Oct.,
1920
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D EWGIA’EERING
dicstecl by t h e bursting load) is also diminished, b u t not in simple proportion, as illustrated in Fig. 9.
CHEMISTRY
IO11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
E. Valenta, Eder’s Jahrb. Phot., 1909, 181. E. S. Smith, U. S. Patent 911,277 (February 2, 1909). E. C . Hulbert, “Improved Apparatus for Testing the Jelly Strength of Glues,” THISJOURNAL, 5 (1913), 235. Forest Products Laboratory, “A Test of the Jelly Strength of Glues,”
Tcchwical J’otes, KO.F , 34 (1919).
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS. IV-TEMPERATURE CORRECTION AND BLENDING CHARTS By R. P. Anderson UNITED N A T U R A LGAS COMPANY, OIL
C I T Y , PENXSYLVANI.4
Received M a y 1 2 , 1920
The topics discussed in t h e present article are: ( I ) T h e correction of gasoline gravity and volume to a temperature base of 60’ F. (a) A chart for blending gasoline and naphtha. COEFFICIEST
O F EXPANSION OF GASOLISE
I t is well known t h a t t h e coefficient of expansion of petroleum oils increases as t h e specific gravity decreases. According t o information contained i n Table I of the Bureau of Standards Circular 57, t h e rate of this increase is not uniform. This is shown by the data contained in Table I of this article, where t h e change in specific gravity resulting from a change in temperature of I O F. is given for specific gravities from 0 . 6 2 to 0.93. This information was obtained from Circular 57, by dividing the difference between t h e specific gravity a t 1 2 0 O F. and t h a t a t 30’ F. by 9 0 , t h e degrees difference in temperature. It will be noted t h a t t h e rate of change in specific gravity for a change in temperature of I O F. amounts 10-5 for each 0.01 variation in specific to 0.23 gravity between 0 . 9 3 and 0.80, t o I X 10-j between 0.80 and 0 . 7 0 , and t o 0 . 5 7 X IO-^ between 0 . 7 0 and
L
-
NO. OF MAKES
Fro. 10
Investigations on jelly strength are being continued with t h e object of obtaining satisfactory coefficients for testing of gelatins for photographic and other uses, and also of determining t h e influence of electrolytes. heat treatment. etc., on t h e jelly strength. It is known t h a t t h e jellying powers of different gelatins are differently affected b y remelting, and an example of this is given in Fig. I O . An automatic recording device is also in course of construction, so t h a t determinations of t h e “elastic limit” and “proof resistance” may be measured from t h e load t w i s t curves. SU A l MA RY
I--A torsion dynamometer is described €or determini n g the jelly strength of gelatin and glues under pure shear of molded cylindrical test pieces. a-Both t h e “breaking load” and the percentage twist a t break are determined; t h e product of breaking load X twist, divided by t h e cross section of t h e test piece, is taken as the jelly strength. TALC SO simple relation holds between t h e concentration of gelatin and t h e jelly strength; furthermore, t h e curves relating these values €or different commercial gelatins do not belong t o a common family, and frequently cut each other. Hence, jelly-strength values determined for a single arbitrary concentration give a very arbitrary comparison of t h e jelly strengths. 4-There appears, consequently, t o be no definite relation between the jelly strength, as a given concentration, and t h e glue-joint or tensile strength of a dry glue jojnt.
x
0.63. TABLEI Specific Gravity Change in Specific Specific Gravity Change in Specific a t 60° F. : Gravity f o r 1’ E‘. a t 60’ F. Gravity for 1’ F . 0.79 0.63 0 . 8 0 0.64 0.81 0.65 0.82 0.56 0.83 0.67 0.84 0.68 0.85 0.69 0.86 0.70 0.87 0.71 0 .88 0.72 0.89 0.73 0.90 0.74 0.91 0.75 0.92 0.75 0.93 0.77 0.78 0.00041
T E ,\IP E R A T U R E C 0 R R E C T I 0 S C II A R T
T h e nomographic chart shown in Fig. I was developed from t h e d a t a in Table I for specific gravities below 0.80. Such a chart gives t h e user all of t h e necessary information for correcting t h e specific or Baume gravity of gasoline t o a temperature base of 60’ F. on a single page of his notebook, a feature t h a t is of importance when such information must be kept a t hand; i t makes i t possible t o correct degrees Baume t o specific gravity a t 60’ F., or oice versa; i t permits t h e use of either Fahrenheit or Centigrade degrees without inconvenience, and it extends t h e lower temperature limit from 30’ F. t o - z o o F.
