Four-Mode Programmable Metamaterial Using Ternary Foldable

Subscriber access provided by BUFFALO STATE

Surfaces, Interfaces, and Applications

Four-Mode Programmable Metamaterial using Ternary Foldable Origami Dinh Hai Le, and Sungjoon Lim ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09301 • Publication Date (Web): 16 Jul 2019 Downloaded from pubs.acs.org on July 20, 2019

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Four-Mode Programmable Metamaterial using Ternary Foldable Origami Dinh Hai Le and Sungjoon Lim* School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT: Designing multifunctional metamaterial with programmable feature has become a new trend in mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic research fields due to controllability of their structural behaviors and functionalities. The codable or reconfigurable structures have shown more remarkable characteristics than the traditional and conventional metamaterials to implement functional programmability. However, structural complexity and hi-tech requirement are the biggest constraints to their practical applications. This paper numerically and experimentally investigates a programmable metamaterial based on ternary foldable origami in the gigahertz-frequency regime. The proposed metamaterial provides four transformable modes corresponding to four different functions of electromagnetic reflector and frequency-selectable absorbers by programming unique ternary foldable origami coded as ‘0’, ‘1’, and ‘2’ for different folding levels. Interestingly, the proposed foldable origami consists of simple dielectric paper and bottom conductor while there is no conductive pattern on the top. 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 2 of 26

Therefore, the proposed programmable metamaterial is extremely robust and can be extended to multi-resonance mode and origami computing.

KEYWORDS: metamaterial, programmable metamaterial, coding metamaterial, ternary code, origami.

 INTRODUCTION Metamaterials are a well-known class of engineered artificial materials described by effective medium parameters at subwavelength scale to achieve various electromagnetic (EM) functionalities.1 Since the first experimental demonstration in 2000,2 metamaterials have become an attractive and important research area not only because they exhibit many extraordinary physical properties, but also due to their broad applicability, particularly in physics and engineering fields. The requirements of modern scientific and technological developments have stretched metamaterial research from MHz to visible ranges,3‒8 across many application fields including energy,9‒11 health care,12‒14 engineering,15, 16 environment,17, 18

and mechanics.19‒21 However, a common restriction in all these metamaterials is that each

functionality requires a distinct structure, making each metamaterial suitable only for a specific task and limiting its applications. Currently, programmable metamaterials have long been a wide-ranging research topic of interest for scientists and engineers due to controllability of their EM or mechanical behaviors and functionalities. Programmable metamaterials are designed materials with properties that are programmable by reconfigurable or digital coding approaches. Phase-changing compounds, whose complex refractive indices differ between their amorphous and crystalline states,22‒24 and mechanical shape-changing25‒27 are extremely important to implement programmability for reconfigurable metamaterials. Origami-based approaches have recently shown a promise as an ideal platform 2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 3 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


to configure and reconfigure the structural geometry in mechanical researches.28‒30 Origami is well known as the Japanese paper folding artform that can transform two-dimensional (2D) flat paper (unfolded state) into complex three-dimensional (3D) geometric shapes. In modern usage, origami-inspired devices have been developed and applied widely in mechanical, electrical, and electronics engineerings, such as self-folding machines,31 solar cells,32 antennas,33 and plasmonic sensing devices.34 Very recently, origami tessellation pattern for metamaterials has received significant attention. For example, Wang et al. utilized origami for metamaterial tunable chirality,35 and Fang et al. used origami tessellation for programmable self-locking metamaterials.36 On the other hand, coding metamaterial has received remarkable attention due to the capability to digitally control EM waves by applying binary bits (‘0’ and ‘1’) on structural configurations.37-39 For instance, direct transmission of digital message,40 acoustic topological insulator,41 and new wireless communication systems42 are made possibly by programmable coding metamaterials. Nevertheless, digital coding methods have some challenging problems when used for mechanical metamaterials and vice versa. Both approaches have complex geometry and require sophisticated technique in all design, fabrication, and measurement processes, constraining their practical applications. This paper numerically and experimentally investigates a programmable metamaterial by combining both mechanically reconfigurable and digital coding approaches on a ternary foldable origami. Owing to its simple composition of a dielectric paper and bottom conductor with no conductive pattern on top, the proposed foldable origami can be easily transformed and reconfigured into different shapes. The unique ternary foldable origami is coded as ‘0’, ‘1’, and ‘2’ for unfolded, short folded and long folded sections, respectively, providing four distinct modes realized by four coding sequences of ‘00000…’ (Mode-I), ‘101010…’ (Mode-II), ‘020202…’ (Mode-III), and ‘20102010…’(Mode-IV), corresponding to multi-function of EM 3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 4 of 26

reflector and frequency-selectable absorbers. The proposed programmable metamaterial is extremely robust and not only can be extended to single- or multi-resonance modes operating at desired frequencies, but also unlocks a new avenue for origami computing.

