FRAGMENTS OF EARLY INDUSTRIES IN SOUTH JERSEY A brief description of the now abandoned industrial town o f Harrisville, New Jersey, from 17fi0 to 1592 i s giwen. A saw mill was the first venture and because this town was near several large bog iron ore furnaces a slitting mill was erected. The town reached the height of its development in the manufacture of paper from salt marsh grass. Allusion i s also made to the attempted establishment of the silk industry in South Jersey. Numerous photographs and several maps and plam accompany the text.
. . . . . . The Worldly Ho$e men set their Hearts upon Turns Ashes-or it prospers; and anon, Like Snow uson the Desert's dusty Face, Lighting a little hour or t w o i s gone. -Rubhiydt of Omar Khayyhm I n the daily papers and the best magazines there are articles constantly appearing on the ruins of cities, temples, palaces. The mention of ruins turns thoughts to the old world and possibly very briefly to the wonderful ruins of the aborigines of the new world. The age of many of these ruins in both hemispheres counts into hundreds and even into thousands of years. Over such a great period of years the lay mind can readily grasp how the obliteration of evidences of civilization can take place. To conceive that a small town and industry in an industrial district may fold its tent and silently steal away in a few years after having functioned almost a century is well-nigh impossible. In the southeastern corner of Burlington County of New Jersey on the East or Oswego Branch of the Wading River are the ruins of a once prosperous industrial town-the Wading River Slitting Mill cf McCartyville or as It is a source of wonder today why a it is now known to a few-Harrisville. town and industry should ever have been started in such a country, which is desolation itself. It is in the midst of a fire-ravaged forest through which a few rutted sandy roads and many trails pass. There are no towns of any size near it-ten miles to the south lies Batsto of some dozen houses, and to the north Chatsworth with forty or fifty families. Scattered along the roads and through the woods there is a house now and then. A mile or two up the river are the remains of the once great Martha Furnace, now overgrown by the forest, and still farther away is Calico, marked today with afew halffilled cellar holes. Part way between Harrisville and Chatsworth is Speedwell with its two houses and one family. With the exception of the Forest Cervice Telephone Line the country is more primeval than when the Wading River Slitting Mill operated one hundred thirty years ago. A century and a quarter ago this region was anything hut desolate. It was the home of many industries ( 1 ) . Batsto with its thousand inhabitants 1915
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had its famous iron furnace, glass works, and charcoal business; Atsion, Speedwell, Martha, Chatsworth, and Hampton with their iron furnaces and forges were all within a twelve-mile radius; grist mills, saw mills, turpentine stills, wereeverywhere; the making of shingles and barrel staves from the unlimited supply of red cedar was very profitable, as were charcoal burning and hunting. With so many industries there was of necessity much travel between the various towns. At that time there were two famous roads-one still used today, the other now almost impassable.
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The former road and its branches connected the great industrial towns of Weymouth, Pleasant Mills, Batsto, Speedwell, Chatsworth, and Pemberton. The latter road was the stage road from Tuckerton to Philadelphia over which the stage and mail coaches passed twice weekly. The remains of these roads are but slightly used now, but a t the beginning of the nineteenth century they were much traveled. I n an article, "The Bog Ore Industry of South Jersey Prior to 1845" ( I ) , on page 1497 this statement is made: "The author has it on good authority that charcoal is still made in the Jersey woods as it was made over a hun-
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d r d y a r s ago." Hc wishes to amplify thi., statrment. Aiter much d i l i ~ t n t search through the woods he found in kT*: June, 1930, a partly completed cone for charcoal burning. Nearby were the remains of several other cones which had been burnt last season. The photograph shows this cone very clearly. Isaac Potts, who it will be remembered was the owner of the Martha Furnace (11, sold 350 acres of his holdings for 820,000 in 1797 to Geo. Ashbridge, Morris Robeson, John Paul, and Charles Schomaker, merchants of Philadelphia, and Wmc1.s or GRISTM r ~ r . ( I i W later owners of the Weymouth Furnace. AT M n n m I k w n c r 'This particular tract was long known as Uncowred by W. S. Pettit and K . the Wading River Slitting Mill. In 1805 Braddock-Rogers . the owners sold their interest to Joseph Walker and John Youle, the then owners and operators of the Speedwell Furnace, who further increased their holdings by the purchase of Evi Belangee's saw mill. Walker and Youle operated the slitting mill for ten years and then sold the property to the New York Machine Company. Numerous transfers of this tract took place until it came into the possession of McCarty, Davis, and Ashmead. It was bought by them in 1832 for 87000. Up to this time deeds of transfer had called in general for ". . . . the slitting mill tract with all buildings, houses.. . ." Four years later Wm. McCarty sold his controlling interest in the paper mill to the Wading River Manufacturing and Canal Company which was incorporated by the State of New Jersey in February. 1836. The capital stock was 8200,000 and the directors ,. were Wm. McCarty, Thomas Davis, H e n r y C. Carey, Isaac Lea, and Laurence Johnson. " . . . t o make paper, boards, and other articles," and "authorized to construct a canal from their land to some point on