T H E J O C R l V A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A T D E N G I N E E R I l V G C H E M I S T R Y T'o~.
IO12
12,
A
F
.'I
49
48
45
GASOLl N El T E N P E R A T U R E C ORR ECT
%ALE DlRECTlONS:
LOCATE OBSERVED A N D GASOLINE T L P l P E - R A T U R E O N "C:' CONNECT T H E S E POINTS BY W E S N S OF 4 STRI+lGHT-EDGE A N D RE&D G R A V I T Y A T GO'F ON "6': GRAVITY O N
FIG.1
'A"
NO. I O
Oct.,
T H E J O U R X A L O F ILVDUSTRIAL ALVD E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
1920
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
78.8 80.0 78.5 79.7 78.1 79.3 77.8 79.0 77.5 78.7 77 2 78.4 76.8 78.0 76.5 77.7 76.2 77.4 75.9 77.1 75.6 76.7 75.3 76.4 75.0 76.1 74.7 75.8 74.4 75.5 74.1 75.2 73.8 74.9 z3.5 74.6 ~ 3 . 2 74.3 72.9 74.0 72.6 73.7 72.3 73.4 72.0 73.1 71.7 72.8 71.4 72.5 71.1 72.2
81.2 80.9 80.5 80.2 79.9 79.6 79.2 78r9 78.6 78.3 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.0 75.7 76.3 76.0 75.7 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.5 74.2 73.9 73.6 73.3
82.4 82.1 81.7 81.4 81.1 80.8 80.4 80.1 79.8 79.5 79.1 78.8
F. -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10
-8 -6 -4 -2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
85.0
86.0
F. -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
38
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
58 60
100.5 100.0 99.6 99.1 98.7 98.3 97.9 97.5 97.1 96.7 96.3 95.8 95.4 95.0 94.6 94.2 93.8 93.4 93.0 92.7 92.3 91.9 91.5 91.1 90.7 90.4
.... .... .... ....
....
.... ....
....
101.7 101.2 100.8 100.3 99.9 99.5 99.0 98.6 98.2 97.8 97.4 97.0 96.6 96.2 95.8 95.4 95.0 94.6 94.2 93.8 93.4 93.0 92.6 92.2 91.8 \ 91.5
.... .... .... .... .... ....
.. .. .. ..
....
.... .... ....
....
....