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ternary foldable origami metamaterial design

4 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 5 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 1. Programmable ternary foldable origami definition and unit cells. (a) Proposed programmable metamaterial concept. Red dashed lines indicate flexible valley-mountain folds, and the distance between two lines is 5 mm. Ternary foldable origami definitions for Mode-I, II, III, and IV are ‘0000…’, ‘10101…’, ‘20202…’, and ‘20102…’, respectively, corresponding with reflector, two different single-band and a dual-band absorption modes. (b) Side and (c) top view of the four modes where ternary values ‘0’, ‘1’, and ‘2’ correspond to unfolded, short folded and long folded levels, respectively. (d‒g) Perspective views with structural parameters for the four modes. Paper substrate is on the top and fully covered copper film is on the bottom. a = 10 mm, t = 0.254 mm, tm = 0.05mm, h1 = 5 mm, and h2 = 10 mm.

Figure 1a illustrates the conceptual illustration of the proposed programmable metamaterial that is a combination between origami-based mechanical and ternary coding metamaterial approaches. By programming input ternary code on transformable origami pattern, the programmable metamaterial provides four resonance-switching modes. Figure 1b and c present four distinct coding proposed modes (Mode-I, II, III and IV) corresponding to the sequence of ‘0000…’, ‘10101…’, ‘20202…’ and ‘20102…’ ternary presentations in the (y, z) and (x, y) planes, respectively. The coding numbers ‘0’, ‘1’ and ‘2’ exhibit different folding levels including unfolded, short folded, and long folded sections, respectively. The 3D views of the four mode unit cells are exhibited in Figure 1d‒g, where h1 and h2 are the lengths of the folding parts, and a is the periodicities. t and tm are paper and copper film thicknesses, respectively. Although the proposed origami structure consists of two thin layers (paper dielectric with copper film covering the whole bottom side), it produces multifunctional metamaterial, such as reflector and absorber, in unfolded and folded states. 5 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 6 of 26

Figure 2. Transformation between four proposed modes. (a‒i) Mechanically programmed transition from Mode-I to Mode-II, from Mode-II to Mode-III, and from Mode-III to ModeIV. Dash arrows indicate movement direction. (k‒o) Constructed prototypes of four modes from (a), (c), (f), and (i), respectively, where (l‒o) were folded from (k).

To understand reconfigurable and programmable characteristics more clearly, the transformation models between the four modes are illustrated in Figure 2. Benefiting from the easily foldable materials and changeable states between the mountain and valley folds, the 6 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 7 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


ternary foldable origami structure can be reciprocally changed between Mode-I and Mode-II (Figure 2a‒c), Mode-II and Mode-III (Figure 2c‒f), Mode-III and Mode-IV (Figure 2f‒i). As can be seen from the transition models, the dashed-line arrows describe the moving direction. The red dashed lines play the role as the primary and secondary rotary axes. For an automatic system where the red dashed lines working as a flexible rotary axis controlled by the encryption code, our proposed origami can be a promising programmable and robotic metamaterial absorber. Figure 2k‒o show the prototypes of Mode-II (Figure 2c), Mode-III (Figure 2f), and Mode-IV (Figure 2i) continuously transformed from Mode-I (Figure 2a). The 3D printing flame is used to hold the samples in their appropriate configurations for better performance. Simulation results

Figure 3. Simulation results. (a) Simulated scattering parameters and (b) absorption spectra for the four modes. Mode-I reflects the whole incident wave, Mode-II and Mode-III produce single absorption peaks at 8.6 and 4.3 GHz, respectively, whereas Mode-IV exhibits dualband absorption at those frequencies.



