH m i x t u r e s , 5 6 f B i o g e n i c carbon t r a n s p o r t , carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s , 267 B i o g e n i c s o u r c e s o f h y d r o c a r b o n s , gas phase p h o t o c h e m i s t r y i n t h e atmosphere, 274 Biomass b u r n i n g , carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s f o r carbon t r a n s p o r t , 269 Bisulfite sulfite k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics o f r e a c t i o n w i t h NO, 162 o x i d a t i o n by f r e e r a d i c a l s , 285-287


FOSSIL FUELS UTILIZATION: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

372

B i t u m i n o u s c o a l samples, p y r i t i c s u l f u r c o n t e n t , 88 B o i l e r , u t i l i t y , volume o f f l u e gas, 148 B o i l e r conditions, r e l a t e d t o leachate pH, 336t Boiler fuels, evaluation of coal l i q u i d f u e l s , 132 B o i l e r operations, r e s t r i c t i o n s , e f f e c t on success o f f l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s e s , 154 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) s u r f a c e area, c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f C a ( 0 H ) , 211 Btu r e c o v e r y , c o a l c l e a n i n g and s u l f u r r e d u c t i o n , 15t B u f f e r a c i d s , e f f e c t on r e a c t i o n s o f S 0 w i t h C a ( O H ) , 209 2

2

2

C

Calcium carbonate Mg s u r f a c e a d s o r p t i o n model, 188 r o l e i n s u l f u r e m i s s i o n s , FBC, 100 Calcium h y d r o x i d e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , 211 c o n c e n t r a t i o n , e f f e c t on r e a c t i v i t y w i t h S 0 , 215 effect of deliquescent s a l t additives, reactions with S 0 , 208 Calcium hydroxide r e a c t i v i t y effect o f deliquescent s a l t a d d i t i v e s , 217,219 e f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n p u r i t y , 220 e f f e c t o f o r g a n i c a c i d s and o r g a n i c déliquescents, 215 Calcium i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n , l i m e s t o n e DA p i l o t p l a n t , d i s t r i b u t i o n , l 8 5 f Calcium s u l f i t e - b i s u l f i t e s o l u t i o n s , LCM p r e d i c t i o n o f apparent e q u i l i b r i u m c o n s t a n t , 230f Carbon carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s , a e r o s o l s , 270-275 content i n c o a l a s h , e f f e c t on adsorbed PAH p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y , 328 e f f e c t on sorbent c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c o a l f l y a s h , 340 organic-elemental, isotope t r a c e r s , 272t,273t Carbon d i o x i d e e f f e c t s o f g l o b a l a i r p o l l u t a n t s on f o r e s t ecosystems, 258 vapor p r e s s u r e p r e d i c t i o n s , LCM, 229 Carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s a e r o s o l carbon d a t a , r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n , 270-275 2

2

Carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s — C o n t i n u e d b i o g e n i c and f o s s i l f u e l d e r i v e d carbon t r a n s p o r t i n t h e atmosphere, 267 Carbon monoxide e m i s s i o n s , d i e s e l combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 130 Carbon t r a n s p o r t , f o s s i l - f u e l - d e r i v e d and b i o g e n i c , carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s , 267 Carbonaceous a e r o s o l s i n t h e atmosphere, d i s c u s s i o n , 267 Carbonate i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n , l i m e s t o n e DA p i l o t p l a n t , d i s t r i b u t i o n , l 8 6 f Cascade impactors c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f coal-combustion a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s , 309 n o n i d e a l b e h a v i o r , 312 p a r t i c l e bounce, 312 particulates characterization, 311,312 p r i n c i p l e o f i n e r t i a l impaction, 310 w a l l l o s s e s , 312 C a u s t i c treatment c h e m i s t r y , s u l f u r removal from c o a l , 51 molten c o a l d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n and d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , 42 c o a l s b e f o r e and a f t e r treatment, 69 e f f e c t on p a r t i c l e s i z e , 46 importance o f K, 57 i n h i b i t i o n p e r i o d , 55 t r a c e element removal, 67 Cetane number, e f f e c t on e f f e c t i v e combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 124 C h a l c o p h i l e elements, v a r i o u s c o a l s , 298 Char, e f f e c t on n i t r o g e n o x i d e s e m i s s i o n s , FBC, 102 Chemical agent d i s p o s a l e f f e c t o f CI c o n c e n t r a t i o n on scrubber o p e r a t i o n , 203f p i l o t plant process flow diagram, 197f s c r u b b i n g e f f i c i e n c y , sodium DA p i l o t p l a n t , 198 S 0 and HC1 removal e f f i c i e n c y , 199f 2

S0

2

r e m o v a l , 203f

Chemical t r a c e r s , source o f s u l f a t e s i n a i r b o r n e p a r t i c u l a t e s , 348-352 C h l o r i d e b u i l d u p , sodium DA p i l o t p l a n t , c h e m i c a l agent d i s p o s a l , 198-207 C h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f scrubber l i q u o r , sodium DA p r o c e s s , chemical agent d i s p o s a l , 204f Chloride-ion-effect test performance o f l i m e s t o n e DA p r o c e s s , 189,191t