78.5
78.2 77.9 77.5 77.2 76.9 76.5 76.2 75.9 75.6 75.3 75.0 74.7 74.4
TABLE11-GRAVITY CORRECTIONS AT Low TEXPERATURES Ohserved Gravity Degrees BaumC 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0 75.0 76.0 77.0 78.0 79 0 80.0 Deerees Baume a t 60' F. 83.6 84.8 86.0 87.2 88.4 89.6 90.8 92.0 93.2 94.4 83.3 84.5 85.7 86.9 88.0 89.2 90.4 91.6 92.8 94.0 82.9 84.1 85.3 86.5 87.6 88.8 90.0 91.2 92.4 93.6 82.6 83.8 85.0 86.1 87.2 88.4 89.6 90.8 92.0 93.2 82.2 ,83.4 84.6 85.7 86.9 88.0 89.2 90.4 91.6 92.8 88.9 85.4 86.6 87.7 90.1 91.2 81.9 83.1 84.3 92.4 81.5 82.7 83.9 85.0 86.2 87.3 88.5 89.7 89.8 92.0 81.2 82.4 83.6 84.7 85.9 87.0 88.1 89.3 89.4 91.6 80.9 82.1 83.2 84.4 85.5 86.6 87.7 88.9 89.0 91.2 80.6 81.8 82.9 84.1 85.2 86.3 87.4 89.7 88.6 90.9 80.2 81.4 82.5 83,i 84.8 85.9 87.0 89.3 90.5 88.2 86.787.8 88.9 79.9 81.1 82.2 83.3 84.4 85.6 90.1 79.6 80.8 81.9 83.0 84.1 85.3 86.4 87.5 88.6 89.7 79.3 80.4 81.5 82.6 83.7 84.9 86.0 87.1 88.2 89.3 80.1 81.2 82.3 83.4 84.6 85.7 79.0 86.8 87.9 89.0 83.0 84.2 80.8 81.9 85.3 86.4 78.6 79.7 87.5 88.6 79.4 80.5 81.6 82.7 84.9 78.3 83.8 86.0 87.1 88.2 78.0 79.1 80.2 81.3 82.4 83.5 84.6 85.7 86.8 87.9 79.8 80.9 77.6 78.7 82.0 83.1 84.2 85.3 87.5 86.4 81.7 77.3 78.4 79.5 80.6 82.8 83.9 85.0 86.1 87.2 76.9 79.1 80.2 81.3 78.0 82.4 83.5 84.6 85.7 86.8 76.6 77.7 78.8 79.8 82.0 80.9 83.1 84.2 85.3 86.4 76.3 77.4 78.5 79.5 80.6 81.7 82.8 83.9 84.9 86.0 79.2 80.3 81.4 76.0 77.1 78.2 82.4 83.5 84.5 85.6 78.9 80.0 81.1 75.7 76.8 77.9 82.1 83.2 84.2 85.3 75.4 76.5 77.6 78.6 79.7 80.8 81.8 82.9 83.9 85.0
~-
TABLE11-GRAVITY CORRECTIONS AT 1,ow TEMPERATURZS (Conlinued) Observed Gravity Degrees Baume 88.0 87.0 89.0 90.0 91 .O 92.0 93.0 Degrees BaumC a t 60' F. 102.9 104.1 105 3 106.5 107.7 108.9 110.1 103.4 103.6 104.8 106.0 108.4 109.6 107.2 106.7 102.0 103.2 104.3 105.5 109.1 107.9 101.5 102.7 103.8 105.0 107.4 108.6 106.2 101.1 102.3 103.4 104.6 106.9 108.1 105.7 100.7 101.9 103.0 104.2 105.3 106.5 107.7 100.2 102.5 103.7 106.0 107.2 101.4 104.8 101.0 105.6 99.8 102.1 103.3 104.4 106.7 99.3 100.5 105.1 101.6 102.8 103.9 106.2 98.9 101.2 100.1 105.8 102.4 103.5 104.7 98.5 99.7 100.8 102.0 103.1 104.3 105.4 98.1 99.2 100.3 101.5 102.6 103.8 104.9 98.8 97.7 99.9 101.1 102.2 103.4 104.5 97.3 98.4 100.7 99.5 101.8 104.0 102.9 98.0 99.1 100.3 96.9 101.4 102.5 103.6 96.5 97.6 98.7 99.9 101 .o 102.1 103.2 96.1 97.2 98.3 101.6 99.4 100.5 102,7 95.7 96.8 97.9 99.0 100.1 101.2 102.3 95.3 96.4 97.5 98.6 99.7 100.8 101.9 94.9 96.0 98.2 97.1 99.3 100.4 101.5 94.5 95.6 96.7 97.8 100.0 98.9 101.1 95.2 100.6 96.3 97.4 94.1 98.5 99.5 94.8 93.7 95.9 97.0 99.1 98. I 100.2 94.4 95.5 93.3 96.6 97.7 98.7 99.8 94.0 92.9 96.2 97.3 98.3 99.4 95.1 92,5 93.6 94.7 95.8 96.9 97.9 99.0 .... .... .... 96.5 97.5 98.6 .... .... .... 96.0 97.1 98.1 .... .... .... .... 96.7 97.7 .... .... .... 96.3 97.3 .... .... .... 95.9 .... 96.9 .... .... .,.. .... 96.5 .... .... .... .... 96.1
....