Page 8 of 26

Figure 3 shows simulated reflection, transmission spectra (Figure 3a) and corresponding absorption characteristic (Figure 3b) of the four modes. The absorption was calculated as A = 1 - (S11)2 - (S21)2, where S11 and S21 are the reflection and transmission coefficient magnitudes, respectively. Since the metamaterial was backed with full copper film, which is much thicker than the skin depth in the operating frequency range, the transmission is approximate zero and can be omitted. There is no absorption peak in Mode-I due to lack of component to generate resonance. Hence, almost radiated EM wave from the transmitter port is thoroughly reflected. Mode-II produces a single absorption peak operating at 8.6 GHz with 97% absorptivity, and Mode-III has a single resonance frequency at 4.3 GHz with approximately 98% absorptivity. Mode-IV exhibits a dual-band absorption at 4.3 and 8.58 GHz with 80.5 and 81.7 % absorptivity, respectively. Firstly, changing from unfolded to folded state provides switching from total reflection to absorption at operating frequencies corresponding with OFF and ON states of absorption. Secondly, the easy transformation (see Figure 2) means we can program the absorption states as Mode-I ON, Mode-II ON + Mode-III OFF, Mode-II OFF + Mode-III ON, and Mode-IV ON corresponding with reflector, two different single resonance (8.6 GHz and 4.3 GHz), and dual resonance modes.


Page 9 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 4. Explanation for absorption peaks. Since the absorption mechanisms are the same for the three folded modes, only Mode-III is explicitly considered (the other modes follow similarly). Induced (a) electric field (E), (b) magnetic field (H), and (c) surface current distributions; (d) equivalent LC circuit at resonance for Mode-III. Red arrows display current direction, L and C are unit-cell inductance and capacitance, respectively.

Physical mechanisms for the absorption peaks were clarified by investigating the induced electric field (E) and the dielectric substrate imaginary components, 𝜀 . Absorbed EM power can be theoretically expressed as 𝑃

1 2𝜋𝑓𝜀 |𝐸| 2

1

Since the dielectric-conductor structure has no conductive pattern on the top, there is no induced electric field in Mode-I due to zero capacitance. Folding is important for generating capacitance for Modes-II–IV, inducing electric field. Therefore, absorption peaks were observed in folded modes but absent in the unfolded mode where incident wave is totally reflected. In order to understand the absorption characteristic of the origami metamaterial, Figure 4 shows induced electric and magnetic fields, and surface current distribution at resonance for two neighboring unit cells in the folded case. For example, Figure 4a and b show simulated electric and magnetic fields for Mode-III. The simulated electric and magnetic fields mostly focus on the top and end of the folded sections, generating capacitance and inductance, respectively. Most charge accumulates along the sides of the folding part, leading to antiparallel current density (Figure 4c). Thus, absorption is caused by magnetic resonance.43 Since 9 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 10 of 26

there is no resonator on the top, as conventional three-layer (conductor-dielectric-conductor) metamaterial absorber, the ground plane provides critical functionality in the folded states but is irrelevant in unfolded state, i.e., the proposed origami metamaterial absorber can be simply realized by only two layers (dielectric-conductor). Figure 4d shows the equivalent inductance-capacitance (LC) circuit to extract absorption peak frequencies, where ground plane resistance was omitted for simplicity. Resonance frequency is calculated as 𝑓

1 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

𝑐√2 4𝜋ℎ√𝑐 𝜀

2

where c is the speed of light, c1 is the numerical factor that displays the ratio of the area where most charge is concentrated over the total area, and h represents folding parts h1 and h2 (Figure 1e‒g). From the indicated structural parameters and c1 = 0.215, analytical resonance frequencies for Mode-II and Mode-III are computed as 8.626 and 4.313 GHz, which are very close to the numerical resonance frequencies (8.6 and 4.3 GHz, respectively).


Page 11 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 5. Structural parameters influence on absorption characteristics. Simulated absorbance spectra working with different (a) folding length, h1, and (b) periodicity, a, for Mode-II, (c, d) the corresponding effects for Mode-III, and (e‒g) for Mode-IV. The relevant folded unit cells are indicated in each figure for better visualization.

Figure 5 shows structural parameters influences on the absorption peaks. As can be seen in Figure 5a, c, e, and f, the absorption peak frequencies are strongly dependent on the folding lengths. Resonance frequencies reduce from 10.2 to 6.8 GHz and 4.8 to 3.9 GHz when h1 and h2 increase from 4–6 mm and 9–11 mm for Mode-II and Mode-III, respectively. For Mode-IV, changing h1 while keeping h2 constant holds the first peak constant with the second peak 11 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 12 of 26

follows the trend of h1 from Figure 5a, and vice versa for changing h2, while holding h1 constant. Equation 2 explains the frequency shifts, where h1 and h2 determine inductance, and hence strongly affect the resonance frequency. Figure 5b, d and, g show absorption spectra for the three folded modes (Mode-II, III and IV, respectively) working with various values of periodicity, a. It can be seen that the absorption frequencies remain relatively constant as a increases from 5 to 12.5 mm, then reduces as a increases further due to mismatch between the absorber and the free space.