373

INDEX Chloride-ion-effect test—Continued summary o f f i l t e r cake a n a l y s i s , 192t C h l o r i n a t e d benzenes e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 120 s t a c k e f f l u e n t from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t , 121t C h l o r i n o l y s i s , c o a l , t r a c e element removal, 66t Coal a c i d - l e a c h e d , s u l f u r c o n t e n t , 32 a l i p h a t i c a c i d s i n combustion e f f l u e n t s , 117 alkali-treated ash c o n t e n t , 33 e f f e c t o f a l k a l i type and c o n c e n t r a t i o n , 35 e f f e c t o f f i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e , 35 a l k a n e s i n combustion e f f l u e n t s , 117 a n a l y s i s o f raw and g r a v i m e l t t r e a t e d , 47t a r o m a t i c s i n combustion e f f l u e n t s , 117 bituminous, p y r i t i c s u l f u r c o n t e n t , 88 caustic-treated e f f e c t o f v a r i o u s washings on s u l f u r forms, 45 importance o f K, 57 c h e m i c a l c l e a n i n g w i t h hot a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n s , 30 c h l o r i n a t e d benzenes i n combustion e f f l u e n t s , 120 coal-RDF, vapor and p a r t i c l e e f f l u e n t s , 1211 combustion, development o f f l u e gas treatment t e c h n o l o g y , 146 control of acid r a i n precursor e m i s s i o n s by advanced p h y s i c a l cleaning, 2 d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n h i s t o r y , 30 d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n and d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n by molten c a u s t i c m i x t u r e s , 42 e f f e c t s o f t y p e on p l a n t e m i s s i o n s , 304 enrichment f a c t o r s w i t h r e s p e c t t o earth* s c r u s t , 296f,297f,300f,301f e t h y l and methyl a l c o h o l s as s u p e r c r i t i c a l e x t r a c t a n t s , 77 f r o t h f l o t a t i o n , 16 g r a v i m e l t p r o c e s s , e f f e c t on m i n e r a l m a t t e r , 46 high s u l f u r s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n , 26 s e p a r a t i o n o f u l t r a f i n e p y r i t e , 21 s u p e r c r i t i c a l alcohol e x t r a c t i o n , 83 l i q u e f a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s , 137 m i c r o b i a l d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 86 m i n e r a l matter i n raw and c a u s t i c t r e a t e d , 48t

Coal—Continued molten c a u s t i c t r e a t e d , i n h i b i t i o n p e r i o d , 55 organic s u l f u r removal, s u p e r c r i t i c a l a l c o h o l s , 75 p h e n o l s , PAHs, and PCBs i n combustion e f f l u e n t s , 117 pollution control i n fluidized-bed combustors, 98 polyxanthate dispersant, s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n from p y r i t e , 24 p y r i t e suspensions, s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n , 25f r e l e a s e o f o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 109 s u l f u r removal molten c a u s t i c s , 51 r o l e o f m o i s t u r e , 60 supercritical extraction, literature r e v i e w , 75-77 ΤCDD i n combustion e f f l u e n t s , 120 t r a c e element c o n t e n t b e f o r e and a f t e r a l k a l i n e t r e a t m e n t , 70t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n , 64 t r a c e element removal a c i d t r e a t e d , 65 a l k a l i n e methods, 69 c h e m i c a l c l e a n i n g , 63,65-67 c h l o r i n o l y s i s , 66t h y d r o t h e r m a l p r o c e s s , 67t p h y s i c a l c l e a n i n g , 65 two-step p r o c e s s f o r e x t r a c t i n g m i n e r a l m a t t e r and s u l f u r , 39 v a r i o u s a l k a l i n e t r e a t m e n t s , 37t,38t various composition, d i s c u s s i o n , 295-298 XRF, AA, and ICP d a t a on raw and c h e m i c a l l y c l e a n e d , 71t Coal cleaning dense-medium, v e s s e l schematic diagram, 10f d i s c u s s i o n , p h y s i c a l , 11-16 g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n , 11 method f o r c o n t r o l l i n g SCL emissions, physical, ο p h y s i c a l f i n e , 16 sulfur reduction, theoretical e f f e c t s , 13t s u l f u r r e d u c t i o n and B t u r e c o v e r y , 15t C o a l combustion a e r o s o l , problems i n measuring, 3 1 2 - 3 1 7 aerosol p a r t i c l e characterization w i t h cascade i m p a c t o r s , 309 f l y a s h s t o r a g e o r d i s p o s a l , 332 o r g a n i c compounds p r e s e n t i n e f f l u e n t s , 116t p a r t i c l e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n , a f t e r f i l t e r o f coated impactor, 318f


374


C o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s Coal l i q u i d f u e l — C o n t i n u e d a c o u s t i c a g g l o m e r a t i o n removal o f nitrogen oxides emission p a r t i c u l a t e s , 234-237 r e d u c t i o n , 138-144 emission estimates, a i r u t i l i t y b o i l e r f u e l s , 132 p o l l u t a n t s , 365 Coal stack ash emissions f o r e c a s t i n g , a i r bulk elemental compositions, 326t p o l l u t a n t s , 363-365,366f c h e m i c a l r e a c t i v i t y o f adsorbed f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g success o f PAHs, 3 2 5 f l u e gas treatment sampling procedure, 112 p r o c e s s , 151-155 C o a l s t a c k v a p o r , sampling f e d e r a l c l e a n a i r r e g u l a t i o n s , 149 p r o c e d u r e s , 110 f l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s e s , Combustion c o n t r o l , development, development, 150,155-157 c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 149 options a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g Combustion e f f i c i e n c y , c o a l l i q u i d S0 , 8 f u e l s as b o i l e r f u e l s , 139-144 p a r t i c u l a t e emissions, Combustors, f l u i d i z e d - b e d , v a r i a b i l i t y , 293 d i s c u s s i o n , 98 temperature p r o f i l e s , f l y a s h sorbent and l e a c h a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , 335 C o a l f l y ash a i r b o r n e , e l e c t r o n - m i c r o s c o p i c a l and 2