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charge a toll of eight cents per ton per mile." The sale price of the transaction was 855,750 and the deed now calls for, ". . . .mills, water courses, water-works, machinery, apparatus, houses, erections,buildings, woods, ways, dams, ponds, gates, rights. . . . " Obviously, from the differences in price and the specifications in the deed McCarty and his associates must have greatly enlarged the entire plant. Nowhere in the vicinity of the ruins is there evidence of a canal to tidewater of the Wading River and no information regarding this has come to the author. McCarty seems to have been associated with the cotton mill a t Pleasant Mills before he went into business for himself. He called the Slitting Mill tract McCartyville and started the manufacture of paper to which further reference will be made. In 1848 the Mill came into the possession of John W. Harris who operated it for a number of years. I n 1865 the Harrisville Manufacturing Company was incorporated by the State of New Jersey with a capital stock of $500,000 and R. C. Harris, H. P. Harris, C. Heinerman, W. Woodfall, J. S. Fisher, and A. E. Smith, directors. The plant controlled by the Harrises continued to operate until 1892 when it shut down forever, due to a variety of circumstances, both economic and financial. Evi Belangee, t o whom reference has been made, appears t o have been the first to make use of a natural depression of the country. A horizontal crosssection of this depression through which that section of the Wading River flows resembles a bottle formation. This bottle is one and a half miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide a t the base. It gradually tapers to a width of seventy-five to one hundred feet a t the mouth. I t was a t the mouth of this bottle that Belangee built a dam for his saw mill about 1760 or before. It is known that the dam was not very large and judging from the very slight evidence which exists today the head was perhaps five or six feet. The dam was enlarged when the Slitting Mill was built and with the arrival of McCarty this dam was again enlarged to give a head of ten to twelve feet and still further enlarged by Harris to give a head of fifteen to sixteen feet. Six years ago in a marsh which is some little distance from the site of Belangee's mill there were dug up cedar planks in an almost perfect state of preservation. These planks were used in the sheathing of a building. This is very reminiscent of an interesting phase of the lumber industry which was practiced in the cedar swamps of South Jersey over a hundred years ago. While somewhat of a digression from the main topic it is worthy of notice since few people ever heard of such a practice. DEscnr~rIoNOF THE GREAT CEDARSWAMPS Very few trees are known which are more than one hundred years old, and the swamps are now cut off when the timber is of about sixty years' growth. Formerly trees of great age were found. Mr. Charles Ludlam counted 700 rings of annual growth in a tree which was alive when cut down. Dr. Beesly counted 1080 in a stump; and the Hon. J. niverty EXCERPTS EROM
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found 1000 in a log dug up out of the swamp earth. The average size of the old trees was from two to three feet in diameter; those of four, five, and six, even seven, feet were found, hut rarely. Mr. Charles Ludlam told me that he recently found a log in the swamps which, from its cut ends, he was satisfied had lain there ever since the timber had been cut off, which was sixty years ago. I t was about a foot in diameter, and the accumulation of matter on the surface since that time was enough to entirely bury it. Timber which is buried in the swamp undergoes scarcely any change; trees which are found several feet under the surface, and which must have lain there hundreds of years, are as sound as they ever were; and it would seem that most of the timber that was ever mown n these swamm was still preserved in them. The cedar logs which are buried in the swamps are also mined, or raised and split into shingles; and this singular branch of industry furnishes profitable occupation to a considerable number of men. In conducting this latter business a great deal of skill and experience is requisite. As many of the trees were partly decayed and worthless when they fell, it becomes imuortant to i u d ~ of e the value of the timber before much labor an iron rod the shingler sounds the swamp until is wasted upon it. ~ [ t h he finds what he judges to be a good log; he tries its length and size with this rod; with a sharp cutting spade he digs through the roots and down to it; he next manages to get a chip from it, by the smell of it he can tell whether it was a windfall or a breakdown. I t is very interesting to see one of the logs raised. I t comes up with as much buoyancy as a freshly fallen cedar; not being water logged a t all. The bark on the under side looks fresh, as if it had lain but a few days; and what is remarkable, the under side of the log is always the lightest; the workmen observe that when the log floats in water i t always turns over, the side which was down coming uppermost. The workmen go over the ground again and again, and find new logs each time.. The buoyancy of the timber remaining, it is probable that the lower logs rise in the mud when the roots over them are cut loose, and the logs which laid upon them are removed. These logs are found not only in the swamp, but also out in the salt marsh, beyond the living timber. Such marsh has, however, a cedar swamp bottom, which has been overrun by the tide.
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The ruins of HarrisviUe stretch along the road for a quarter of a mile. About twenty-five buildings or groups of buildings are in the tuins-ranging from the merest outlines of cellars to the major ruins of the paper mill, grist miU, and store. A pile of stones marks the site of a church and two large partly filled-in cellar holes are the sole reminders of two splendid dwellings. One of the most curious of the ruins is an eight-sided building. The stone work extended eight feet above the ground; it has six-foot sides, one of which was the door, and evidently a wooden roof. Most interesting uses have been assigned to this building by well-meaning people who on good authority say that it was a prison, a gas house, an observatory, a spring house, and finally a blockhouse to be used against Indians. The accompanying illustration (p. 1922) shows this queer structure which was totally destroyed on September 2, 1930.