Figure 6. Influence of (a) folding length, h, (b) periodicity, a, and (c) folding angle, α, on resonance frequency and absorptivity. (d) Simulated absorption of three extended modes


Page 13 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


with different folding lengths. a = 10 mm is kept unchanged in (a) and (d), h = 10 mm is kept unchanged in (b), whereas both a = h = 10 mm are unchanged in (c). For better understanding about our proposed origami interacting with EM radiation, we evaluated the influence of the variation in the structural parameters on the lifetime of the single resonance mode, as illustrated in Figure 6a‒c. It should be noted that only single resonance mode is investigated in this part for better overview. As can be seen in Figure 6a and our explanation via Equation 2, the absorption peak frequency drops from 8.6 to 1.75 GHz in both simulation and calculation when h increases from 5 to 25 mm and a is kept at 10 mm, whereas the absorptivity remains unchanged. By contrast, the resonance frequency remained constant whereas the absorptivity significantly decreases from 99% to 70% when a increases from 5 to 25 mm and h is kept at 10 mm (Figure 6b). Therefore, a = 10 mm is selected for all proposed modes. Figure 6c exhibits the influence of folding angle, α, on the absorption characteristics. The resonance frequency and corresponding absorptivity change from 4.3 to 8 GHz and 25% to 98%, respectively, with slight increase of folding angle, which is a key factor affecting the value of the capacitance, C, in Equation 2. For the dual-band performance example, Figure 6d exhibits the simulated absorption spectra of three extended modes corresponding to different high values of folding lengths, h1 and h2. All cases have absorptivity higher than 80% at resonance frequencies. These results affirm that we not only can select the desired absorption frequencies by choosing the suitable folding length, but also can manipulate the origami to obtain multiple resonances based on our proposed origami.



Page 14 of 26

Figure 7. Polarization (φ) and incident (θ) angle effects on absorption. Simulated absorption spectra for different (a, b) polarization angles, and (c, d) oblique incident in transverse electric (TE) polarization for Mode-II and Mode-III, respectively. Polarization and incident angles were ranged from 0−45°and 0−60°, respectively. Figure 7 shows simulated absorbance spectra for different polarization (φ) and incident (θ) angles from 0−45°and 0−60°, respectively. The results indicate that, both Mode-II and ModeIII, exhibit higher than 80% of absorptivity for polarization angle φ < 30° degree and the incident angle in transverse electric (TE) polarization θ < 50°. It should be noted that, for the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization, the electric field is along the y-axis direction whether for the normal incidence or the oblique incidence, therefore, does not response to the ground plane to generate capacitance. On the other hand, since the magnetic field is along x-axis


Page 15 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


direction, it cannot penetrate the dielectric substrate to generate inductance. Consequently, no resonance appears in TM polarization. Experimental verification

Figure 8. Experimental verification. (a‒c) Fabricated samples, and (d‒f) corresponding simulated and measured results of for Mode-II, III and IV, respectively. The 3D printed holder in (a‒c) retains the folded state for three folded modes. We experimentally verified the proposed modes to compare with simulation and calculation results. Figure 8 shows the photographs and absorption spectra of Mode-II, III and IV. Generally, the measurement verifications have a good agreement with the simulation. In detail, Mode II measured resonance is observed at 9.0 GHz with absorptivity higher than 90%; Mode III measured resonance is observed at 4.5 GHz with 97.5% absorptivity; and Mode IV exhibits dual absorption at 4.2 and 8.7 GHz with 92 and 88.7% absorptivities, respectively. The slight 15 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 16 of 26

differences between simulation and measurement outcomes are due to slight variations in the folding angle for each unit cell.

 CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have introduced and investigated a mechanically transformable and programmable metamaterial using ternary foldable origami. Coding the ternary origami as sequences of ‘00000…’, ‘10101…’, ‘20202…’ and ‘20102…’ programmed the proposed metamaterial into reflector, two single-band and dual-band absorption modes, respectively. Transformation between these modes switches absorption frequency at either or both 4.3 and 8.6 GHz. We compared absorption frequencies between simulation, measurement, and confirmed by the LC circuit calculation. In contrast with previously conventional three-layer (metal-dielectric-metal) metamaterial absorbers, the proposed metamaterial absorber was realized using only two complete layers (dielectric-metal). At each absorption frequency, higher than 90% absorptivity is kept under 30° polarization angle and 50° oblique angle. Our findings unlock new and effective approaches for metamaterial absorber and origami computing. Overall, several multifunctional and programmable metamaterials are compared at different frequencies and tuning range with various approaching methods and functionalities (see Table 1). The programmable and multifunctional metamaterials show a great sense for acoustic, mechanical and electromagnetic applications, covering in various frequency ranges from Hz to visible regime. For real application, lots of efforts are needed to concern, for instance, state switching speed for both feature (EM, acoustic, mechanical) and geometrical responses; lowcost materials for big size fabricated samples. Our proposed metamaterial can be programmed 16 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 17 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


by a unique ternary code while other programmable metamaterials use binary codes. Thus, the proposed programmable metamaterial can provide more diverse functions in a low cost.

Table 1. Comparison among multifunctional/programmable metamaterials. Ref. 48 46 47 49 36 45 27 This work

Number of modes (Functions) 3 (2 single band-gap, 1 dual band-gap) 2 (1 sensor, 1 imaging) 4 (Levorotatory, achiral, dextrorotatory, racemic) 2 (Sensor, absorber) 3 (3 self-locking levels) 2 (2 acoustic band-gap switching states) 3 (3 energy absorption states) 4 (1 reflector, 2 single-band absorbers, 1 dual band absorber)

Switching technology

Code

Operating frequencies

Tuning range

Switching speed

Cost

MEMS

Binary

0.26, 0.36 THz

No

Medium

High

PIN diode

Binary

9.2 GHz

No

Fast

High

MEMS

Binary

0.4, 0.7 THz

0.4‒0.7 THz

Medium

High

Optical

No

353, 600 THz

600‒3000 THz

Medium

High

Origami

No

N/A

N/A

Slow

Medium

Electromagnet

Binary

8.3 Hz

105‒260 Hz

Fast

High

Mechanical Stretch

No

N/A

N/A

Slow

High

Origami

Ternary

4.3, 8.6 GHz

1.85‒8.6 GHz

Slow

Low



Page 18 of 26

 MATERIALS AND METHODS Simulation. Full-wave numerical simulation was performed using the ANSYS high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), a commercial finite-element package. Two pairs of master and slave, one in (x, z) plane and another in (y, z) plane, were assigned to satisfy boundary conditions arising from the proposed periodic structure. Floquet ports were set in (x, y) plane as EM excitation ports. We used Kodak photo paper as the dielectric material, with dielectric constant of 2.85 and tangential loss of 0.05;44 and copper as the conductive material, with conductivity of 5.8×107 S/m. Since the definition of polarization angle (φ) and angle of incidence (θ) are “phi” and “theta”, respectively, on the Floquet port, we simulated the absorptivity for each φ and θ by varying “phi” and “theta”, respectively. Additionally, induced magnetic, electric fields and surface current distributions were simulated using ANSYS HFSS. Fabrication and Measurement. We fabricated example origami pattern and investigated metamaterial performance. We chose 0.254-mm-thick Kodak photo as the dielectric and covered the sheets with 0.04 mm thick copper on one side. For Mode-I, overall paper size (flat) was 150×450 mm, which was reduced to 150×230, 150×150, and 150×180 mm for Modes II, III, and IV, respectively. The reflection coefficient, S11, was measured using a WR-90 standard gain horn antenna with 15-dB nominal gain and Anritsu MS2038C vector network analyzer. Distance between the antenna and prototype surface is 1 m which satisfies far-field conditions. Before measuring the S-parameters in free space, we first measured the S-parameters of the copper plate with the same size with the metamaterial sample as the reference. Next, we set the magnitude of its reflection coefficient to 1 for calibration. To keep the shape of the folded state of the fabricated metamaterial, a 3D-printed holder is used, and the desired folding angle can be kept at 90°.

 AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *Email: [email protected]

Author Contributions 18 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 19 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


D. H. L and S. L conceived idea. D. H. L designed, simulated, and experimentally verified the absorber. Both authors wrote and discussed the manuscript. S. L contributed to the revision of the manuscript.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No.2017R1A2B3003856).

 REFERENCES 1.