c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , 344 c h e m i s t r y , 348-352 e f f e c t o f c o l o r on p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y of adsorbed PAHs, 329 factors influencing leachate c o m p o s i t i o n , 338 f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g l e a c h a t e pH, 337 f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g sorbent p r o p e r t i e s o f , 339-343 h i g h - s u l f a t e p r e c i p i t a t e s , 356 major and minor c o n s t i t u e n t s , 337t p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y o f adsorbed PAHs, 330 removal o f heavy m e t a l s , t o x i c a n i o n s and o r g a n i c s from i n d u s t r i a l s l u d g e s , 333 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e element l e a c h i n g and removal, 343 s o r b e n t and l e a c h a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , 332 Coal l i q u i d f u e l boiler fuel combustion e f f i c i e n c i e s , 139-144 combustion e f f i c i e n c y v s . excess oxygen, l 4 0 f e v a l u a t i o n methodology, 135-138 e v a l u a t i o n t e s t p l a n t s , 133-135 e x i t gas temperature v s . excess oxygen, I43f heat a d s o r p t i o n p r o f i l e s , 142 n i t r o g e n o x i d e s v s . excess oxygen, I 4 l f , l 4 3 f p a r t i c u l a t e e m i s s i o n s , 142 reduction o f nitrogen oxides e m i s s i o n s , 137 d i e s e l combustion e m i s s i o n s , d i s c u s s i o n , 124 p a r t i c u l a t e e m i s s i o n s , 127t s t a c k gaseous e m i s s i o n s , 128t e f f e c t s o f chemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s on engine combustion, 124

D

Deliquescent s a l t a d d i t i v e s e f f e c t o f h y s t e r e s i s on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 220 e f f e c t on Ca(OH) r e a c t i v i t y , 217,219t e f f e c t on r e a c t i o n o f SCL w i t h Ca(OH) , 208 Demineralization, coal, d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n and, molten c a u s t i c m i x t u r e s , 42 D e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , f l u e gas, simultaneous d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 159 Desulfurization e f f e c t o f C I , sodium DA p r o c e s s , c h e m i c a l agent d i s p o s a l , 198-207 e f f e c t o f Mg i o n s , l i m e s t o n e DA p r o c e s s , 182 f l u e gas prediction of activity c o e f f i c i e n t s , 223 s i m u l t a n e o u s d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , 159 spray d r y i n g , e f f e c t o f deliquescent s a l t a d d i t i v e s , 209 l i m e s t o n e DA p r o c e s s e f f e c t o f CI i o n s , 189 e f f e c t o f Mg i o n s , 177-188 microbial d i s c u s s i o n , 86,87 effect of particle size, p y r i t i c , 93f organic s u l f u r , l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w , 87 p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , 91 s h a k e - f l a s k experiments w i t h T. f e r r o o x i d a n s , 90 s l u r r y p i p e l i n e , 90,91,93f-94f molten c a u s t i c s , c h e m i s t r y , c o a l , 51


2

375

INDEX Desulfurization—Continued organic e t h y l and methyl a l c o h o l as supercritical extractants,

F

77

s u p e r c r i t i c a l a l c o h o l s , KOH p r e t r e a t m e n t , 79 r e a c t i o n s w i t h molten h y d r o x i d e , 52 s u p e r c r i t i c a l , e f f e c t s of alternate p r e t r e a t m e n t p r o c e d u r e s , 81 Dibenzothiophene model compounds, c h e m i s t r y o f o r g a n i c s u l f u r removal, 52 r e a c t i o n s i n c a u s t i c treatment of c o a l , 60 D i e s e l engine e m i s s i o n s , combustion o f c o a l - d e r i v e d l i q u i d f u e l , 124 D i f f u s i v e d e p o s i t i o n o f gases, c o a l combustion a e r o s o l s , 314 D i o x i n s , e m i s s i o n s , c o a l and coal-RDF combustion, 110 D i t h i o n a t e , k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics o f f o r m a t i o n , 170 Dual a l k a l i (DA) p i l o t p l a n t , f l o w diagram, 178f Dust c o n t r o l r e s e a r c h , f l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s e s , 156

Ε

E l e m e n t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n , pond samples, f l y ash s o r b e n t c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , 339t E l e m e n t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , f i l t e r s and on i m p a c t o r s , 316t Emission f o r e c a s t i n g a i r p o l l u t a n t s , c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 363-365 environmental a i r p o l l u t a n t s example, 365 methodology, 361-363 Energy d i s p e r s i v e s p e c t r o s c o p y (EDS), c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f CaiOH)^, 211 Enrichment f a c t o r s coals, with respect to earth*s c r u s t , 296f,297f,300f,301f V, New York s i t e s i n 1983, 349f E n v i r o n m e n t a l impact, adverse e f f e c t of a c i d d e p o s i t i o n , 4 Ethanol methanol, comparison, s u p e r c r i t i c a l d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 78f s u p e r c r i t i c a l , organic s u l f u r removal, gas and l i q u i d product a n a l y s i s , 81