.. .. .. .. .... ....
.... .... ....
.... .... .... ....
....
.... ....
....
....
.... ....
....
....
....
....
.... .... ....
....
.... . I . . ....
....
....
.... .... .... .... .... l...
It is somewhat inconvenient t o employ, since a straight edge must be set on two points t o enable t h e gravity a t 60° F. t o be read.' T h e bend in t h e middle line of t h e nomograph a t sp. gr. 0 . 7 0 is, of course, t h e result of t h e change in t h e r a t e of increase of t h e coefficient of expansion. H a d t h e nomograph been constructed t o include t h e higher specific gravities, there would also be a bend a t sp. gr. 0.80. There may be some connection between this latter bend a n d t h e fact t h a t specific gravities of paraffin hydrocarbons higher t h a n 0.78 are due t o t h e solution of solid hydrocarbons in liquids of lower 1 Those who prfeer graphical methods to the use of tables will find that a series of lines prepared by plotting observed BaumC gravity against F. and 120° F. corrected Baume gravityforevery 5' or 10' between -20' gives an accurate and convenient method of correcting gravity for temperature in fairly small space.
.. .... .... .... ....
.... .... ....
.... .... .... ....
.... ....
....
....
.... ....
....
....
.... ....
rc13
81.0
82.0
83.0
84.0
95.6 95.2 94.8 94.4 94.0 93.6 93.2 92.8 92.4 92.0 91.6 91.2 90.8 90.4 90.1 R9.7 89.3 89.0 88.6 88.3 87.9 87.5 87.1 86.7 86.3 86 0
96.8 96.4 96.0 95.6 95.2 94.8 94.4 94.0 93.6 93.2 92.8 92.4 92.0 91.6 91.3 90.9 90.5 90.1 89.7 89.4 89.0 88.6 88.2 87.8 87.4 87.1
98.0 97.6 97.2 96.8 96.4 96.0 95.6 95.2 94.8 94.4 94.0 93.6 93.2 92.8 92.4 92.0 91.6 91.2 90.8 90.5 90.1 89.7 89.3 88.9 88.5 88.2
99.3 98.8 98.4 98.9 97.6 97.2 96.7 96.3 95.9 95.5. 95.1 94.7 94.3 93.9 93.5 93.1 92.7 92.3 91.9 91.6 91.2 90.8 90.4 90.0 89.6 89.3
94.0
95.0
96.0
111.4 110.9 110.4 109.9 109.4 108.9 108.4 107.9 107.4 106.9 106.5 106.0 105.6 105.1 104.7 104.3 103.8 103.4 102.9 102.5 102.1 101.7 101.3 100.9 100.5 100.1 99.6 99.2 98.8 98.4 98.0 97.6 97.2 96.8 96.4 96.0
112.7 112.2 111.6 111.1 110.6 110.1 109.6 109.1 108.6 108.1 107.7 107.2 106.8 106.3 105.9 105.4 104.9 104.5 104.0 103.6 103.2 102.8 102.3 101.9 101.5 101.1 100.6 100.2 99.8 99.4 99.0 98.6 98.2 97.8 97.4 97.0 96.6 96.2 95.8
114.0 113.4 112.9 112.3 111.8 111.3 110.8 110.3 109.8 109.3 108.8 108.3 107.9 107.4 107.0 106.5 106.0 105.6 105.1 104.7 104.3 103.9 103.4 103.0 102.6 102.2 101.7 101.3 100.9 100.5 100. 1 99.6 99.2 98.8 98.4 98.0 97.6 97.2 96.8 96.4 96.0
.... .... .... ....