Veselago, V. G., The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative

Values of Epsilon and Mu. Sov. Phys. Usp. 1968, 10 (4), 509-514. 2.

Smith, D. R.; Padilla, W. J.; Vier, D. C.; Nemat-Nasser, S. C.; Schultz, S., Composite

Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 84 (18), 4184-4187. 3.

Khuyen, B. X.; Tung, B. S.; Yoo, Y. J.; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, K. W.; Chen, L.-Y.; Lam,

V. D.; Lee, Y., Miniaturization for Ultrathin Metamaterial Perfect Absorber in the VHF band. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 45151. 4.

Hai, L. D.; Qui, V. D.; Tung, N. H.; Huynh, T. V.; Dung, N. D.; Binh, N. T.; Tuyen,

L. D.; Lam, V. D., Conductive Polymer for Ultra-Broadband, Wide-Angle, and PolarizationInsensitive Metamaterial Perfect Absorber. Opt. Express 2018, 26 (25), 33253-33262. 5.

Chen, H.-T.; Padilla, W. J.; Cich, M. J.; Azad, A. K.; Averitt, R. D.; Taylor, A. J., A

Metamaterial Solid-State Terahertz Phase Modulator. Nat. Photonics 2009, 3, 148.



6.

Page 20 of 26

Chang, Y.-C.; Liu, C.-H.; Liu, C.-H.; Zhang, S.; Marder, S. R.; Narimanov, E. E.;

Zhong, Z.; Norris, T. B., Realization of Mid-Infrared Graphene Hyperbolic Metamaterials. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10568. 7.

Zhang, H.; Guan, C.; Luo, J.; Yuan, Y.; Song, N.; Zhang, Y.; Fang, J.; Liu, H., Facile

Film-Nanoctahedron Assembly Route to Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers at Visible Frequencies. ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b01088. 8.

Nicholls, L. H.; Rodríguez-Fortuño, F. J.; Nasir, M. E.; Córdova-Castro, R. M.;

Olivier, N.;

Wurtz, G. A.; Zayats, A. V., Ultrafast Synthesis and Switching of Light

Polarization in Nonlinear Anisotropic Metamaterials. Nat. Photonics 2017, 11 (10), 628-633. 9.

Almoneef, T. S.; Ramahi, O. M., Metamaterial Electromagnetic Energy Harvester with

Near Unity Efficiency. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 106 (15), 153902. 10. Wu, C.; Neuner Iii, B.; John, J.; Milder, A.; Zollars, B.; Savoy, S.; Shvets, G., Metamaterial-Based Integrated Plasmonic Absorber/Emitter for Solar Thermo-Photovoltaic Systems. J. Opt. 2012, 14 (2), 024005. 11. Cui, L.; Huang, M.-Y.; You, Y.-M.; Zhang, Y.-J.; Li, G.-M.; Liu, S.-L.; Liu, C.-K., Electric and Magnetic Resonances in Optical Metamaterial for Efficient Absorption Enhancement in Ultrathin Cdte-Based Photovoltaic Cells. Opt. Mater. Express 2016, 6 (5), 1480-1487. 12. Gasmelseed, A.; Yunus, J., The Effects of Metamaterial on Electromagnetic Fields Absorption Characteristics of Human Eye Tissues. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2014, 114 (1), 812.


Page 21 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


13. Chen, Y.; Liu, H.; Reilly, M.; Bae, H.; Yu, M., Enhanced Acoustic Sensing Through Wave Compression and Pressure Amplification in Anisotropic Metamaterials. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5247. 14. Zubkov, M.; Hurshkainen, A. A.; Brui, E. A.; Glybovski, S. B.; Gulyaev, M. V.; Anisimov, N. V.; Volkov, D. V.; Pirogov, Y. A.; Melchakova, I. V., Small-Animal, WholeBody Imaging with Metamaterial-Inspired RF Coil. NMR Biomed. 2018, 31 (8), e3952. 15. Binion, J. D.; Lier, E.; Hand, T. H.; Jiang, Z. H.; Werner, D. H., A MetamaterialEnabled Design Enhancing Decades-Old Short Backfire Antenna Technology for Space Applications. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10 (1), 108. 16. Schmidt, R.; Webb, A., Metamaterial Combining Electric- and Magnetic-Dipole-Based Configurations for Unique Dual-Band Signal Enhancement in Ultrahigh-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9 (40), 34618-34624. 17. Hasan, D.; Lee, C., Hybrid Metamaterial Absorber Platform for Sensing of CO2 Gas at Mid-IR. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018, 5 (5), 1700581. 18. Kairm, H.; Delfin, D.; Shuvo, M. A. I.; Chavez, L. A.; Garcia, C. R.; Barton, J. H.; Gaytan, S. M.; Cadena, M. A.; Rumpf, R. C.; Wicker, R. B.; Lin, Y.; Choudhuri, A., Concept and Model of a Metamaterial-Based Passive Wireless Temperature Sensor for Harsh Environment Applications. IEEE Sens. J. 2015, 15 (3), 1445-1452. 19. Bertoldi, K.;