F e r r i c chelates k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics, oxidation of ferrous c h e l a t e s , 169 r e d u c t i o n by HS0-, k i n e t i c s and thermodynami c s , 170 Ferrous chelates k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics o x i d a t i o n t o f e r r i c c h e l a t e s , 169 reversible reaction of NO, I 6 2 , l 6 4 t s i m u l t a n e o u s d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n and d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , 161 wet s i m u l t a n e o u s d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n and d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , 160,171 Ferrous n i t r o s y l chelates, r e a c t i o n w i t h s u l f i t e s and b i s u l f i t e s , k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics, 166-169 Float-sink separation, c o a l , trace element r e m o v a l , PCC, 65 Flocculation c o a l , s e l e c t i v i t y , 28 h i g h - s u l f u r c o a l s , s e l e c t i v e , 26 m a t e r i a l balance f o r one-step selective, high-sulfur c o a l , 27t,28t s e l e c t i v e , c o a l from p y r i t e , 22,24 F l u e g a s , volume, u t i l i t y b o i l e r s , 148 F l u e gas d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n (FGD) LCM a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t p r e d i c t i o n , 225 LCM r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n s , 226-231 prediction of a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s , 223 F l u e gas s c r u b b e r s , raman s h i f t s and r e l a t i v e molar i n t e n s i t i e s , 172t F l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s e s acoustic agglomeration, p a r t i c u l a t e s , 234-237 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , 150 development, 146,147,150,155-157 d i s c u s s i o n , A s a h i p r o c e s s , 161 f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g s u c c e s s , 151-155 l i m e s t o n e DA e f f e c t o f CI i o n s on d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 189 e f f e c t o f Mg i o n s on d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 177-188 e f f e c t s o f Mg and CI i o n s , 176 simultaneous d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n and d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , 159,162 spray d r y i n g , e f f e c t o f d e l i q u e s c e n t s a l t a d d i t i v e s , 209 wet, s i m u l t a n e o u s d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n and d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n , 160,170,171 F l u i d i z e d bed, g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n , 98


376


F l u i d i z e d - b e d combustors (FBC) combustion, d i s c u s s i o n , 99-101 f o r m a t i o n and c o n t r o l o f n i t r o g e n o x i d e s , 102-104 improvement o f p o l l u t i o n e m i s s i o n r e d u c t i o n , 104-107 nitrogen oxide, emissions r e d u c t i o n s , 101 p a r t i c u l a t e s , emission r e d u c t i o n , 104 p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l , 98 s u l f u r , e m i s s i o n s r e d u c t i o n s , 99 F l u o r i d e , l o c a l e m i s s i o n s , e f f e c t on f o r e s t ecosystem, 257 F l y ash c o a l - f i r e d b o i l e r s , s o r b e n t and leachate c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , temperature p r o f i l e s , 335 e f f i c i e n c y curves f o r various c o l l e c t o r s , 235f removal by a c o u s t i c a g g l o m e r a t i o n , 249,250f sampling procedures, organic p o l l u t a n t s , 112 storage or d i s p o s a l , coal combustion, 332 F o r e s t ecosystems effect of f o s s i l fuel combustion, 254 e f f e c t o f l o c a l , r e g i o n a l , and g l o b a l a i r p o l l u t i o n , 257-263 major impact o f r e g i o n a l a i r p o l l u t a n t s , 263 F o s s i l f u e l combustion, e f f e c t on f o r e s t ecosystems, 254 F o s s i l f u e l d e r i v e d carbon t r a n s p o r t , carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s , 267 Froth f l o t a t i o n c e l l s , t r a c e element removal from c o a l , PCC, 65 c o a l , d i s c u s s i o n , 16

H

Halocarbons, e f f e c t s o f g l o b a l a i r p o l l u t a n t s on f o r e s t ecosystems, 259 Heavy m e t a l s , t o x i c a n i o n s and o r g a n i c s , removal from i n d u s t r i a l s l u d g e s by c o a l f l y a s h , 333 H u m i d i t y , r e l a t i v e , impact on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 213 Hydrolysis, N-ni t r o s o h y d r o x y l a m i n e - N - s u l f o n a t e , k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics, 165 Hydrothermal p r o c e s s , c o a l , t r a c e element removal, 67t Hydroxide d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n r e a c t i o n s , m o l t e n , 52 Hysteresis, effect of deliquescent s a l t a d d i t i v e s on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 220 2

2

I

Impactor, reduced p r e s s u r e , 321 Impactor stage d a t a , c o a l combustion a e r o s o l s , 313 I n d u s t r i a l s l u d g e s , removal o f heavy m e t a l s , t o x i c a n i o n s and o r g a n i c s by c o a l f l y a s h , 333 I n o r g a n i c déliquescents, e f f e c t on reactions of S 0 with C a ( 0 H ) , 209 Ion chromatogram, n i t r o g e n - s u l f u r compounds, 1 7 3 f I r o n c o n t e n t , c o a l a s h , e f f e c t on adsorbed PAH p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y , 3 2 8 I s o t o p e r a t i o mass s p e c t r o m e t r y , carbon-containing atmospheric species, 268 Isotopes, atmospheric S 0 o x i d a t i o n , oxygen, 277 2