..,..
specific gravity. I t seems difficult. however, t o offer any explanation for t h e bend a t sp. gr. 0 . 7 0 . I n fact, t h a t irregularity appears anomalous as a characteristic of t h e mixture of paraffin hydrocarbons constituting gasoline. I t is possible t h a t , if t h e experimental work could be performed with a sufficient degree of accuracy, a gradual increase in t h e r a t e of change of t h e coefficient of expansion would be obtained, instead of t h e sudden variation a t sp. gr. 0 . 7 0 portrayed by t h e nomograph. T E M P E R A T U R E CORRECTION T A B L E FOR LOW TEMPERATURES
By t h e use of t h e nomographic chart, t h e Bureau of Standards tables for correcting gasoline gravity for temperature have been extended from 30' F. t o -20' F. for gravities t h a t are ordinarily met with in
1014
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y YOI.
12,
r
N
NO.
IO
Oct.,
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERILVG C H E M I S T R Y
1920
101.5
TABLE111-GASOLINE VOLUMEFACTORS (60' BASIS) Observe:d Temp.
--(
7
50
F.
55
60
0,9685 0.9730 0.9780 0.9835 0.9890 0,9945 1 . 0000 1.0055 1,0115 1.0180 1 ,0245 1.0310 1 ,0380 1 ,0450 1,0520
0.9665 0.9715 0.9765 0,9820 0.9880 0.9940 1.0000 1 ,0060 1.0125 1.0190 1 ,0260 1,0330 1 ,0405 1 ,0480 1,0555
I
0.9705 0.9750 0,9795 0,9845 0,9895 0.9945 1 .oooo 1.0055 1.0110 1.0165 1.0225 1.0290 1.0355 1 ,0420 1 ,0485
120 110 100 90 80
io
60
50
40 30 20 10 0 -10
-20
65 -Factor 0.9640 0.9695 0.9750 0.9810 0.9870 0.9935 1 . 0000 1,0065 1.0135 1 ,0205 1,0275 1.0350 1 ,0425 1 ,0505 1.0585
3bserved Gravity70 75 t o Correct Volume t o 60' 0.9620 0.9600 0 9675 0.9660 0.9735 0.9725 0.9800 0.9790 0.9865 0.9860 0.9930 0.9930 1 . 0000 1 . 0000 1 ,0070 1.0075 1.0140 1.0150 1.0215 1 ,0225 1.0290 1 ,0305 1.0370 1.0390 1.0450 1.0475 1 ,0530 1.0560 1.0615 I . 0650
dealing with natural-gas gasoline. Table I1 contains this information, which m a y be considered a n extension of t h e tables on pages 4 6 , 4 7 , a n d 48 of Circular 57. Such tables are valuable throughout t h e entire year in t h e manufacture of natural-gas gasoline, on account of t h e low temperatures t h a t result from t h e release of pressuqe from condensates containing butane and propane. TEMPERATURE
CORRECTION
TABLE
FOR
VOLCME
Table I11 contains correction factors t o be employed in correcting gasoline volumes t o a temperature base of 60' F. It differs from Table I11 of Circular 57 in t h a t Baume degrees are employed instead of specific gravity, and t h e lower temperature limit is extended from 30' F. t o - z o o F. BLENDING
GASOLINE AND
NAPHTHA
T h e widespread use of t h e Baume scale in t h e gasoline industry complicates t h e problem of blending two grades of gasoline, or gasoline and n a p h t h a , t o produce a blend of a certain grade, as a result o j t h e fact t h a t t h e equivalent of I O BB. in terms of specific gravity is not constant throughout t h e Baume scale. Different grades of gasoline blend without appreciable increase or decrease in volume, and consequently t h e composition of a blend of a given specific gravity can easily be computed, provided the specific gravities 1 T o simplify the temperature correction for gravity, combination hydrometers have been employed in which t h e thermometers are calibrated I?,, instead of t o 30' F., which is t h e case with t h e customary stock t o -20' article. These special hydrometers were made by t h e Taylor Instrument Company. In t h e opinion of t h e writer, combined hydrometers intended for use in the natural-gas gasoline industry should have the lower limit of t h e thermometer extended t o -20' F., a n d t h e approximate correction in degrees BaumC marked on t h e temperature scale should be abolished on account of t h e large error introduced b y its use.