Vitelli, V.;

Christensen, J.; van Hecke, M., Flexible Mechanical

Metamaterials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 17066.



Page 22 of 26

20. Jackson, J. A.; Messner, M. C.; Dudukovic, N. A.; Smith, W. L.; Bekker, L.; Moran, B.; Golobic, A. M.; Pascall, A. J.; Duoss, E. B.; Loh, K. J.; Spadaccini, C. M., Field Responsive Mechanical Metamaterials. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4 (12), 6419. 21. Yu, X.; Zhou, J.; Liang, H.; Jiang, Z.; Wu, L., Mechanical Metamaterials Associated With Stiffness, Rigidity and Compressibility: A Brief Review. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2018, 94, 114173. 22.

Hand, T. H.; Cummer, S. A., Reconfigurable Reflectarray Using Addressable

Metamaterials.

IEEE

Antennas

Wirel.

Propag.

Lett.

2010,

9,

70-74,

DOI:

10.1109/LAWP.2010.2043211. 23.

Dong, B.; Chen, X.; Zhou, F.; Wang, C.; Zhang, H. F.; Sun, C., Gigahertz All-Optical

Modulation Using Reconfigurable Nanophotonic Metamolecules. Nano Lett. 2016, 16 (12), 7690-7695, DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03760. 24.

Gerislioglu, B.; Ahmadivand, A.; Karabiyik, M.; Sinha, R.; Pala, N., VO2-Based

Reconfigurable Antenna Platform with Addressable Microheater Matrix. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2017, 3 (9), 1700170, DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201700170. 25. Tang, Y.; Lin, G.; Yang, S.; Yi, Y. K.; Kamien, R. D.; Yin, J., Programmable KiriKirigami Metamaterials. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29 (10), 1604262, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604262. 26. Elastic

Haghpanah, B.; Ebrahimi, H.; Mousanezhad, D.; Hopkins, J.; Vaziri, A., Programmable Metamaterials.

Adv.

Eng.

Mater.

2016,

18

(4),

643-649,

DOI:

10.1002/adem.201500295. 27.

Fu, K.; Zhao, Z.; Jin, L., Programmable Granular Metamaterials for Reusable Energy

Absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 1901258, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201901258. 22 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 23 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


28.

Yasuda, H.; Miyazawa, Y.; Charalampidis, E. G.; Chong, C.; Kevrekidis, P. G.; Yang,

J., Origami-Based Impact Mitigation via Rarefaction Solitary Wave Creation. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5 (5), eaau2835, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau2835. 29.

Kamrava, S.; Mousanezhad, D.; Ebrahimi, H.; Ghosh, R.; Vaziri, A., Origami-Based

Cellular Metamaterial with Auxetic, Bistable, and Self-Locking Properties. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 46046, DOI: 10.1038/srep46046 30.

Surjadi, J. U.; Gao, L.; Du, H.; Li, X.; Xiong, X.; Fang, N. X.; Lu, Y., Mechanical

Metamaterials and Their Engineering Applications. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2019, 21 (3), 1800864, DOI: 10.1002/adem.201800864. 31.

Felton, S.; Tolley, M.; Demaine, E.; Rus, D.; Wood, R., A Method for Building Self-

Folding Machines. Science 2014, 345 (6197), 644. 32. Mu, J.; Hou, C.; Wang, H.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, M., Origami-Inspired Active Graphene-Based Paper for Programmable Instant Self-Folding Walking Devices. Sci. Adv. 2015, 1 (10), e1500533. 33. Shah, S. I. H.; Tentzeris, M. M.; Lim, S., A Deployable Quasi-Yagi Monopole Antenna Using Three Origami Magic Spiral Cubes. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2019, 18 (1), 147-151, DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2018.2883380. 34. Huang, Y.; Nguyen, M.-K.; Natarajan, A. K.; Nguyen, V. H.; Kuzyk, A., A DNA Origami-Based Chiral Plasmonic Sensing Device. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10 (51), 44221-44225.