2

2

G

Gas, d i f f u s i v e d e p o s i t i o n , c o a l combustion a e r o s o l s , 314 Gas phase p h o t o c h e m i s t r y , a t m o s p h e r i c , impact o f b i o g e n i c s o u r c e s o f h y d r o c a r b o n s , 274 Gaseous e m i s s i o n s , d i e s e l combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 127 Grate ash, sampling procedures, o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 112 Gravimelt process d i s c u s s i o n , 42,52 e f f e c t on m i n e r a l matter i n c o a l , 46 SEM-AIA c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f m i n e r a l matter i n c o a l , 48 Gypsum, LCM p r e d i c t i o n o f s o l u b i l i t y , FGD, 229

L Leachate c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , c o a l f l y a s h , s o r b e n t and, 332 Leachate pH, r e l a t e d t o b o i l e r c o n d i t i o n s , 336t Limestone d u a l a l k a l i (DA) p r o c e s s d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , e f f e c t o f Mg i o n s , s o l i d s a n a l y s i s , 182 e f f e c t s o f Mg and C I i o n s , 176 M g - i o n - e f f e c t t e s t c o n d i t i o n s , I80t L o c a l c o m p o s i t i o n model (LCM) activity coefficient prediction, FGD, 225 r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n s , FGD, 226-231


377

INDEX Nitrogen—Continued

M

p u r i t y e f f e c t on Magnesium e f f e c t on s o l i d s a n a l y s i s , l i m e s t o n e DA d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n p r o c e s s , 182 e f f e c t s on performance o f l i m e s t o n e DA p r o c e s s , 177-188 l i m e s t o n e DA p i l o t p l a n t , d i s t r i b u t i o n of ion concentration, l83f s u r f a c e a d s o r p t i o n on c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e , model, 188 Magnesium i o n e f f e c t , t e s t c o n d i t i o n s , l i m e s t o n e DA p r o c e s s , 180t,191t Magnesium s u l f i t e h e x a h y d r a t e , LCM p r e d i c t i o n o f s o l u b i l i t y , FGD, 229 M e t a l p a r t s f u r n a c e (MPF), m u n i t i o n s , c h e m i c a l agent d i s p o s a l , 196 Meteorology, chemical t r a c e r s , microparticle i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , S0 s o u r c e s , 345 Methanol, s u p e r c r i t i c a l , o r g a n i c s u l f u r r e m o v a l , gas and l i q u i d product a n a l y s i s , 81 Microbial desulfurization c o a l s , 86 experiments i n t w o - i n c h p i p e l i n e , 91 l i t e r a t u r e review, organic s u l f u r , 87 mechanism, 87 M i c r o b u b b l e f l o t a t i o n , advanced PCC p r o c e s s e s , 16 Microparticles characterization, i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of source of s u l f a t e s i n a i r b o r n e p a r t i c u l a t e s , 352-356 meteorology, and c h e m i c a l t r a c e r s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of S0 s o u r c e s , 345 M i n e r a l matter e f f e c t of g r a v i m e l t process, c o a l , 46 removal, c a u s t i c s , 52 s u l f u r , two-step p r o c e s s f o r e x t r a c t i n g from c o a l , 39 M o i s t u r e , r o l e i n s u l f u r removal from c o a l , 60 M o l a l i o n i c a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s , LCM p r e d i c t i o n , FGD, 226 2

2

Ν

N i t r a t e i o n , p r e c i p i t a t i o n , 1980, 6 f N i t r i t e i o n , b i s u l f i t e i o n , summary o f i n t e r a c t i o n s between, 162f Nitrogen c o n t e n t e f f e c t on combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 124

reactivity, Nitrogen oxides

Ca(0H)

2

220

coal l i q u i d fuels d i e s e l combustion, 130 e f f e c t o f excess oxygen, I 4 l f , l 4 3 f emissions r e d u c t i o n , 137,138-144 c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , f e d e r a l e m i s s i o n s r e g u l a t i o n s , 149 ferrous chelates k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics o f r e v e r s i b l e r e a c t i o n , 162 s i m u l t a n e o u s d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 161 f o r m a t i o n i n FBC, 102-104 h i s t o r y , emission c o n t r o l , 2 k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics o f r e a c t i o n s w i t h s u l f i t e and b i s u l f i t e , , 162 o x i d a t i o n o f s u l f i t e , 287 p o t e n t i a l f o r emissions r e d u c t i o n i n FBC, 101 simultaneous d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , a n a l y t i c a l methods, 170 s u l f u r d i o x i d e s , U.S. c u r r e n t and projected emissions, 3t N i t r o g e n - s u l f u r compounds i o n chromatogram, 173f k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics o f f o r m a t i o n , 169

0

O i l a g g l o m e r a t i o n , c o a l , t r a c e element removal, PCC, 65 O i l f l y ash, s u l f a t e s , airborne m i c r o p a r t i c l e s , 344 Oil-combustion emissions, trace element d a t a , 348 O r g a n i c a c i d s , e f f e c t on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 215 O r g a n i c compounds p r e s e n t i n e f f l u e n t s , c o a l combustion, 116t O r g a n i c déliquescents e f f e c t on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 215 e f f e c t on r e a c t i o n s o f S 0 w i t h C a ( 0 H ) , 209 Organic p o l l u t a n t s c o a l combustion, gas chromatograms, 1 l 8 f e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , 113 f l y a s h , sampling p r o c e d u r e s , 112 g r a t e a s h , s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e s , 112 particulate effluents, d i s c u s s i o n , 120 p a r t i t i o n i n g p r o c e d u r e s , 113 r e l e a s e from c o a l combustion, 109 s t a c k a s h , s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e s , 112 2

2

?