F.
80
85
90
0 9580 0 9645 0 9710 0 9780 0 9850 0.9925 1 0000 1 0075 1.0155 1 ,0235 1 ,0320 1,0405 1,0495 1 ,0585 1,0680
0.9560 0.9630
0.9540 0.9630 0.9605 0,9760 0.9840 0.9920 1 ,0000 1 0085 1.0170 1.0260 I . 0350 1.0445 1 ,0540 1.0640 1 ,0740
0.9iOO
o
9770
1.0165 1.0250 1 ,0335 1,0425 1.0520 1.0615 1.0710
95
0.9525 0.9600 0.9675 0.9755, 0.9835 0.9915 1 .oooo 1.0085 1.0175 1 ,0265 1 ,0360 1 .0460 1.0560' 1,0665 1.0770
of t h e two constituents be kno.ivn. If Baume degrees are employed, t h e y must be converted t o specific gravity beEore such a computation can be made. T h e necessity for such a computation can be obviated b y t h e use of a suitable blending chart, such as t h e one designed b y Netzen a n d printed b y t h e United States Geological Survey, or such as t h e one shown i n Fig. 2 . T h e scale BB represents a specific gravity scale calibrated in degrees BaumB. If such a scale be superimposed on a scale of I O O equal parts, t h e number of equal parts lying between t h e Baume gravity of t h e blend and t h e Baumk gravity of t h e high-gravity gasoline represents t h e percentage of t h e low-gravity gasoline, or blending agent. T h e system, of converging lines provides a scale of I O O equal parts of variable length, t h u s providing a convenient means f o r determining t h e composition of blends of various gravities, with various gravities of the two constituents of t h e blends. S U 1131 4R Y
I-The relationship between t h e coefficient of expansion of gasoline and its specific gravity, a s exemplified by Table I , Bureau of Standards Circular 57? has been studied. and a nomographic chart based upon this relationship has been developed. 2-Temperature correction tables for Baume gravity and volume have been extended from 3 0 ' F. t o - z o o F. t o meet t h e needs of t h e natural-gas gasoline industry. 3-A blending chart for use in blending two grades of gasoline, or gasoline and n a p h t h a , has been described.
ADDRESSES AND CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES BONE-BLACK AND DECOLORIZING CARBONS' By W. D. Horne SATIONAI,
SUGAR REFIXINGCO.
OF
N E W JERSEY, YONKERS, N. Y .
Ever since Derosne introduced the use of bone-black in sugar refining I n 1812, this agent has a place Of prime importance in the industry. The first Of the which be used in large quantity, t h e magnitude of t h e machinery necessary for handling it, and the complexity of t h e process have always been felt by those employing it, and have deterred from its use many who otherwise would be glad t o avail themselves of this means of purifying and decolorizing juices, sirups, molasses, etc. Of late years the rapidly increasing price of bone-black, which has tripled in value, has further concentrated attention upon t h e 1 Presented at t h e 59th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, S t . Louis, Mo , April 12 t o 16, 1920.
I 1
need of rendering this material more efficient or of providing suitable substitutes. Many investigators have been active in making these attempts, in some cases without a sufficiently intimate acquaintance with the details of the requirements t o enable them to work to the best advantage. The object of the present paper is to direct attention to the desirable features of a decolorizing and purifying agentfor ,lSe in sugar refineries and factories and t o caution against undesirable properties, BONE-BLACK AS A DECOLORIZER
The most desirable size of grain for bone-black in sugar refining is from about 16 t o 3 0 mesh, and as it Slowly wears dowll in use i t is desirable not t o allow more than 2 0 Or 3 0 Per cent Of grains between 30 and 4 O mesh to Or Inore than j per cent finer than 40 mesh. Artificial chars designed t o be