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The best idea of the paper mill can be had by referring to the floor plan which is given in the illustration on page 1925. The central part of the building was built by McCarty and enlarged by Harris. The western wing was built by the former, while the eastern wing and most of the other sections were built by Harris. All of the buildings are built of ironstone which came from the nearby bogs, for it must be remembered that this is in
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the very heart of the hog ore district. The walls of the main building are three feet thick, while those of the additions vary from eighteen inches to two and a half feet thick. The mill proper is three hundred feet long, thirty-eight feet wide, and over thirty-five feet high. The size of the various sections and the additions can he easily estimated from the floor plan. The two archways which can he seen in the picture (page 1925) are thirteen feet apart and the same in width. The entrance of the race into the building which was directly opposite the pier between the two arches is completely destroyed but from the dimensions of the race i t must have been a t least fourteen feet wide and fifteen feet deep. The canal system for the handling of the water requires special mention. The dam to which allusion has been made backed the water almost to the Martha Furnace -two miles away on a straight line. The hreastworks of the dam are only one hundred feet long while a few hundred feet from the dam itself the width of the artificial l a k e was a l m o s t one thousand feet. F r o m the south bank and quite close to the dam a small race was dug one hundred BUILD IN^ OF UNKNOWNUse OCTAGONAL This pen and ink sketch was made from a very poor and twenty-five feetlong, photograph which was taken just before the building five feet deep, and four was destroyed. feet wide to lead the waters to the grist mill. McCarty dug a race which was seven hundred and fifty feet long with arms four hundred and fifty feet in length. It was dug by hand labor a t the reported cost of three cents a cubic yard. This race carried the water from the lake to the paper plant and then from there by means of a sluice, likewise artificial, to the river one thousand feet away. Harris enlarged the canal, when he purchased the plant, to a width of thirty feet and a depth of seven feet. A hundred feet from the mill the race tapers to twenty-two feet in width and then to fourteen feet in width and twelve feet in depth a t its entrance into the mill. With this enlargement of the race, Harris found it necessary to increase the water supply ol
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the lake. Accordingly he had dug in 1865 a canal to divert the waters or the west branch into the east branch of the Wading River. The mouth of the canal was at a bend in the river where eight-feet gates diverted the waters. This canal, which is one and three-eighths miles long, follows a straight line in a general northwest-southeast direction. Whether by chance
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or by design its course was so carefully surveyed t11at it gat.? :I hrad oi six f r r t , which is the maulmum ohtainal~ltfrom the natnral topoflt~phy oi the district. 'l'hr canal empties into llw l a k c three q u n r t e r ~o i a mile abo\.c thc clam. -.4 auartcr of a mile 1 . n ~H o~ m m P K O M ~ ~ K E A S T W I ~ 01' K S IIAM down the west branch of J n n r , IR:l(l the Wading River from the point where the canal starts can be seen the dim outlines of a sluice and raceway, the remains of an embankment, and the pilings of the dam and the gates. I t is the remains of probably the first industrial attempt of the district. It was known as the Skit Mill and was built in 1750, as a grist and saw mill which is said to have functioned for seventy-five years. The photograph (p. 1928) shows the remains of the dam and the pilings. The raw materials which were used in construction and in the business were all a t hand. All of the buildings, the dam, the facings of the sluice raceways were made of ironstone. There is some brickwork about the arches of the race but it is insignificant in amount in comparison with the other construction. The wood for construction and firing came from the neighboring forests, the ironwork for the buildings from the nearby furnaces, power and water from the Wading River. The raw material for the paper was marsh grass from the marshes of the Mullica River. I t was bought for three dollars a ton and was brought to the mill landing on twenty-ton barges, from the landing to the mill by mule team. From the barges the marsh grass went to the cookers. These were in a shed whose floor level was several feet below the surface of the ground and it held five vats, ten feet in diCANALMIKI KIN^: S O < ~ I ~ ~ I X S ~ ameter. Live steam was forced into
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these vats, which leached out the salts and soluble material. The condensing steam and wash liquors were run off through a tunnel to the sluice. The grass then went to the large stone vats fifteen feet in diameter and there it was chopped up by vertically revolving knives into a pulp. From the macerators the pulp was pumped to a storage tank where it was very slowly agitated to keep it from packing. This storage tank was a deep well, lined with ironstone and built above the ground about ten feet; it was twenty-two feet square. The pulp was then ready to be made into
HI? REMAINS OF 1.HK I'ILINGS O F THE FLOODGATES A N D B E G I N N I N G OF' T H E CANAL I ~ M R A N K M E K IWHICH . DIVLLRSRD THE WEST BRANCH INTO THII I