Page 24 of 26

35. Wang, Z.; Jing, L.; Yao, K.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, B.; Soukoulis, C. M.; Chen, H.; Liu, Y., Origami-Based Reconfigurable Metamaterials for Tunable Chirality. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29 (27), 1700412. 36. Fang, H.; Chu, S.-C. A.; Xia, Y.; Wang, K.-W., Programmable Self-Locking Origami Mechanical Metamaterials. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30 (15), 1706311. 37. Cui, T. J.; Qi, M. Q.; Wan, X.; Zhao, J.; Cheng, Q., Coding Metamaterials, Digital Metamaterials and Programmable Metamaterials. Light Sci. Appl. 2014, 3, e218. 38. Wu, H.; Liu, S.; Wan, X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Cui, T. J., Controlling Energy Radiations of Electromagnetic Waves via Frequency Coding Metamaterials. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4 (9), 1700098. 39. Zhang, C.; Cao, W. K.; Yang, J.; Ke, J. C.; Chen, M. Z.; Wu, L. T.; Cheng, Q.; Cui, T. J., Multiphysical Digital Coding Metamaterials for Independent Control of Broadband Electromagnetic and Acoustic Waves with a Large Variety of Functions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11 (18), 17050-17055. 40. Cui, T. J.; Liu, S.; Bai, G. D.; Ma, Q., Direct Transmission of Digital Message via Programmable Coding Metasurface. Research 2019, 2019, 12, DOI: 10.1155/2019/2584509. 41. Xia, J.-P.; Jia, D.; Sun, H.-X.; Yuan, S.-Q.; Ge, Y.; Si, Q.-R.; Liu, X.-J., Programmable Coding Acoustic Topological Insulator. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30 (46), 1805002, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805002. 42. Zhao, J.; Yang, X.; Dai, J. Y.; Cheng, Q.; Li, X.; Qi, N. H.; Ke, J. C.; Bai, G. D.; Liu, S.; Jin, S.; Alù, A.; Cui, T. J., Programmable Time-Domain Digital-Coding Metasurface for


Page 25 of 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Non-Linear Harmonic Manipulation and New Wireless Communication Systems. Nat. Sci. Rev. 2018, 6 (2), 231-238, DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy135. 43. Zhou, J.; Economon, E. N.; Koschny, T.; Soukoulis, C. M., Unifying Approach to Left-Handed Material Design. Opt. Lett. 2006, 31 (24), 3620-3622. 44. Ling, K.; Yoo, M.; Su, W.; Kim, K.; Cook, B.; Tentzeris, M. M.; Lim, S., Microfluidic Tunable Inkjet-Printed Metamaterial Absorber on Paper. Opt. Express 2015, 23 (1), 110-120. 45. Yang, T.; Song, Z.-G.; Clerkin, E.; Zhang, Y.-W.; Sun, J.-H.; Su, Y.-S.; Chen, L.-Q.; Hagedorn, P., A Programmable Nonlinear Acoustic Metamaterial. AIP Advances 2017, 7 (9), 095323, DOI: 10.1063/1.4986094. 46. Li, Y. B.; Li, L. L.; Xu, B. B.; Wu, W.; Wu, R. Y.; Wan, X.; Cheng, Q.; Cui, T. J., Transmission-Type 2-Bit Programmable Metasurface for Single-Sensor and Single-Frequency Microwave Imaging. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 23731, DOI: 10.1038/srep23731. 47. Cong, L.; Pitchappa, P.; Wang, N.; Singh, R., Electrically Programmable Terahertz Diatomic Metamolecules for Chiral Optical Control. Research 2019, 2019, 11, DOI: 10.1155/2019/7084251. 48. Ho, C. P.; Pitchappa, P.; Lee, C., Digitally Reconfigurable Binary Coded Terahertz Metamaterial with Output Analogous to NOR and AND. J. Appl. Phys. 2016, 119 (15), 153104, DOI: 10.1063/1.4946891. 49. Agarwal, S.; Prajapati, Y. K., Multifunctional Metamaterial Surface for Absorbing and Sensing

Applications.

Opt.

Commun.

2019,

439,

304-307,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.01.020. 25 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


Page 26 of 26

Table of Contents


Four-Mode Programmable Metamaterial Using Ternary Foldable

Recommend Documents