The glistening pearl Like a pearl t h a t glows more color fully against skin, an integrated lab oratory system accrues power as its users become more sophisticated and integrated themselves. Science has become complex, p r o d u c i n g more d a t a , information, and knowledge t h a n we can digest w i t h c u r r e n t methods. The PC allowed us to better control our own small world. All lab oratory personnel must now reach out and begin to s h a r e what they know with others. Problems in devel opment must be transferred to r e search quickly, and production u p sets should be anticipated or more rapidly solved by development. Re search can learn a great deal from its downstream partners. Two-way communication up and down the cre ation pathway is the only solution. Understanding other people's prob lems and how they think and act al lows integration in the social sense. It makes equal sense in the technical environment. The author would like to thank the many com panies and their employees who have provided the incentive to think about this problem, and those whose conversations stimulated some of the concepts presented here. Interactions with participants in our ACS short course in this area have helped hone and refine many of the ideas. Special thanks go to Michael Starling, Clifford Baker, Keith Casserta, Robert MacDowall, Marc Salit, Dave Duewer, Bernard Vandeginste, and Gerrit Kleijwegt, whose phi losophies are intimately intertwined within this document. Particular thanks are extended to one of the referees who helped greatly by sug gesting changes to the architecture and content that improved substantially the usefulness of the paper. The figures are adapted with permis sion from Michael Starling (Union Carbide, Charleston, WV), who also provided insight into the use of computer-aided facilitation. References (1) Ono, T. Workplace Management; Pro ductivity Press: Cambridge, MA, 1988. (2) Nolan, W. Harvard Business Review 1979, March-April, 115. (3) Brown, D.; White, C. Organizational Research and Artificial Intelligence; Kluwer Academic Publishing: Boston, 1990. (4) Rubin, D.; Stinson, J. A Quantitative Approach to Management; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1986. (5) Boothroyd, H. Articulate Intervention; Taylor and Francis: London, 1978. (6) Martin, J. Application Development without System Programmers and An Infor mation Systems Manifesto; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982. (7) Dessy, R. E. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 1200 A; 1312 A. (8) Vandeginste, B., Vlaardingen, The Netherlands; personal communication, July 1991. (9) Burger, Α.; Meyer, B.; Jung, C; Long, K. Hypertext '91 Proceedings. (Available from The ForeFront Group, 1709 Dryden, Suite 901, Houston, TX 77030.) (10) Dessy, R. E. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 1990, 8, 2.
(11) Dessy, R. E. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 692 A. (12) Kibbey, M.; Evans, N. Educom 1989, Fall, 15. (13) Lynch, C. Educom 1989, Fall, 21. (14) McGill, M. Educom 1989, Fall, 27. (15) Simutis, L. Educom 1992, Winter, 2. (16) Breitenberg, M. "The ISO 9000 Se ries"; NIST Internal Report 4721; U.S. Department of Commerce. National In stitute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, 1991. (17) Quality Systems: ANSI/ASQC Q911987; American Society for Quality Con trol, 310 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53203. (18) "Standard Specification for the Ana lytical Information Model For Analyti cal Data Interchange and Storage"; ASTM Document E49.52.002.R03; Ana lytical Instrument Association: Alexan dria, VA, 1992. (Inquiries may be di rected to R. Lysakowski, Digital Equip ment Corp., Four Results Way, MR043/ C9, Marlboro, MA 01752. Copies of the May 1992 release of the Chromatogra phy Standard may be obtained from M. Duff, ALA, 225 Reinekers Lane, Suite 625, Alexandria, VA 22314.) (19) Dessy, R. E. Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 883 A (20) Warner, S. A. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 389 A. (21) Warner, S. A. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 95 A (22) Dessy, R. E. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 1991, 11, 251. (23) Hohne, Β. Α.; Pierce, T. H. Expert Sys tem Applications in Chemistry; ACS: Wash ington, DC, 1989. (24) Dessy, R. E. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 725 A. (25) Dessy, R. E. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 1991, 10, 271. (26) An excellent video presentation of Integrated Laboratory IT is available in the form of the fall 1991 COMDEX key note address "The Second Decade: Com puter-Supported Collaboration," pre sented by Andrew Grove, CEO of Intel. The last 30 minutes portrays a live transcontinental and trans-Atlantic in tegrated IT exchange involving text, voice, SEM images, CD-ROM clips, and live TV. Call the Intel Technical Litera ture Distribution Center (800-5484725) to request a free copy (order no. 241226-001, Literature Packet DA03.) Raymond E. Dessy received a B.S. degree in pharmacy (1953) and a Ph.D. in chemistry (1956) from the University of Pittsburgh. After a decade at the Univer sity of Cincinnati, he joined the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1966. From 1982 to 1986 he was contributing editor of ANALYTI CAL CHEMISTRY'S A/C INTERFACE feature. In 1986 he was the first recipient of the ACS Award for Computers in Chemistry. He is currently an associate editor of Chemometrics and Intelli gent Laboratory Systems. His research group works on the development of micro electronic biosensors, expert systems for chemical processes, and novel means of processing analytical information. He is internationally recognizedfor his teaching in the fields of laboratory and technical center automation.
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From Caveman to Chemist Circumstances and Achievements
W
hat was the connection between early chemistry and magic? What was the logic that made alchemists think they could make gold out of lead? Why were gases not recognized until the 17th century? Why did it take 49 years before Avogadro's hypoth esis was accepted? In From Caveman to Chemist, author Hugh Salzberg traces the oddities of chemistry, ex amining cultural and political influences on the ideas of chemists. He follows the evolution of chemistry from the Stone Age beginnings of ceramics and metallurgy, through the rise and decline of alchemy, to the culmination of clas sical chemistry in the late 19th century. Chapters 1 through 9 lead from prehistoric technology, through ancient and medieval sci ence to the study of chemicals and reactions that resulted in the 16th century birth of sci entific chemistry. Subsequent chapters focus on key chemists such as Sala, Boyle, Black, La voisier, Dalton, Berzelius, Laurent, and Arrhenius as they developed the ideas that led to classical chemistry and the concepts of mole cules, chemical reactions, homology, valence, and molecular formulas and structures, among others. Twenty topical illustrations enhance the text. Six timelines and two maps help readers understand the influences of early history on chemistry. About the Author Hugh W. Salzberg taught chemistry at the City University of New York for 35 years and of fered courses in the history of chemistry over a period of 20 years. From Caveman to Chem ist reflects his dual passions for chemistry and history and his profound admiration of the great minds that developed the ideas of chemistry. Hugh W. Salzberg Editor 300 pages (1991) Clothbound: ISBN 0-8412-1786-6 $24.95 Paperbound: ISBN 0-8412-1787-4 $14.95 Ο · R · D · Ε · R
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 64, NO. 14, JULY 15, 1992 · 739 A