2


378


Organic pollutants—Continued s t a c k v a p o r , sampling p r o c e d u r e s , 110 vapor e f f l u e n t s , d i s c u s s i o n , 120 w a t e r s , s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e s , 112 O x i d a t i o n , s u l f i t e and b i s u l f i t e by f r e e r a d i c a l s , d i s c u s s i o n , 285-287 Oxygen e f f e c t on n i t r o g e n o x i d e s e m i s s i o n s , FBC, 1 0 3 e f f e c t on use o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l as boiler fuel, I40f-I4lf,l43f p e r o x i d e , a n a l y t i c a l method f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e e x t r a c t i o n , 278 Oxygen i s o t o p e s , a t m o s p h e r i c SOo x i d a t i o n , 277

Ρ P a r t i c l e bounce cascade i m p a c t o r s , 312 m i c r o o r i f i c e i m p a c t o r , 320 Particle collection efficiency, cascade i m p a c t o r s , 310 Particle size c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f C a ( 0 H ) 211 e f f e c t s on p l a n t e m i s s i o n s , 304 Particle size distribution t y p i c a l a e r o s o l s , 311 v a r i o u s systems, 3 1 6 t Particulates acoustic agglomeration o f s m a l l , 237-241 cascade i m p a c t o r s characterization of coal-combustion aerosol, 309,311 p r i n c i p l e , 310 submicrometer a e r o s o l measurements, 317-322 chemical t r a c e r s , source o f s u l f a t e s i n a i r b o r n e , 348-352 d e p o s i t i o n e f f i c i e n c y , human r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t , 235f d i e s e l combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 127,130 d i s c u s s i o n , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 120 hydrodynamic i n t e r a c t i o n , a c o u s t i c a g g l o m e r a t i o n , 242f impactor stage, 318f mass d i s t r i b u t i o n , a f t e r f i l t e r o f a coated i m p a c t o r , 3 1 8 f microparticle characterization, source i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s u l f a t e s , 352-356 r e c e p t o r - m o d e l i n g component, f i n e , 306t r e d u c t i o n , FBC, 104 removal i n c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 234-237 2 >

Particulates—Continued s u b s t r a t e , r e s i d e n c e times o f adsorbed PAHs, 327 v a r i a b i l i t y , c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 293 P e r o x y s u l f a t e r a d i c a l r e a c t i o n s , 289 PH annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n , 1980, 7 f coal f l y ash, f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g l e a c h a t e , 337 leachate, related to b o i l e r c o n d i t i o n s , 336t p r o f i l e s , l i m e s t o n e DA p i l o t p l a n t , I83f P h e n o l s , e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 117 P h o t o c h e m i s t r y , a t m o s p h e r i c , impact o f biogenic sources o f hydrocarbons, gas phase, 274 P h o t o r e a c t i v i t y o f PAHs adsorbed on c o a l ash c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , 327,330 d i s c u s s i o n , 325,328 e f f e c t o f c o a l ash c o l o r , 329 e f f e c t o f c o a l ash i r o n c o n t e n t , 328 o p t i c a l absorbances o f s u b s t r a t e s , 329t P h y s i c a l c o a l c l e a n i n g (PCC), heterogeneous n a t u r e o f c o a l , 15 P o l l u t a n t e m i s s i o n s , source category, 3t P o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l d e v i c e , e f f e c t s on p l a n t e m i s s i o n s , 304 P o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s (PCBs) e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 119 e m i s s i o n s , c o a l and coal-RDF combustion, 110 P o l y c y l i c a r o m a t i c hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on c o a l ash c h e m i c a l r e a c t i v i t y , 325 e f f e c t o f c o a l ash carbon c o n t e n t on p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y , 328 e f f e c t o f c o a l ash c o l o r on p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y , 329 e f f e c t o f c o a l ash i r o n c o n t e n t on p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y , 328 o p t i c a l absorbances o f s u b s t r a t e s , 329t p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y , 325,327,328,330 e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 117 e m i s s i o n s , c o a l and coal-RDF combustion, 110 Polyxanthate dispersant p y r i t e removal, p r e p a r a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , 22-24 selective flocculation c o a l from p y r i t e , 24 s u l f i d e m i n e r a l s , 22 P o l y x a n t h a t e s o l u t i o n , UV spectrum f o r p u r i f i e d and u n p u r i f i e d , 2 5 f


INDEX

379

Postcombustion c o n t r o l , development, c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 149 Potassium hydroxide r e a c t i o n s w i t h benzothiophene, 54 s u l f u r and m i n e r a l removal from c o a l , 42 s u p e r c r i t i c a l alcohol, organic s u l f u r removal, 79 Precombustion c o n t r o l , development, c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 149 P r e h u m i d i f i c a t i o n , e f f e c t on Ca(OH) r e a c t i v i t y , 217,220t Pyrite See a l s o S u l f u r e f f e c t of p a r t i c l e s i z e on d i s p e r s i o n , 26 m i c r o b i a l d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 87,92,93f p h y s i c a l removal from c o a l , 11 polyxanthate dispersant, s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n of c o a l from, 24 p o t e n t i a l f o r r e d u c t i o n i n FBC, 99 removal from c o a l by molten c a u s t i c , 42 s e l e c t i v e d i s p e r s i o n , 28 s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n , separation from c o a l , 22 s e p a r a t i o n from h i g h - s u l f u r c o a l s , u l t r a f i n e , 21 suspensions, s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n , 25f v a r i a b i l i t y i n c o a l , e f f e c t on PCC, 15

R

Receptor models, v a r i a b i l i t y o f p a r t i c u l a t e s , c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 293 Refuse d e r i v e d f u e l (RDF), combustion w i t h c o a l , r e l e a s e of o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 109

S

Salt additives, deliquescent, e f f e c t on r e a c t i o n o f S 0 with C a ( 0 H ) , 208 S a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n , e f f e c t of d e l i q u e s c e n t s a l t a d d i t i v e s on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 217 Scanning e l e c t r o n microscopy (SEM), c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f C a ( 0 H ) , 211 Scrubbers f l u e gas, raman s h i f t s and r e l a t i v e molar i n t e n s i t i e s , 172t ?

2

2

2

Scrubbers—Continued l i q u o r , CI c o n t e n t , sodium DA p r o c e s s , c h e m i c a l agent d i s p o s a l , 204f S c r u b b i n g e f f i c i e n c y , sodium DA p i l o t p l a n t , c h e m i c a l agent d i s p o s a l , 198 S l u i c e w a t e r , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 121 S m e l t e r s , e f f e c t s on f o r e s t ecosystem, 257 Sodium carbonate alkali-treated coal, 34f,36f c o a l b e f o r e and a f t e r t r e a t m e n t , 69 t r a c e element removal from c o a l , 67 Sodium d u a l a l k a l i (DA) p r o c e s s a p p l i c a t i o n t o h i g h CI gas streams, 195 c h e m i c a l agent d i s p o s a l CI c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s c r u b b e r l i q u o r , 204f s c r u b b i n g e f f i c i e n c y , 198 d i s c u s s i o n , f l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s , 196 e f f e c t o f CI c o n c e n t r a t i o n on s c r u b b e r o p e r a t i o n , 203f p i l o t plant process flow diagram, 1 9 7 f S 0 and HC1 removal e f f i c i e n c y , 1 9 9 f S 0 removal, 203f Sodium h y d r o x i d e importance o f Κ i n c a u s t i c treatment of c o a l , 57 r e a c t i o n s w i t h b e n z o t h i o p h e n e , 54 s u l f u r and m i n e r a l removal from c o a l , 42 Sodium m e t a b i s u l f i t e , k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics, r e a c t i o n w i t h f e r r o u s n i t r o s y l c h e l a t e s , 166-169 Sodium s u l f i t e , k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics, r e a c t i o n w i t h f e r r o u s n i t r o s y l c h e l a t e s , 166-169 S o l i d s a n a l y s i s , l i m e s t o n e DA d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n process, e f f e c t of Mg i o n s , 182 S o l i d s p r e c i p i t a t i o n , e f f e c t of C I , sodium DA p r o c e s s , c h e m i c a l agent d i s p o s a l , 202 Sorbent and l e a c h a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , c o a l f l y ash, 332 Sorbent c o s t s , r e d u c t i o n , 155 Sorbent p r o p e r t i e s , c o a l f l y ash, f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g , 339-343 Sorbent r e g e n e r a t i o n , f l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s e s , 153 S p e c i e s d i s t r i b u t i o n model (SDM), e q u i l i b r i u m models f o r l i m e or l i m e s t o n e FGD, 224 Spray d r y i n g , as a l t e r n a t i v e f o r S 0 c o n t r o l , 208 Stack ash, s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e s , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 112 2

2


?

380


S t a c k gaseous e m i s s i o n s , d i e s e l combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 128t Stack vapor, sampling procedures, o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 110 Substrates, o p t i c a l absorbances, p h o t o r e a c t i v i t y o f adsorbed PAHs, 329t Sugar cane d e r i v e d f u e l s , carbon i s o t o p e t r a c e r s f o r carbon t r a n s p o r t , 269 Sulfate acid deposition, d i s c u s s i o n , 345 S u l f a t e aerosols, Hering impactor, submicrometer, 319 Sulfate airborne p a r t i c u l a t e s , c h e m i c a l t r a c e r s , 348-56 Sulfate concentration l i m e s t o n e DA p i l o t p l a n t , d i s t r i b u t i o n , I84f New York s i t e s , 1983, a i r b o r n e , 349f,351t Sulfate p r e c i p i t a t e s , coal f l y ash, 356 S u l f a t e p r e c i p i t a t i o n , 1980, 5 f S u l f a t e r a d i c a l r e a c t i o n s , 288 Sulfide minerals, polyxanthates for s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n , 22 Sulfite bisulfite o x i d a t i o n by f r e e r a d i c a l s , d i s c u s s i o n , 285-287 r e a c t i o n w i t h NO, k i n e t i c s and thermodynamics, 162 rate constants f o r reactions with r a d i c a l s , 286t r e a c t i o n s o f r a d i c a l s , 287 Sulfur See a l s o P y r i t e b a t c h r e a c t o r system, s u p e r c r i t i c a l extraction, 78f caustic-treated coal, effect of v a r i o u s washings on forms, 45 e f f e c t i v e combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , 124 experimental r e s u l t s , acid-leached c o a l , 32 m i n e r a l m a t t e r , two-step p r o c e s s f o r e x t r a c t i n g , 39 organic m i c r o b i a l d e s u l f u r i z a t i o n , 87 removal from c o a l by s u p e r c r i t i c a l a l c o h o l s , 75 pyritic b i t u m i n o u s c o a l samples, 88 PCC p r o c e s s e s , 17 s e p a r a t i o n from h i g h - s u l f u r c o a l s , 21 removal from b e n z o t h i o p h e n e , t h i o l d e c o m p o s i t i o n , 58 r o l e o f m o i s t u r e i n removal from c o a l , 60

Sulfur—Continued s e l e c t i v e f l o c c u l a t i o n , c o a l s , 26-29 various treatments removal from c o a l , 4 5 t v a r i o u s a l k a l i - t r e a t e d c o a l s , 37 Sulfur dioxide chemical k i n e t i c s o f intermediates i n a u t o x i d a t i o n , 284 c o n c e n t r a t i o n e f f e c t on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 213 c o n t r o l c o s t s , comparison o f u t i l i t y , 10f e f f e c t o f deliquescent s a l t a d d i t i v e s on r e a c t i o n w i t h C a ( 0 H ) , 208 e f f e c t s on f o r e s t ecosystem, 257 e m i s s i o n s c o n t r o l , d i s c u s s i o n , 8-10 f e d e r a l emissions r e g u l a t i o n s , c o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s , 149 h i s t o r y , emission c o n t r o l , 2 new source performance s t a n d a r d s , 9 t 2

2

nitrogen oxides s i m u l t a n e o u s removal a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e s , 170 f e r r o u s c h e l a t e s , 161 f l u e gas t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s e s , 159 U.S. c u r r e n t and p r o j e c t e d emissions, 3 t overview o f c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g i e s , 9 t o x i d a t i o n by hydrogen p e r o x i d e , 279 oxygen i s o t o p i c s t u d y o f a t m o s p h e r i c o x i d a t i o n , 277 p o t e n t i a l f o r r e d u c t i o n i n FBC, 99 reduction, reduction i n heating v a l u e , 14 s o r p t i o n mechanisms, d i s c u s s i o n , 99-101 s o u r c e s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and f i n g e r p r i n t , 345 vapor p r e s s u r e p r e d i c t i o n s , LCM, 229,230f Sulfur reduction Btu r e c o v e r y by c o a l c l e a n i n g , 15t p o t e n t i a l , extensive physical coal c l e a n i n g , 14 theoretical effects of coal cleaning, 13t Sulfur removal—See Desulfurization Supercritical alcohol extraction, process p o t e n t i a l , h i g h - s u l f u r c o a l , 83 Supercritical desulfurization, effects of a l t e r n a t e p r e t r e a t m e n t p r o c e d u r e s , 81 Supercritical extraction c o a l , l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w , 75-77 s u l f u r , b a t c h r e a c t o r system, 7 8 f S u r f a c e a d s o r p t i o n model, Mg on c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e , 188


381

INDEX U

Τ

Temperature c o a l - f i r e d b o i l e r s , f l y ash sorbent and l e a c h a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , 335 e x i t gas, r e l a t e d t o excess oxygen, combustion o f c o a l l i q u i d f u e l s , I43f FBC e f f e c t on n i t r o g e n o x i d e s e m i s s i o n s , 102 e f f e c t on s u l f u r e m i s s i o n s , 101 f u s i o n , e f f e c t on sorbent c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f coal f l y ash, 340 r e a c t o r , impact on C a ( 0 H ) r e a c t i v i t y , 213 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), i n e f f l u e n t s from c o a l - f i r e d p o w e r p l a n t s , 120 T h i o l d e c o m p o s i t i o n , s u l f u r removal from benzothiophene, 58 Trace element d i s t r i b u t i o n c o a l , 64 c o a l f l y a s h , 348 i m p a c t o r s , 319 Trace element removal a l k a l i n e methods, 69 aqueous Na^CO, t r e a t m e n t s , c o a l , 67 c h e m i c a l c l e a n i n g , c o a l , 65-67 chlorinolysis, coal, 66t e f f e c t o f chemical c l e a n i n g o f c o a l , 63 molten c a u s t i c t r e a t m e n t s , c o a l , 67 Trace m e t a l s , e f f e c t s on f o r e s t ecosystem, 257 T r a c e r s , c h e m i c a l , source o f s u l f a t e s i n a i r b o r n e p a r t i c u l a t e s , 348-352 ?

U t i l i t y b o i l e r s , volume o f f l u e gas, 148

V

Vanadium enrichment f a c t o r s , New York s i t e s , 1983, 349f Vapor, s t a c k , sampling p r o c e d u r e s , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 110 Vapor e f f l u e n t s , d i s c u s s i o n , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 120 Vapor p r e s s u r e d e p r e s s i o n , LCM p r e d i c t i o n , FGD, 226 Volatiles e f f e c t on n i t r o g e n o x i d e s e m i s s i o n s , FBC, 102 net enrichment, s t a c k e m i s s i o n s , 299

W W a l l l o s s e s , cascade i m p a c t o r s , 3 1 2 Waste d i s p o s a l , s o r b e n t r e g e n e r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s , f l u e gas treatment p r o c e s s e s , 153 Water condensate e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 113 f l u e gas treatment systems, 156 sampling p r o c e d u r e s , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 112 s l u i c e , o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s , 121

Production by Car a Aldridge Young Indexing by Susan Robinson Jacket design by Pamela Lewis Elements typeset by Hot Type Ltd., Washington, DC Printed and bound by Maple Press Co., York, PA


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